Just How Small is an Atom?

7,596,818 views ・ 2012-04-16

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Translator: Marc Isbert Reviewer: Anna Comas-Quinn
00:13
You probably already know
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Potser ja saps
00:15
everything is made up of little tiny things called atoms
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que tot està fet d'unes coses petites anomenades àtoms.
00:17
or even that each atom is made up of even smaller particles
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o també que cada àtom és fet de partícules encara més menudes
00:20
called protons, neutrons and electrons.
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anomenades protons, neutrons i electrons.
00:22
And you've probably heard that atoms are small.
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I potser has sentit que els àtoms són menuts.
00:25
But I bet you haven't ever thought about how small atoms really are.
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Però m'hi jugo que mai has pensat com en són de petits realment.
00:29
Well, the answer is that they are really, really small.
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Bé, la resposta és que son molt i molt petits.
00:33
So you ask, just how small are atoms?
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I preguntes, com en són de petits?
00:36
To understand this, let's ask this question:
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Per a entendre-ho, fes-te aquesta pregunta:
00:40
How many atoms are in a grapefruit?
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quants àtoms hi ha en una aranja?
00:42
Well, let's assume that the grapefruit is made up of only nitrogen atoms,
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Bé, suposem que l'aranja és feta tans sols d'àtoms de nitrogen,
00:46
which isn't at all true, but there are nitrogen atoms in a grapefruit.
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cosa que no és del tot certa, encara que sí que n'hi ha molts.
00:49
To help you visualize this, let's blow up each of the atoms
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Per ajudar-te a visualitzar-ho, inflem cadascun dels àtoms
00:52
to the size of a blueberry.
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fins la mida d'un nabiu.
00:54
And then how big would the grapefruit have to be?
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Aleshores, com de gran seria l'aranja?
00:57
It would have to be the same size of -- well, actually, the Earth.
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Hauria de tenir la mida de, bé, de fet, la Terra sencera.
01:01
That's crazy!
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Això és de bojos!
01:03
You mean to say that if I filled the Earth with blueberries,
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Vols dir que si omplo la Terra de nabius,
01:05
I would have the same number of nitrogen atoms as a grapefruit?
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n'hi haurà tants com àtoms de nitrogen en una aranja?
01:08
That's right!
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Correcte!
01:10
So how big is the atom?
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Doncs de quina mida és l'àtom?
01:12
Well, it's really, really small!
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Bé, és molt i molt petit!
01:15
And you know what? It gets even more crazy.
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I saps què? La cosa encara és més estranya.
01:18
Let's now look inside of each atom -- and thus the blueberry, right? --
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Donem un cop d'ull dins l'àtom –això és el nabiu, d'acord?–
01:21
What do you see there?
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Què hi veus?
01:22
In the center of the atom is something called the nucleus,
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Al centre de l'àtom hi ha una cosa anomenada nucli,
01:25
which contains protons and neutrons,
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que conté protons i neutrons,
01:27
and on the outside, you'd see electrons.
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i a l'exterior s'hi veuen els electrons.
01:29
So how big is the nucleus?
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Com n'és de gran el nucli?
01:31
If atoms are like blueberries in the Earth,
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Si els àtoms són com nabius a la terra
01:33
how big would the nucleus be?
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com serà el nucli?
01:35
You might remember the old pictures of the atom from science class,
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Potser recordes els dibuixos de l'àtom de la classe de ciències,
01:38
where you saw this tiny dot on the page with an arrow pointing to the nucleus.
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on veies aquell puntet amb una fletxa assenyalant el nucli.
01:42
Well, those pictures, they're not drawn to scale,
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Bé, aquells dibuixos no eren dibuixats a escala,
01:44
so they're kind of wrong.
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eren erronis.
01:46
So how big is the nucleus?
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De quina mina és el nucli?
01:48
So if you popped open the blueberry and were searching for the nucleus ...
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Si obrissis el nabiu i hi busquéssis el nucli…
01:53
You know what? It would be invisible.
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Saps què? Seria invisible!
01:55
It's too small to see!
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És massa petit per a veure'l!
01:57
OK. Let's blow up the atom -- the blueberry --
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D'acord. Inflem l´àtom –el nabiu–
02:00
to the size of a house.
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fins la mida d'una casa.
02:02
So imagine a ball that is as tall as a two-story house.
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Imagina't, doncs, una pilota alta com una casa de dos pisos.
02:05
Let's look for the nucleus in the center of the atom.
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Busquem-hi ara el nucli al centre de l'àtom.
02:08
And do you know what? It would just barely be visible.
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Sabeu què? Gairebé no es veuria.
02:12
So to get our minds wrapped around how big the nucleus is,
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Per a poder entendre la mida del nucli,
02:14
we need to blow up the blueberry, up to the size of a football stadium.
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haurem d'inflar el nabiu fins la mida d'un estadi de futbol.
02:19
So imagine a ball the size of a football stadium,
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Imagina't ara una pilota de la mida d'un estadi de futbol,
02:22
and right smack dab in the center of the atom,
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i al bell mig de l'àtom
02:25
you would find the nucleus, and you could see it!
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hi podries veure el nucli!
02:28
And it would be the size of a small marble.
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I seria de la mida d'una bala de vidre.
02:32
And there's more, if I haven't blown your mind by now.
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I encara més, si no t'ha esclatat el cap.
02:34
Let's consider the atom some more.
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Fixem-nos una mica més en l'àtom.
02:36
It contains protons, neutrons and electrons.
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Conté protons, neutrons i electrons.
02:38
The protons and neutrons live inside of the nucleus,
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Els protons i els neutrons es troben al nucli,
i conté gairebé tota la massa de l'àtom.
02:41
and contain almost all of the mass of the atom.
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A l'exterior hi ha els electrons.
02:43
Way on the edge are the electrons.
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02:45
So if an atom is like a ball the size of a football stadium,
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Així, si l'àtom és com una pilota gran com un estadi de fútbol,
02:48
with the nucleus in the center, and the electrons on the edge,
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amb el nucli al centre i els electrons a l'escorça,
02:50
what is in between the nucleus and the electrons?
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què hi ha entre el nucli i els electrons?
02:54
Surprisingly, the answer is empty space.
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Sorprenentment, la resposta és espai buit.
02:57
(Wind noise)
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(Vent que xiula)
03:00
That's right. Empty!
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Exactament. Buit!
03:02
Between the nucleus and the electrons, there are vast regions of empty space.
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Entre el nucli i els electrons hi ha una immensa regió d'espai buit.
03:06
Now, technically there are some electromagnetic fields,
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Tècnicament hi ha camps electromagnètics,
03:08
but in terms of stuff, matter, it is empty.
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però pel que fa a material, a matèria, és buit.
03:11
Remember this vast region of empty space is inside the blueberry,
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Recorda que aquest immens espai buit és dins del nabiu,
03:15
which is inside the Earth,
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que és dins la terra,
03:17
which really are the atoms in the grapefruit.
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i que en realitat són els àtoms de l'aranja.
03:19
OK, one more thing, if I can even get more bizarre.
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Encara una altra cosa, si és que encara pot ser més estrany.
03:23
Since virtually all the mass of an atom is in the nucleus --
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Si pràcticament tota la massa de l'àtom és dins del nucli–
03:27
now, there is some amount of mass in the electrons,
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bé, n'hi ha una certa quantitat als electrons,
03:30
but most of it is in the nucleus --
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però la majoria és al nucli–
03:32
how dense is the nucleus?
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quina densitat té el nucli?
03:33
Well, the answer is crazy.
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Bé, la resposta és increïble.
03:35
The density of a typical nucleus
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La densitat d'un nucli típic
03:37
is four times 10 to the 17th kilograms per meter cubed.
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és quatre vegades 10 elevat a 17 quilograms per metre cúbic.
03:41
But that's hard to visualize. OK, I'll put it in English units.
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Però això és difícil de visualitzar. Ok, ho posaré en unitats angleses.
03:44
2.5 times 10 to the 16th pounds per cubic feet.
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2,5 vegades 10 elevat a 16 lliures per peu cúbic.
03:49
OK, that's still kind of hard to figure.
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D'acord, encara costa d'imaginar.
03:51
OK, here's what I want you to do.
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Bé, això és el que vull que fagis.
03:53
Make a box that is one foot by one foot by one foot.
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Fes una capsa que mesuri un peu per un peu per un peu (30 cm).
03:57
Now let's go and grab all of the nuclei from a typical car.
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I ara farem un nucli a partir de cotxes.
04:01
Now, cars on average weigh two tons.
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Els cotxes pesen dues tones de promig.
04:03
How many cars' nuclei would you have to put into the box
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Quants cotxes hauràs de posar a la capsa de 30 cm
04:07
to have your one-foot-box have the same density of the nucleus?
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perquè tingui la mateixa densitat que el nucli?
04:10
Is it one car? Two?
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Un cotxe? Dos?
04:11
How about 100?
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Que me'n dius de 100?
04:13
Nope, nope and nope.
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No, no i no.
04:15
The answer is much bigger.
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La resposta és molts més.
04:17
It is 6.2 billion.
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És 6 mil milions.
04:21
That is almost equal to the number of people in the Earth.
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Gairebé les persones que hi ha a la terra.
04:24
So if everyone in the Earth owned their own car --
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Si tothom a la terra, tingués cotxe,
04:26
and they don't --
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i no és així,
04:27
(Cars honking)
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(cotxes tocant el clàxon)
04:29
and we put all of those cars into your box ...
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i els posessin dins la teva capsa…
04:33
That would be about the density of a nucleus.
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Això seria aproximadament la densitat del nucli.
04:36
So I'm saying that if you took every car in the world
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Estic dient que si agafeu tots els cotxes del món
04:39
and put it into your one-foot box,
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i els posem a la teva caixa de 30 cm,
04:41
you would have the density of one nucleus.
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tindries la densitat del nucli.
04:44
OK, let's review.
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Bé, repassem.
04:45
The atom is really,
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L'àtom és molt,
04:46
really, really small.
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molt i molt petit.
04:49
Think atoms in a grapefruit like blueberries in the Earth.
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Imagina't els àtoms d'una aranja com nabius a la terra.
04:53
The nucleus is crazy small.
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El nucli és increïblement petit.
04:56
Now look inside the blueberry,
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Mira ara dins del nabiu,
04:57
and blow it up to the size of a football stadium,
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i infla'l fins la mida d'un estadi de futbol,
05:00
and now the nucleus is a marble in the middle.
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ara el nucli és una bala de vidre al centre.
05:03
The atom is made up of vast regions of empty space.
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L'àtom és fet de vastes regions d'espai buit.
05:07
That's weird.
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Això és estrany.
05:08
The nucleus has a crazy-high density.
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El nucli té una densitat increïble.
05:10
Think of putting all those cars in your one-foot box.
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Pensa en tots aquells cotxes dins la capsa de 30 cm.
05:14
I think I'm tired.
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Crec que estic esgotat.

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