You are your microbes - Jessica Green and Karen Guillemin

1,990,754 views ใƒป 2013-01-07

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Mark Freehoff
00:13
Being human,
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ื›ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช,
00:16
we each view ourselves as a unique and independent individual,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ื ื• ื›ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืฆืžืื™ื,
00:21
but we're never alone!
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืœื‘ื“!
00:23
Millions of microscopic beings inhabit our bodies,
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ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื•,
00:26
and no two bodies are the same.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉื”ื ื–ื”ื™ื.
00:29
Each is a different habitat for microbial communities:
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื:
00:33
from the arid deserts of our skin,
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ืžื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•,
00:35
to the villages on our lips,
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ืœื›ืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืคืชื™ื ื•,
00:38
and the cities in our mouths.
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ื•ื”ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื•ืชื™ื ื•.
00:39
Even every tooth is its own distinctive neighborhood,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื”,
00:44
and our guts are teaming metropolises of interacting microbes.
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ื•ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืŸ ืขืจื™ ืขื ืง ืจื•ื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™.
00:50
And in these bustling streets of our guts,
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ื•ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
00:52
we see a constant influx of food,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืจื ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ,
00:56
and every microbe has a job to do.
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
00:59
Here's a cellulolytic bacteria, for example.
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ื”ื ื” ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืฆืœื•ืœื•ื–ื™ืช, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
01:01
Their one job is to break down cellulose,
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ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ืœืคืจืง ืฆืœื•ืœื•ื–ื”,
01:04
a common compound in vegetables, into sugars.
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ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื.
01:08
Those simple sugars then move along to the respirators,
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ื”ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืื•ื•ืจืจื™ื,
01:11
another set of microbes that snatch up
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ืขื•ื“ ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื˜ืฃ
01:13
these simple sugars and burn them as fuel.
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ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ืฉื•ืจืฃ ืื•ืชื ื›ื“ืœืง.
01:17
As food travels through our digestive tract,
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ื›ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื ืข ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื•,
01:19
it reaches the fermentors who extract energy from these sugars
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ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืชืกื™ืกื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื”ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื
01:23
by converting them into chemicals,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืจืชื ืœื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื,
01:25
like alcohol and hydrogen gas,
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ื›ืžื• ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื’ื– ืžื™ืžืŸ,
01:27
which they spew out as waste products.
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ืฉืื– ืžื•ืฆื ื›ืžื•ืฆืจ ืคืกื•ืœืช.
01:30
Deeper in the depths of our gut city,
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ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
01:33
the syntrophs eke out a living off the fermenters' trash.
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ื”ืกื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืกื™ืกื™ื.
01:37
At each step of this process,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš,
01:39
energy is released,
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจืช,
01:41
and that energy is absorbed
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ื•ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืกืคื’ืช
01:42
by the cells of the digestive tract.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ.
01:44
This city we just saw is different in everyone.
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ื• ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“.
01:48
Every person has a unique and diverse community of gut microbes
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ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื
01:52
that can process food in different ways.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื“ ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
01:55
One person's gut microbes may be capable
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื
01:57
of releasing only a fraction of the calories
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ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืจืง ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืžื”ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช
01:59
that another person's gut microbes can extract.
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ืฉืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ.
02:03
So, what determines the membership of our gut microbial community?
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ืื–, ืžื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•?
02:07
Well, things like our genetic makeup
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื ื•
02:10
and the microbes we encounter throughout our lives
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ื•ื”ืžืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
02:13
can contribute to our microbial ecosystems.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
02:16
The food we eat also influences
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ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื’ื ืžืฉืคื™ืข
02:19
which microbes live in our gut.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
02:21
For example, food made of complex molecules,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช,
02:24
like an apple,
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ื›ืžื• ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื,
02:25
requires a lot of different microbial workers to break it down.
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ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจืง ืื•ืชื•.
02:28
But, if a food is made of simple molecules,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื ืื•ื›ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช,
02:30
like a lollipop,
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ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื”,
02:31
some of these workers are put out of a job.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
02:34
Those workers leave the city, never to return.
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ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ืœื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื.
02:38
What doesn't function well are gut microbial communities
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ืžื” ืฉืœื ืคื•ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื
02:40
with only a few different types of workers.
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ืขื ืจืง ืžืกืคืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื.
02:43
For example, humans who suffer from diseases
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช
02:46
like diabetes or chronic gut inflamation
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ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื›ืจืช ืื• ื“ืœืงื•ืช ืžืขื™ื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช
02:49
typically have less microbial variety in their guts.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™ ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
02:52
We don't fully understand the best way
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:54
to manage our individual microbial societies,
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ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
02:58
but it is likely that lifestyle changes,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
03:00
such as eating a varied diet of complex, plant-based foods,
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ื›ืžื• ืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
03:04
can help revitalize our microbial ecosystems in our gut
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
03:07
and across the entire landscape of our body.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื•.
03:10
So, we are really not alone in our body.
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ืื–, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื•.
03:13
Our bodies are homes to millions of different microbes,
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ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื ืžืขื•ื ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
03:17
and we need them just as much as they need us.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•.
03:20
As we learn more about how our microbes
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
03:23
interact with each other and with our bodies,
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ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•,
03:25
we will reveal how we can nurture
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ื ื’ืœื” ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ
03:27
this complex, invisible world
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ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื” ื”ื–ื”
03:29
that shapes our personal identity,
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ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
03:31
our health,
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ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื ื•,
03:32
and our well-being.
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ื•ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื ื• ื”ื›ืœืœื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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