At what moment are you dead? - Randall Hayes

4,942,726 views ใƒป 2014-12-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
For as far back as we can trace our existence,
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ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
00:09
humans have been fascinated with death and resurrection.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ืชืงื™ื ืžืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ื”.
00:14
Nearly every religion in the world has some interpretation of them,
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ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื“ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืคืจื•ืฉ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœื”ื,
00:18
and from our earliest myths
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ื•ืžื”ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
00:20
to the latest cinematic blockbusters, the dead keep coming back.
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ืœืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืžืชื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ.
00:25
But is resurrection really possible?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืืคืฉืจื™ืช?
00:27
And what is the actual difference between a living creature and a dead body, anyway?
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืžืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ?
00:33
To understand what death is, we need to understand what life is.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:37
One ancient theory was an idea called vitalism,
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ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื,
00:41
which claimed that living things were unique
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ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื
00:43
because they were filled with a special substance, or energy,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
00:47
that was the essence of life.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:50
Whether it was called qi,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืฆ'ื™,
00:51
lifeblood,
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ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
00:52
or humors,
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ืื• ื”ื•ืžื•ืจื•ืก,
00:53
the belief in such an essence was common throughout the world,
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ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ื–ื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
00:57
and still persists in the stories of creatures
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื
00:59
who can somehow drain life from others,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืœืจื•ืงืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืื—ืจื™ื,
01:03
or some form of magical sources that can replenish it.
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ืื• ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืงืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืื•ืชื•.
01:07
Vitalism began to fade in the Western world
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ื•ื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคื•ื’ื’ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™
01:10
following the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื” 17.
01:13
Renรฉ Descartes advanced the notion
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ืจื ื” ื“ืงืืจื˜ ืงื™ื“ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
01:15
that the human body was essentially no different from any other machine,
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ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื›ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืจืช,
01:20
brought to life by a divinely created soul located in the brain's pineal gland.
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ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืืฆื˜ืจื•ื‘ืœ.
01:26
And in 1907, Dr. Duncan McDougall even claimed that the soul had mass,
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ื•ื‘ 1907, ื“ืจ' ื“ื ืงืŸ ืžืงื“ื•ื’ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœื ืฉืžื” ื™ืฉ ืžืกื”,
01:31
weighing patients immediately before and after death in an attempt to prove it.
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ื›ืฉืฉืงืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื–ื”.
01:37
Though his experiments were discredited, much like the rest of vitalism,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื• ื”ื•ืคืจื›ื•, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉืืจ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื,
01:41
traces of his theory still come up in popular culture.
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ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช.
01:45
But where do all these discredited theories leave us?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืคื” ืžืฉืื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”?
01:48
What we now know is that life is not contained
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื›ืœื™ื
01:50
in some magical substance or spark,
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ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื• ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืงืกื•ื,
01:53
but within the ongoing biological processes themselves.
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ืืœื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื ืขืฆืžื.
01:58
And to understand these processes,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:59
we need to zoom down to the level of our individual cells.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคื•ืงื•ืก ืœืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
02:04
Inside each of these cells,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:05
chemical reactions are constantly occurring,
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ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืง,
02:09
powered by the glucose and oxygen that our bodies convert
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ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืžื™ืจ
02:12
into the energy-carrying molecule known as ATP.
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ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื› ATP.
02:17
Cells use this energy for everything from repair
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ืชืื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื™ืงื•ืŸ
02:19
to growth
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ืœื’ื“ื™ืœื”
02:20
to reproduction.
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ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
02:22
Not only does it take a lot of energy to make the necessary molecules,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
02:25
but it takes even more to get them where they need to be.
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ืืœื ืฉื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
02:29
The universal phenomenon of entropy
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ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”
02:32
means that molecules will tend towards diffusing randomly,
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ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื ื˜ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืกืกื•ืช ืจื ื“ื•ืžืœื™ืช,
02:36
moving from areas of high concentration to low concentration,
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ื•ื™ื ื•ืขื• ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื›ืืœื• ืขื ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื ืžื•ืš,
02:40
or even breaking apart into smaller molecules and atoms.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฉื‘ืจื• ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
02:43
So cells must constantly keep entropy in check
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ืื– ืชืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืžืื•ื–ื ืช
02:47
by using energy to maintain their molecules
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
02:49
in the very complicated formations
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
02:51
necessary for biological functions to occur.
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ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ืชืจื—ืฉื•.
02:55
The breaking down of these arrangements when the entire cell succumbs to entropy
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ื”ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชื ื ื›ื ืข ืœืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”
03:00
is what eventually results in death.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืžื•ื•ืช.
03:03
This is the reason organisms can't be simply sparked back to life
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื
03:07
once they've already died.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื•.
03:08
We can pump air into someone's lungs,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืื•ื™ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
03:11
but it won't do much good
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ
03:12
if the many other processes involved in the respiratory cycle
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ืื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”
03:15
are no longer functioning.
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ืœื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:18
Similarly, the electric shock from a defibrillator
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืžื“ืคื™ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ
03:21
doesn't jump-start an inanimate heart,
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ืœื ืžืชื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื“ื•ืžื,
03:23
but resynchronizes the muscle cells in an abnormally beating heart
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ืืœื ืžืกื ื›ืจืŸ ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ ืฉืคื•ืขื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช
03:28
so they regain their normal rhythm.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืงืฆื‘ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
03:30
This can prevent a person from dying, but it won't raise a dead body,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืื“ื ืœืžื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื—ื™ื” ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืช,
03:34
or a monster sewn together from dead bodies.
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ืื• ืžืคืœืฆืช ืฉื ืชืคืจื” ืžื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืžืชื•ืช.
03:37
So it would seem that all our various medical miracles
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ืื– ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
03:40
can delay or prevent death but not reverse it.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืจืง ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื•ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื•.
03:45
But that's not as simple as it sounds
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืžื• ืฉื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข
03:47
because constant advancements in technology and medicine
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืจืคื•ืื”
03:50
have resulted in diagnoses such as coma,
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ื’ืจืžื• ืœืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืชืจื“ืžืช,
03:53
describing potentially reversible conditions,
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ืฉืžืชืืจื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื›ื™ื,
03:56
under which people would have previously been considered dead.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืžืชื™ื.
04:01
In the future, the point of no return may be pushed even further.
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืืœ ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื•ืœื™ ืชื™ื“ื—ืฃ ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:05
Some animals are known to extend their lifespans
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
04:08
or survive extreme conditions
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ืื• ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
04:10
by slowing down their biological processes
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื˜ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
04:13
to the point where they are virtually paused.
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ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื.
04:16
And research into cryonics hopes to achieve the same
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ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ืœืงืจื™ื•ื’ื ื™ืงื” ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ืฆืื”
04:20
by freezing dying people and reviving them later
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืคืืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:23
when newer technology is able to help them.
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ื›ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื.
04:26
See, if the cells are frozen, there's very little molecular movement,
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ืชืจืื•, ืื ื”ืชืื™ื ืงืคื•ืื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช,
04:30
and diffusion practically stops.
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ื•ื“ื™ืคื•ื–ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื•ืฆืจืช.
04:33
Even if all of a person's cellular processes had already broken down,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืชืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืงืจืกื•,
04:38
this could still conceivably be reversed by a swarm of nanobots,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืœื”ืชื”ืคืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื—ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื ื ื• ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื,
04:42
moving all the molecules back to their proper positions,
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ืฉืžื–ื™ื–ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
04:45
and injecting all of the cells with ATP at the same time,
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ื•ืœื”ื–ืจื™ืง ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ATP ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
04:49
presumably causing the body to simply pick up where it left off.
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ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืคืกื™ืง.
04:53
So if we think of life not as some magical spark,
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ืื– ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ื›ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืงืกื•ื,
04:56
but a state of incredibly complex, self-perpetuating organization,
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ืืœื ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ืฉืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื•,
05:00
death is just the process of increasing entropy
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ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”
05:04
that destroys this fragile balance.
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ืฉื”ื•ืจืก ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจ.
05:06
And the point at which someone is completely dead
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืช ืœื’ืžืจื™
05:09
turns out not to be a fixed constant,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืงื•ื‘ืข,
05:12
but simply a matter of how much of this entropy
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ืืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
05:14
we're currently capable of reversing.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ืœื”ืคื•ืš.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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