The contributions of female explorers - Courtney Stephens

471,570 views ใƒป 2013-06-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Jessica Ruby
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:15
Nowadays, we take curiosity for granted.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืžืืœื™ื”.
00:18
We believe that if we put in the hard work,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื ืฉืงื™ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”,
00:20
we might one day stand before the pyramids,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื ืขืžื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช,
00:22
discover a new species of flower,
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ื ื’ืœื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื—ื™ื,
00:24
or even go to the moon.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืจื—.
00:25
But, in the 18th and 19th century,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ืžืื” ื”18 ื•ื”19,
00:27
female eyes gazed out windows
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ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืฆื• ืžื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช
00:29
at a world they were unlikely to ever explore.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ืŸ ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื•ืช.
00:32
Life for women in the time of Queen Victoria
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
00:34
was largely relegated to house chores and gossip.
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื˜ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœืจื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
00:37
And, although they devoured books on exotic travel,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื• ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกืขื•ืช ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื,
00:40
most would never would leave the places
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ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
00:41
in which they were born.
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ื•.
00:43
However, there were a few Victorian women, who,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื•ืช,
00:45
through privilege,
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ืฉื“ืจืš ื–ื›ื•ืช,
00:46
endurance,
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ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช,
00:47
and not taking "no" for an answer,
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ื•ืœื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”,
00:49
did set sail for wilder shores.
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ื›ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ืœื—ื•ืคื™ื ืคืจืื™ื™ื.
00:51
In 1860, Marianne North,
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ื‘ 1860, ืžืจื™ืืŸ ื ื•ืจืช',
00:54
an amateur gardener and painter,
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ื’ื ื ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืช ื•ืฆื™ื™ืจืช,
00:56
crossed the ocean to America
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ื—ืฆืชื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”
00:58
with letters of introduction,
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ืขื ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืฆื’ื”,
00:59
an easel,
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ื›ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืจ,
01:00
and a love of flowers.
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ื•ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืคืจื—ื™ื.
01:02
She went on to travel to Jamaica,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ื’'ืžื™ื™ืงื”,
01:04
Peru,
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01:04
Japan,
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ืคืจื•,
ื™ืคืŸ,
01:05
India,
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ื”ื•ื“ื•,
01:06
Australia.
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ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
01:08
In fact, she went to every continent except Antarctica
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืื ื˜ืจื˜ื™ืงื”
01:10
in pursuit of new flowers to paint.
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ื‘ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ืคืจื—ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ.
01:12
"I was overwhelmed with the amount
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"ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืžื” ืžื›ืžื•ืช
01:14
of subjects to be painted," she wrote.
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ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื•ืจ," ื”ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื”.
01:16
"The hills were marvelously blue,
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"ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืคืœื,
01:17
piled one over the other beyond them.
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ืขืจื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืŸ.
01:20
I never saw such abundance of pure color."
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืข ื˜ื”ื•ืจ."
01:22
With no planes or automobiles
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ืœืœื ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
01:24
and rarely a paved street,
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ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื,
01:26
North rode donkeys,
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ื ื•ืจืช' ืจื›ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื,
01:27
scaled cliffs,
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ื˜ื™ืคืกื” ืขืœ ืฆื•ืงื™ื,
01:28
and crossed swamps
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ื•ื—ืฆืชื” ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช
01:29
to reach the plants she wanted.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืฆืชื”.
01:31
And all this in the customary dress of her day,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ื™ื,
01:33
floor-length gowns.
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ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืขื“ ืœืจื™ืฆืคื”.
01:35
As photography had not yet been perfected,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฆื™ืœื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœืžื•ืช,
01:37
Marianne's paintings gave botanists back in Europe
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ืืŸ ื ืชื ื• ืœื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ืงืื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
01:40
their first glimpses of some of the world's most unusual plants,
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ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
01:43
like the giant pitcher plant of Borneo,
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ื›ืžื• ืคืจื— ื”"ื›ื“ื ื™ืช" ื”ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื ืื•,
01:45
the African torch lily,
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ื—ื‘ืฆืœืช ื”ืœืคื™ื“ ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
01:47
and the many other species named for her
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ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื• ืขืœ ืฉืžื”
01:49
as she was the first European to catalog them in the wild.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืงื™ื˜ืœื’ื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
01:52
Meanwhile, back in London,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
01:54
Miss Mary Kingsley was the sheltered daughter
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ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืžืจื™ ืงื™ื ื’ืกืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช ืžื•ื’ื ืช
01:56
of a traveling doctor
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ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคื ื ื•ื“ื“
01:58
who loved hearing her father's tales
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ืฉืื”ื‘ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื”
01:59
of native customs in Africa.
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ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
02:01
Midway through writing a book on the subject,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื,
02:03
her father fell ill and died.
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ืื‘ื™ื” ื—ืœื” ื•ืžืช.
02:05
So, Kingsley decided she would finish the book for him.
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ืื–, ืงื™ื ื’ืกืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•.
02:08
Peers of her father advised her not to go,
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ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื” ื™ืขืฆื• ืœื” ืœื ืœืœื›ืช,
02:10
showing her maps of tropical diseases,
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ื•ื”ืจืื• ืœื” ืžืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช,
02:13
but she went anyhow,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื ืกืขื”,
02:14
landing in modern-day Sierra Leone in 1896
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ื•ื ื—ืชื” ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืกื™ื™ืจื” ืœืื•ืŸ ื‘ 1896
02:17
with two large suitcases and a phrase book.
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ืขื ืฉืชื™ ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื.
02:20
Traveling into the jungle,
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ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ,
02:21
she was able to confirm the existence
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื
02:23
of a then-mythical creature,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืชื™ ืื–,
02:24
the gorilla.
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื”.
02:26
She recalls fighting with crocodiles,
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ื”ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉื ืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืชื ื™ื ื™ื,
02:28
being caught in a tornado,
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ื ืชืคืกื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•,
02:29
and tickling a hippopotamus with her umbrella
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ื•ื“ื™ื’ื“ื’ื” ื”ื™ืคื•ืคื•ื˜ื ืขื ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”
02:32
so that he'd leave the side of her canoe.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื ื• ืฉืœื”.
02:34
Falling into a spiky pit,
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ื ืคืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ืฆื ื™,
02:36
she was saved from harm by her thick petticoat.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืฆืœื” ืžืคื’ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขื™ืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื” ืฉืœื”.
02:38
"A good snake properly cooked
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"ื ื—ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
02:40
is one of the best meals one gets out here," she wrote.
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ื”ื•ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืคื”," ื”ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื”.
02:43
Think Indiana Jones was resourceful?
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื” ื’'ื•ื ืก ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ ืชื•ืฉื™ื”?
02:46
Kingsley could out-survive him any day!
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ืงื™ื ื’ืกืœื™ ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื!
02:48
But when it comes to breaking rules,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื,
02:50
perhaps no female traveler was
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœืช ื ืฉื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื”
02:51
as daring as Alexandra David-Neel.
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ืืžื™ืฆื” ื›ืžื• ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื” ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“-ื ื™ืœ.
02:54
Alexandra, who had studied Eastern religions
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ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื”, ืฉืœืžื“ื” ื“ืชื•ืช ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช
02:56
at home in France,
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืช,
02:57
wanted desperately to prove herself
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ืจืฆืชื” ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื”
02:59
to Parisian scholars of the day,
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ืœืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืคืจื™ื–ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื”,
03:01
all of whom were men.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:02
She decided the only way to be taken seriously
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื™ืœืงื— ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช
03:05
was to visit the fabled city of Lhasa
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ื–ื” ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืื’ื“ื™ืช ืœื”ืืกื”
03:07
in the mountains of Tibet.
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ื‘ื”ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜.
03:09
"People will have to say,
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"ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“,
03:10
'This woman lived among the things she's talking about.
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'ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ื—ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœื™ื”ื.
03:13
She touched them and she saw them alive,'" she wrote.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื’ืขื” ื‘ื”ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืจืืชื” ืื•ืชื ื—ื™ื™ื," ื”ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื”.
03:16
When she arrived at the border from India,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•,
03:18
she was forbidden to cross.
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ื ืืกืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืœื—ืฆื•ืช.
03:19
So, she disguised herself as a Tibetan man.
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ืื–, ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื•ืชื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ื™.
03:22
Dressed in a yak fur coat
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ื”ืชืœื‘ืฉื” ื‘ืžืขื™ืœ ืคืจื•ื•ืช ื™ืืง
03:24
and a necklace of carved skulls,
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ื•ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ืชืชื•ืช,
03:25
she hiked through the barren Himilayas
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ื”ื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืžืœืื™ื” ื”ืฆื—ื™ื—ื”
03:27
all the way to Lhasa,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื“ ืœืœื”ืืกื”,
03:29
where she was subsequently arrested.
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ืขืฆืจื”.
03:31
She learned that the harder the journey,
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ื”ื™ื ืœืžื“ื” ืฉื›ืžื” ืฉืงืฉื” ื”ื“ืจืš,
03:32
the better the story,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:34
and went on to write many books on Tibetan religion,
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ืช,
03:36
which not only made a splash back in Paris
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ืฉืœื ืจืง ื”ื›ื• ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืคืืจื™ื–
03:38
but remain important today.
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ืืœื ื ืฉืืจื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:40
These brave women, and others like them,
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืชืŸ,
03:42
went all over the world to prove
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ื ืกืขื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—
03:44
that the desire to see for oneself
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ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืŸ
03:46
not only changes the course of human knowledge,
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ืœื ืจืง ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
03:48
it changes the very idea of what is possible.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจื™.
03:51
They used the power of curiosity
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช
03:53
to try and understand the viewpoints
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜
03:55
and peculiarities of other places,
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ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:57
perhaps because they, themselves,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืŸ, ืขืฆืžืŸ,
03:58
were seen as so unusual in their own societies.
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ื ืจืื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
04:01
But their journeys revealed to them
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืŸ
04:03
something more than the ways of foreign lands,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช,
04:05
they revealed something only they, themselves, could find:
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืจืง ื”ืŸ, ืขืฆืžืŸ, ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื:
04:08
a sense of their own self.
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ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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