A brief history of plural word...s - John McWhorter

897,276 views ใƒป 2013-07-22

TED-Ed


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Ahmad Jarbou ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Hussain Laghabi
00:06
There are a lot of ways
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุฑู‚
00:07
this marvelous language of ours,
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ููŠู‡ุง ู„ู„ุบุชู†ุง
00:09
English, doesn't make sense.
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ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ูƒู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ุฃู„ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠู‘ุฉ.
00:11
For example, most of the time
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช
00:12
when we talk about more than one of something,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุชูƒู„ู‘ู… ุนู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุดูŠุกู ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ
ู†ุถุน ุญุฑู S ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ.
00:15
we put an S on the end.
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00:16
One cat, two cats.
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(ู‚ุทู‘ุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ One cat), ู‚ุทู‘ุชุงู† (two cats).
00:18
But then, there's that handful of words
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ู„ูƒู† ุซู…ู‘ุฉ ุญูู†ุฉู‘ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช
00:20
where things work differently.
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ูŠุตุจุญ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุญูŠู†ู‡ุง ู…ุฎุชู„ูู‹ุง.
00:22
Alone you have a man;
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ูˆุญูŠุฏู‹ุงุŒ ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฑุฌู„ูŒ (man)ุ›
00:23
if he has company, then you've got men,
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ููŠ ุญุงู„ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุตุญุจุฉุŒ ุจุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุตุจุญ ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฑุฌุงู„ (men)ุŒ
00:26
or probably better for him, women too.
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ุฃูˆ ู„ุฑุจู…ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃูุถู„ ู„ู‡ ู†ุณุงุกูŒ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุงุŒ (women) .
00:28
Although if there were only one of them,
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ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุญุงู„ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉู ู…ู†ู‡ู†ู‘ ูู‚ุทุŒ
00:30
it would be a woman.
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ุณุชูƒูˆู† ุงู…ุฑุฃุฉ (woman).
00:31
Or if there's more than one goose,
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ุฃูˆ ุฅู† ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฃูˆุฒุฉ (goose)
00:33
they're geese,
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ูู‡ู… ุฅูˆุฒู‘ูŒ (geese)ุŒ
00:35
but why not lots of mooses, meese?
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ู… ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ูˆุธ (mooses) (meese)ุŸ
00:37
Or if you have two feet,
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ุฃูˆ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ู‚ุฏู…ุงู† (feet)ุŒ
00:39
then why don't you read two beek
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ูู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุฅุฐู‹ุง ู„ุง ุชู‚ุฑุฃ ูƒุชุงุจูŠู† (beek)ุŸ
00:41
instead of books.
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ุจุฏู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† (ุงู„ุฌู…ุน) ูƒุชุงุจูŠู† (books).
00:43
The fact is that if you were speaking English
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุชูƒู„ู… ุงู„ุฅู†ูƒู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉ
00:45
before about a thousand years ago,
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ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุง ูŠู‚ุงุฑุจ ุฃู„ู ุนุงู…ุŒ
00:47
beek is exactly what you would have said
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ุงู„ุฌู…ุน (beek) ูƒุชุงุจุงู† ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ุณุชู‚ูˆู„ ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุง
00:49
for more than one book.
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ู„ู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุนู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ูƒุชุงุจู ูˆุงุญุฏู (book).
00:51
If Modern English is strange,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุฅู†ูƒู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ ุบุฑูŠุจุฉู‹ุŒ
00:53
Old English needed therapy.
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ูุงู„ุฅู†ูƒู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ ุงุญุชุงุฌุช ุนู„ุงุฌุงู‹
00:55
Believe it or not,
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ุตุฏู‘ู‚ ุฃูˆ ู„ุง ุชุตุฏู‘ู‚ุŒ
00:56
English used to be an even harder language
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ูƒู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉ ู„ุบุฉู‹ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุตุนูˆุจุฉู‹
00:58
to learn than it is today.
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ู„ู„ุชู‘ุนู„ู‘ู… ู…ู† ูŠูˆู…ู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง.
01:01
Twenty-five hundred years ago,
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ู…ู†ุฐ ุฃู„ููŠ ูˆ ุฎู…ุณู…ุงุฆุฉ ุนุงู…ุŒ
01:02
English and German were the same language.
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ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุฅู†ูƒู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃู„ู…ุงู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ู„ุบุฉู‹ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉู‹.
01:05
They drifted apart slowly,
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ูˆุงู†ูุตู„ุชุง ุนู† ุจุนุถู ุจุจุทุกุŒ
01:06
little by little becoming more and more different.
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ูˆุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ูุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ุฃุตุจุญุชุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงุฎุชู„ุงูู‹ุง.
01:10
That meant that in early English,
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ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ูƒู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ
01:11
just like in German,
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ูƒู…ุง ุงู„ุญุงู„ ุจุงู„ุฃู„ู…ุงู†ูŠู‘ุฉ
01:12
inanimate objects had gender.
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ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒุงู† ู„ู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุฏุฉ ุฌู†ุณ.
01:14
A fork, gafol, was a woman;
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ุดูˆูƒุฉุŒgafolุŒ ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุคู†ุซู‹ุงุ›
01:17
a spoon, laefel, was a man;
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ู…ู„ุนู‚ุฉุŒ laefelุŒ ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุฐูƒุฑู‹ุงุ›
01:19
and the table they were on, bord,
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ูˆุงู„ุทู‘ุงูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชู‘ูŠ ูƒุงู†ุชุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ bordุŒ
01:21
was neither, also called neuter.
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ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ุฃูŠู‘ู‹ุง ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุงุŒ ูุฃุทู„ู‚ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุงุณู… ุงู„ู…ุญุงูŠุฏ (neuter).
01:23
Go figure!
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ููƒู‘ุฑ ุจู‡ุฐุง!
01:24
Being able to use words
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ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฑ ู‚ุฏุฑุชูƒ ู„ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช
01:26
meant not just knowing their meaning
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ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ูู‚ุทุŒ
01:28
but what gender they were, too.
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ุจู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌู†ุณู‡ุง ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง.
01:30
And while today there are only about a dozen plurals
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ูˆุจูŠู†ู…ุงู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฏุฒูŠู†ุฉ ู…ู† ูƒู„ู…ุงุชู ุจุตูŠุบุฉ ุงู„ุฌู…ุน ุงู„ูŠูˆู…
01:33
that don't make sense,
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ุงู„ุชู‘ูŠ ุชุนุชุจุฑ ู„ุงู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠู‘ุฉ
01:34
like men
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01:34
and geese,
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ู…ุซู„ men
ูˆ geeseุŒ
01:35
in Old English, it was perfectly normal
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ููŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ูƒู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุทู‘ุจูŠุนูŠู‘
01:37
for countless plurals to be like that.
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ู„ู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุจุตูŠุบุฉ ุงู„ุฌู…ุน ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ูƒุฐู„ูƒ.
01:40
You think it's odd that more than one goose is geese?
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ู‡ู„ ุชุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุฌู…ุน ุฅูˆุฒู‘ุฉู (goose) ู‡ูŠ ุฅูˆุฒู‘ (geese) ุฃู…ุฑู‹ุง ุบุฑูŠุจู‹ุงุŸ
01:43
Well, imagine if more than one goat
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ุญุณู†ู‹ุง ุชุฎูŠู‘ู„ ุฃู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุนู†ุฒุฉู (goat)
01:44
was a bunch of gat,
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ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุนุฒ (gat)ุŒ
01:46
or if more than one oak tree
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ุฃูˆุฃู†ู‘ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุดุฌุฑุฉ ุจู„ูˆุทู (oak)
01:48
was a field of ack.
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ูƒุงู† ุญู‚ู„ู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู„ูˆุท (ack).
01:50
To be able to talk about any of these,
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ู„ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ุชู‘ุญุฏุซ ุนู† ุฃูŠู‘ู ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ
01:52
you just had to know the exact word for their plural
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ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุฃู† ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฏู‘ู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ุตูŠุบุฉ ุงู„ุฌู…ุนุŒ
01:54
rather than just adding the handy S on the end.
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ุนูˆุถู‹ุง ุนู† ุฅุถุงูุฉ s ุงู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ.
01:58
And it wasn't always an S at the end either.
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ูˆู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุงู„ุฌู…ุน ู…ุญุตูˆุฑู‹ุง ุจุญุฑู S ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‘ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุฏุงุฆู…ุง.
02:01
In merry Old English,
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ููŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ูƒู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑุญุฉ ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุง
02:02
they could add other sounds to the end.
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ูƒุงู† ุจุงู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ู… ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฃุตูˆุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุจุงู„ุขุฎุฑ
02:04
Just like more than one child is children,
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ู…ุซู„ ุฌู…ุน ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุทูู„ู ูˆุงุญุฏู(child) ุฃุทูุงู„(children)ุŒ
02:06
more than one lamb was lambru,
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ูˆุฌู…ุน ุญู…ู„ู (lamb) ูƒุงู† (lambru)ุŒ
02:09
you fried up your eggru,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ู‚ู„ูŠุช ุงู„ุจูŠุถ (eggru) ุฎุงุตุชูƒุŒ
02:11
and people talked not about breads,
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ูˆู„ู… ูŠูู‚ู„ ู„ู„ุฎุจุฒ ุจุงู„ุตู‘ูŠุบุฉ breads
02:13
but breadru.
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ูˆุฅู†ู‘ู…ุง ุจุงู„ุตู‘ูŠุบุฉ (breadru).
02:15
Sometimes it was like sheep is today -
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ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู† ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฌู…ุน~ ูƒุงู„ุฃุบู†ุงู… ุงู„ูŠูˆู…~
02:17
where, to make a plural, you don't do anything.
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ุญูŠุซ ุฃู†ู‘ูƒ ู„ุชุตู†ุน ูƒู„ู…ุฉู‹ ุจุตูŠุบุฉ ุงู„ุฌู…ุนุŒ ูุฅู†ู‘ูƒ ู„ุงุชูุนู„ ุฃูŠู‘ ุดูŠุก.
02:19
One sheep,
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ุฎุฑูˆููŒ ูˆุงุญุฏ (sheep)
02:20
two sheep.
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ุฎุฑูˆูุงู† ุงุซู†ุงู† (sheep).
02:21
In Old English, one house,
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ููŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ูƒู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ house
02:22
two house.
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ุจูŠุชุงู† ุงุซู†ุงู† (two house)ุŒ
02:24
And just like today, we have oxen instead of oxes.
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ูˆูƒู…ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุซูŠุฑุงู† ุจุงู„ุฌู…ุน (oxen) ุจุฏู„ู‹ุง ู…ู†(oxes).
02:28
Old English people had toungen instead of tongues,
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ุงู„ุดู‘ุนุจ ุงู„ุฅู†ูƒู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู… ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ุฌู…ุน ุฃู„ุณู†ุฉ (toungen) ุจุฏู„ู‹ุง ู…ู† (tongues),
02:32
namen instead of names,
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ูˆุฃุณู…ุงุก (namen) ุจุฏู„ู‹ุง ู…ู† (names)ุŒ
02:34
and if things stayed the way they were,
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ูˆ ู„ูˆ ุจู‚ูŠุช ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ุŒ
02:36
today we would have eyen instead of eyes.
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ูƒุงู† ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุฃุนูŠู†ูŒ (eyen) ุจุฏู„ู‹ุง ู…ู† (eyes).
02:40
So, why didn't things stay the way they were?
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ู„ุฐุงุŒ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู„ู… ุชุจู‚ูŽ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ุŸ
02:42
In a word, Vikings.
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ุจูƒู„ู…ุฉู ูˆุงุญุฏุฉู ุงู„ูุงูŠูƒู†ุบ.
02:44
In the 8th century, Scandinavian marauders
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ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุซุงู…ู†ุŒ ุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุบุฒุงุฉ ุงู„ุฅุณูƒู†ุฏู†ุงููŠูˆู†
02:46
started taking over much of England.
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ุจุงู„ุงุณุชูŠู„ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุนุธู… ุฅู†ุฌู„ุชุฑุง.
02:48
They didn't speak English,
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ู„ู… ูŠุชูƒู„ู…ูˆุง ุงู„ุฅู†ูƒู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉ
02:49
they spoke Norse.
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ุชูƒู„ู‘ู…ูˆุง ุงู„ุฅุณูƒู†ุฏู†ุงููŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ
02:50
Plus, they were grown-ups,
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ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุจุงู„ุบูŠู†ุŒ
02:52
and grown-ups aren't as good
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ูˆุงู„ุจุงู„ุบูˆู† ู„ูŠุณูˆุง ุจุจุฑุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„
02:53
at learning languages as children.
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ุนู†ุฏ ุชุนู„ู‘ู… ุงู„ู„ู‘ุบุงุช.
02:55
After the age of roughly 15,
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ุจุนุฏ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฎุงู…ุณุฉ ุนุดุฑ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจู‹ุงุŒ
02:58
it's almost impossible to learn a new language
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ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ู…ุณุชุญูŠู„ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจู‹ุง ุชุนู„ู‘ู… ู„ุบุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ
ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ู„ูƒู†ุฉูุŒ
03:00
without an accent
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03:01
and without slipping up here and there
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ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ู‡ููˆุฉู ู‡ู†ุง ูˆ ู‡ู†ุงูƒุŒ
03:03
as we all know from what language classes are like.
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ูƒู…ุง ู†ุนู„ู… ุฌู…ูŠุนู‹ุง ูƒูŠู ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ููŠ ุญุตุต ุงู„ู„ู‘ุบุงุช.
03:06
The Vikings were no different,
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ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุงู„ูุงูŠูƒู†ุบ ู…ุฎุชู„ููŠู†ุŒ
03:08
so they had a way of smoothing away
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉูŒ ููŠ ุชุณู‡ูŠู„
03:10
the harder parts of how English worked.
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ุงู„ุฌูˆุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุตู‘ุนุจุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู„ู‘ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ูƒู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉ.
03:12
Part of that was those crazy plurals.
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ุฌุฒุกูŒ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุตูŠุบ ุงู„ุฌู…ุน ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ูˆู„ุฉ.
03:15
Imagine running up against a language
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ุชุฎูŠู‘ู„ ุฃู† ุชุชูŽุญุฏู‘ุซู‹ ู„ุบุฉู
03:16
with eggru
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ุฐุงุช ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ูƒ eggru
03:17
and gat
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gat
03:18
on the one hand,
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ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉุŒ
03:19
and then with other words,
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู…ู‘ ููŠ ูƒู„ู…ุงุชู ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ
03:20
all you have to do is add 's'
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ูƒู„ู‘ ู…ุง ุนู„ูŠูƒ ู‡ูˆ ุฅุถุงูุฉ s
03:21
and get days
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ู„ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ daysุŒ
03:22
and stones.
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ูˆ ุญุฌุงุฑุฉู (stones).
03:23
Wouldn't it make things easier
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ุฃู„ูŠุณ ู…ู† ุดุฃู† ุฅุถุงูุฉ "s"
03:24
to just use the 's' for everything?
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ูู‚ุท ุฃู† ูŠุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉู‹ุŸ
03:27
That's how the Vikings felt too.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ุดุนุฑ ุงู„ูุงูŠูƒู†ุบ ุจู‡ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง.
03:29
And there were so many of them,
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ูˆ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูƒุซูŠุฑูˆ ุงู„ุนุฏุฏุŒ
03:30
and they married so many of the English women,
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุฒูˆุฌูˆุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ุณุงุก ุงู„ุฅู†ูƒู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุงุชุŒ
03:32
that pretty soon, if you grew up in England,
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ุจุญูŠุซ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุจุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุจ ุงู„ุนุงุฌู„ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ู†ุดุฃุช ููŠ ุฅู†ูƒู„ุชุฑุงุŒ
03:34
you heard streamlined English as much as the real kind.
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ู„ูƒู†ุช ู‚ุฏ ุณู…ุนุช ุงู„ุฅู†ูƒู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุณู‘ุทุฉ ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ุณู…ุงุนูƒ ุงู„ุฅู†ูƒู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠู‘ุฉ.
03:38
After a while nobody remembered the real kind any more.
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ุจุนุฏ ุญูŠู†ุŒ ู„ู… ูŠุนุฏ ุฃุญุฏูŒ ูŠุชุฐูƒู‘ุฑ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูˆุน ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ.
03:41
Nobody remembered that once you said doora
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ู„ู† ูŠุชุฐูƒู‘ุฑ ุฃุญูŒุฏ ุฃู†ู‘ูƒ ู‚ู„ุช ุฐุงุช ู…ุฑู‘ุฉู ุฃุจูˆุงุจ (doora)ุŒ
03:43
instead of doors
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ุจุฏู„ู‹ุง ู…ู† (doors)ุŒ
03:44
and handa instead of hands.
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ูˆ ุฃูŠุฏูŠ (handa) ุจุฏู„ู‹ุง ู…ู† (hands).
03:47
Plurals made a lot more sense now,
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ุตูŠุบ ุงู„ุฌู…ุน ุงู„ุขู† ู‡ูŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ
03:48
except for a few hold-outs like children
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ุจุงุณุชุซู†ุงุก ุจุนุถ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ูƒุฃุทูุงู„ (children)ุŒ
03:51
and teeth
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03:51
that get used so much
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ูˆุฃุณู†ุงู† (teeth)ุŒ
ุงู„ุชู‘ูŠ ุชูุณุชุนู…ู„ ูƒุซูŠุฑู‹ุง
03:53
that it was hard to break the habit.
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ุญูŠุซ ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุตู‘ุนุจ ุฅูŠู‚ุงู ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนุงุฏุฉ.
03:55
The lesson is
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ุงู„ุนุจุฑุฉ ู‡ูŠ
03:56
that English makes a lot more sense than you think.
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ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ู„ู‘ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ูƒู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠู‘ุฉู‘ ู…ู…ุง ุชุนุชู‚ุฏ.
03:59
Thank the ancestors of people
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ุจูุถู„ ุฃุณู„ุงู ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
04:00
in Copenhagen and Oslo for the fact
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ููŠ ูƒูˆุจู†ู‡ุงุบู† ูˆุฃูˆุณู„ูˆ
04:02
that today we don't ask for a handful of pea-night
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ูุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู„ุง ู†ุทู„ุจ ุญูู†ุฉู‹ ููˆู„ ุณูˆุฏุงู†ูŠ pea-night
04:05
instead of peanuts.
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ุจุฏู„ู‹ุง ู…ู† ูƒู„ู…ุฉ (peanuts).
04:07
Although, wouldn't it be fun,
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ู„ูƒู† ุฃู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู„ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู…ุชุนู‹ุงุŒ
04:08
if for just a week or two,
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ุฅู† ุงุณุชุทุนู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ู„ุฃุณุจูˆุนูุŒ
04:09
we could?
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ุฃูˆ ุฃุณุจูˆุนูŠู† ูู‚ุทุŸ
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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