Why is Marie Antoinette so controversial? - Carolyn Harris

1,242,964 views ใƒป 2023-06-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
Order! Order! Whoโ€™s the defendant today? Looks pretty fancy.
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ืกื“ืจ! ืกื“ืจ! ืžื™ ื”ื ืืฉืžืช ื”ื™ื•ื? ื ืจืื™ืช ื“ื™ ืžืคื•ืืจืช.
00:11
Indeed, Your Honor.
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ืื›ืŸ, ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜.
00:12
This is Marie Antoinette, the Queen of France
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ื–ื• ืžืืจื™ ืื ื˜ื•ืื ื˜, ืžืœื›ืช ืฆืจืคืช
00:15
who was notorious for living in opulence while the peasants starved.
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืฉืžืฆื” ื›ืžื™ ืฉื—ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉืคืข ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืจืขื‘ื•.
00:20
That is sensationalist slander.
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ื–ื• ื”ืฉืžืฆื” ืกื ืกืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
00:22
Marie Antoinette had little power over her circumstances
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื” ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”
00:26
and spent her brief life trying to survive in a turbulent, foreign country.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืœืชื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืกื•ืขืจืช ื•ื–ืจื”.
00:31
You mean she wasn't French?
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ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื”?
00:34
Thatโ€™s right, Your Honor.
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜.
00:35
She was born in 1755 as the Hapsburg Archduchess Maria Antonia.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1755 ื›ืืจื›ื™ื“ื•ื›ืกื™ืช ื”ื”ื‘ืกื‘ื•ืจื’ื™ืช ืžืจื™ื” ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื”.
00:41
After two of her older sisters passed away,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื ืคื˜ืจื•,
00:44
she became the only choice for a political marriage to Louis-August,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืœื•ืื™ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜,
00:48
heir to the French throne.
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ื™ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขืฆืจ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™.
00:50
Essentially, she was sacrificed to secure peace between Austria and France,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืงืจื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ืœืฆืจืคืช,
00:55
all at the age of 14.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 14.
00:58
She seemed to have had adjusted to this โ€œsacrificeโ€ by 1774
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ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืกืชื’ืœื” ืœโ€œืงื•ืจื‘ืŸโ€ ื–ื” ืขื“ 1774
01:02
when her husband was crowned king.
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ื›ืฉื‘ืขืœื” ื”ื•ื›ืชืจ ืœืžืœืš.
01:04
She lived a life of luxury, wearing elaborate headdresses,
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ื™ ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช, ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืจืืฉ ืžืคื•ืืจื™ื,
01:07
importing foreign fabricsโ€”
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ืžื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื‘ืื™ื -
01:09
she even had her own private chateau near Versailles!
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื˜ื™ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื” ืœื™ื“ ื•ืจืกืื™!
01:12
Meanwhile, France was in an economic tailspin.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืฆืจืคืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืจื•ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกื—ืจื•ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™.
01:15
Bad harvests resulted in mass food shortages,
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ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืจืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
01:18
wages were falling, and the cost of living had skyrocketed.
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ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื™ืจื“, ื•ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื–ื™ื ืง.
01:22
Marie Antoinetteโ€™s expensive tastes were completely insensitive
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ื˜ืขืžื” ื”ื™ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืžืืจื™ ืื ื˜ื•ืื ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
01:26
to the plight of her subjects.
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ืœืžืฆื•ืงืช ื ืชื™ื ื™ื”.
01:28
She was the Queen!
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืœื›ื”!
01:30
If she hadnโ€™t looked glamorous, she would have been criticized.
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ืื ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื–ื•ื”ืจืช, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช.
01:33
Besides, she sometimes used her image for good.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืชื“ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
01:35
After convincing the King to be vaccinated against smallpox,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื›ื ืขื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืš ืœื”ืชื—ืกืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช,
01:39
she commissioned a special headdress to make the treatment fashionable for all.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืจืืฉ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืื•ืคื ืชื™ ืœื›ื•ืœื.
01:44
She also used her influence to appoint unqualified friends and admirers
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื
01:48
to important posts.
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ืœืžืฉืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
01:50
Even more disastrous, she encouraged the King to get involved
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ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืจืกื ื™, ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื“ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืš ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘
01:53
in the American Revolution,
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ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
01:55
a conflict that cost France 1.5 billion francs.
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ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืฉืขืœื” ืœืฆืจืคืช 1.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืคืจื ืง.
01:59
Objection!
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ื”ึดืชื ึทื’ึฐื“ื•ึผืช!
02:00
The Queen had very little influence over her husbandโ€™s political decisions
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ืœืžืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื”
02:04
at that time.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ.
02:05
Besides, Franceโ€™s financial crisis was much more related to the countryโ€™s
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช
02:09
outdated tax system and lack of an effective central bank.
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ืžืก ืžื™ื•ืฉื ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื‘ื ืง ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื™ืขื™ืœ.
02:13
How so?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื”?
02:15
While France's nobility and clergy had numerous tax exemptions,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืืฆื•ืœื” ื•ื”ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช ื”ื™ื• ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžืžืกื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
02:19
peasants often paid more than half their income in taxes.
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ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืชื ื‘ืžืกื™ื.
02:22
This system buried France in debt long before the Queen's arrival.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื• ืงื‘ืจื” ืืช ืฆืจืคืช ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื’ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื”.
02:26
Her personal expenses were merely a scapegoat
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ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ืฉืขื™ืจ ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ
02:29
for decades of financial negligence.
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ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
02:31
That doesnโ€™t change that Marie Antoinette spent tax money on luxuries
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžืืจื™ ืื ื˜ื•ืื ื˜ ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืกืคื™ ืžื™ืกื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช
02:35
while the masses starved!
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืจืขื‘ื•!
02:37
She was so oblivious that when she heard people couldnโ€™t afford bread,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื›ืฉืฉืžืขื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ืœื—ื,
02:41
she recommended they eat cake instead.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ืœื”ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขื•ื’ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
02:44
This is almost certainly a fabrication attributed to the Queen by her enemies.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืฉื™ื•ื—ืกื” ืœืžืœื›ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”.
02:49
In fact, Marie Antoinette frequently engaged in charity work
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืืจื™ ืื ื˜ื•ืื ื˜ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืงื”
02:53
focused on addressing poverty.
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ืฉื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื ื™.
02:55
Her reputation as a heartless queen was based on rumors and slander.
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ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื›ืžืœื›ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืœื‘ ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžืฆื•ืช.
02:59
Even the most famous case against her was a complete fraud.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชื™ืง ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื’ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช.
03:03
Pardon?
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ืกืœื™ื—ื”?
03:04
In 1784, a thief forged fake letters from the Queen
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1784 ื’ื ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ืฃ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื™ื ืžื”ืžืœื›ื”
03:08
to purchase an outrageously expensive diamond necklace.
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ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื™ื”ืœื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ืงืจ ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื“.
03:12
The truth came out eventually,
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ื”ืืžืช ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
03:13
but the public already saw her as a wasteful spendthrift.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื” ืื•ืชื” ื›ืคื–ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื ื™ืช.
03:17
Meanwhile, it's really her husband who ruined France's finances.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืขืœื” ืฉื”ืจืก ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช.
03:20
On that, we agree.
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ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื.
03:22
Louis XVI was an incompetent king.
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ืœื•ืื™ ื”-16 ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืš ืœื ื›ืฉื™ืจ.
03:24
Even after the revolution began and he lost much of his power
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ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื‘ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ื•ื—ื•
03:27
to the newly formed National Assembly,
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ืœืืกื™ืคื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื”,
03:29
he refused to yield control.
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ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ืืฆื™ืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
03:31
Louis vetoed numerous pieces of legislationโ€”
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ืœื•ืื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื•ื˜ื• ืขืœ ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืงื”-
03:33
and he was supported by his conservative Queen.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืชืžืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
03:37
To a point.
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ืขื“ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื.
03:38
Marie Antoinette believed in the divine right of kings,
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ืžืืจื™ ืื ื˜ื•ืื ื˜ ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื™ื,
03:41
but despite personal reservations, she tried to work with reformers.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืจืคื•ืจืžื˜ื•ืจื™ื.
03:44
Though all she got in return were false reports that she was sleeping with them.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื• ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ ืฉืงืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืื™ืชื.
ืฉื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžืคื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืฉืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
03:48
No amount of charity work could counter this avalanche of slander.
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03:52
The revolutionaries also prevented the Kingโ€™s family from leaving Parisโ€”
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ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื ื’ื ืžื ืขื• ืžืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ืคืจื™ื– -
03:56
how could she negotiate with people keeping her prisoner?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™?
03:59
Well, they were right to do so!
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืฆื“ืงื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช!
04:01
In 1791, the royal couple tried fleeing to Austria
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1791 ื ื™ืกื” ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”
04:05
to gather support and regain power.
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ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—.
04:07
Even after they were caught,
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ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชืคืกื•,
04:08
the King and Queen continued to pass military secrets
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ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื
04:11
to their Austrian contacts.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
04:13
Isn't that treason?
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ื–ื• ืœื ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”?
04:15
Certainly, and Louis was executed for it, alongside 32 other charges.
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜, ื•ืœื•ืื™ ื”ื•ืฆื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืœืฆื“ 32 ืื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
04:20
Even if you believe the King's execution was just,
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ื’ื ืื ืืชื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืฆืืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืงืช,
04:23
there's no excuse for how the new government treated Marie Antoinette.
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ืื™ืŸ ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื˜ื™ืคืœื” ื‘ืžืืจื™ ืื ื˜ื•ืื ื˜.
04:27
She was separated from her son and kept in a cell with no privacy.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคืจื“ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ื ืฉืžืจื” ื‘ืชื ืœืœื ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช.
04:31
The tribunal in charge of prosecuting the Queen had no proof of her treason,
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ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื”,
04:35
so they denigrated her with baseless accusations of incest and orgies.
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ืฉืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื” ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืจื’ื™ื•ืช.
04:40
Yet she maintained composure until the very end.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ืงื•ืจ ืจื•ื— ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืจ.
04:43
The Queenโ€™s final words were an apology to her executioner
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ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืชื ืฆืœื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืชืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”
04:46
for stepping on his foot.
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ืขืœ ืฉื“ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื•.
04:49
However refined she may have been,
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ืžืขื•ื“ื ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ืชื”,
04:50
Marie Antoinette was willing to betray her country to stay in power.
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ืžืืจื™ ืื ื˜ื•ืื ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื‘ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ.
04:54
In life and death, she remains a symbol of everything wrong
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืืจืช ืกืžืœ ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ
04:58
with the decadent monarchy.
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ืขื ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื”ื“ืงื“ื ื˜ื™ืช.
05:01
A convenient symbolโ€”
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ืกืžืœ ื ื•ื—-
05:02
and an example of the publicโ€™s appetite for smearing prominent women
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ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ื›ืคืฉืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช
05:06
with their own fantasies and frustrations.
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ืขื ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืกื›ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
05:09
So what youโ€™re saying is she was guilty of being Queen?
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืืฉืžื” ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืžืœื›ื”?
05:12
Should monarchs be judged by their personal qualities
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืžืœื›ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
05:15
or the historical role they occupied?
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ืื• ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื™ืœืื•?
05:17
And can even the powerful be victims of circumstance?
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ื•ื”ืื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช?
05:21
These are the questions that arise when we put history on trial.
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ืืœื• ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืžืฉืคื˜.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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