A brief history of plural word...s - John McWhorter

894,435 views ใƒป 2013-07-22

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
There are a lot of ways
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื
00:07
this marvelous language of ours,
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ืฉื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื ืคืœืื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœื ื•,
00:09
English, doesn't make sense.
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ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืื™ื ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
00:11
For example, most of the time
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
00:12
when we talk about more than one of something,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื“ ืžืžืฉื”ื•,
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื s ื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
00:15
we put an S on the end.
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00:16
One cat, two cats.
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ื—ืชื•ืœ ืื—ื“, ืฉื ื™ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื (ืขื S ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช)
00:18
But then, there's that handful of words
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ื™ืฉ ืืช ืงื•ืžืฅ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื
00:20
where things work differently.
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ื‘ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจืช.
00:22
Alone you have a man;
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ืœื‘ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื man;
00:23
if he has company, then you've got men,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืชื• ื—ื‘ืจ, ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื men,
00:26
or probably better for him, women too.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•, ื’ื ื ืฉื™ื.
00:28
Although if there were only one of them,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ
00:30
it would be a woman.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” woman.
00:31
Or if there's more than one goose,
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ืื• ืื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื•ื– ืื—ื“ goose
00:33
they're geese,
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ืื– ื–ื” geese,
00:35
but why not lots of mooses, meese?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืก, meese?
00:37
Or if you have two feet,
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ืื• ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉืชื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื™ื feet,
00:39
then why don't you read two beek
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืืชื ืœื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืฉื ื™ beek
00:41
instead of books.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื books.
00:43
The fact is that if you were speaking English
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
00:45
before about a thousand years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”,
00:47
beek is exactly what you would have said
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beek ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื
00:49
for more than one book.
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ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ื“.
00:51
If Modern English is strange,
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ืื ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื”,
00:53
Old English needed therapy.
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ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
00:55
Believe it or not,
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ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื,
00:56
English used to be an even harder language
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ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืคื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”
00:58
to learn than it is today.
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ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื”ื™ื•ื.
01:01
Twenty-five hundred years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 2,500 ืฉื ื”,
01:02
English and German were the same language.
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ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืชื” ืฉืคื”.
01:05
They drifted apart slowly,
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืงื• ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
01:06
little by little becoming more and more different.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
01:10
That meant that in early English,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช,
01:11
just like in German,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช,
01:12
inanimate objects had gender.
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ืœืขืฆืžื™ื ื“ื•ืžืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืŸ.
01:14
A fork, gafol, was a woman;
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ืžื–ืœื’, ื’ืคื•ืœ, ื”ื™ื” ื ืงื‘ื”;
01:17
a spoon, laefel, was a man;
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ื›ืฃ, ืœืคืœ, ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื›ืจ;
01:19
and the table they were on, bord,
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ื•ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื•, ื‘ื•ืจื“,
01:21
was neither, also called neuter.
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ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ ืžื™ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื ืื•ื˜ื•ืจ.
01:23
Go figure!
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ืœื›ื• ืชื‘ื™ื ื•!
01:24
Being able to use words
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•
01:26
meant not just knowing their meaning
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ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
01:28
but what gender they were, too.
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ืืœื ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื, ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
01:30
And while today there are only about a dozen plurals
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื
01:33
that don't make sense,
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ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
01:34
like men
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01:34
and geese,
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ื›ืžื• men
ื• geese,
01:35
in Old English, it was perfectly normal
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ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™
01:37
for countless plurals to be like that.
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ืœืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš.
01:40
You think it's odd that more than one goose is geese?
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉ goose ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื–ื” geese?
01:43
Well, imagine if more than one goat
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื– ืื—ืช goat
01:44
was a bunch of gat,
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ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ gat,
01:46
or if more than one oak tree
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ืื• ืื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฅ ืืœื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ oak
01:48
was a field of ack.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื“ื” ืฉืœ ack.
01:50
To be able to talk about any of these,
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื”,
01:52
you just had to know the exact word for their plural
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
01:54
rather than just adding the handy S on the end.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจืง ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื” s ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
01:58
And it wasn't always an S at the end either.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืชืžื™ื“ s ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
02:01
In merry Old English,
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ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื–ื”,
02:02
they could add other sounds to the end.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
02:04
Just like more than one child is children,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ืœื“ ืื—ื“ child ื–ื” children,
02:06
more than one lamb was lambru,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ lamb ื”ื™ื” lambru,
02:09
you fried up your eggru,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื˜ื’ื ื™ื ืืช ื” eggru -ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื,
02:11
and people talked not about breads,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืœื ืขืœ breads - ืœื—ืžื™ื,
02:13
but breadru.
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ืืœื ืขืœ breadru.
02:15
Sometimes it was like sheep is today -
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื sheep -
02:17
where, to make a plural, you don't do anything.
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ืฉื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœื•ื.
02:19
One sheep,
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ื›ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืื—ืช sheep,
02:20
two sheep.
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ืฉืชื™ ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื sheep.
02:21
In Old English, one house,
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ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ื“ house,
02:22
two house.
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ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ื house,
02:24
And just like today, we have oxen instead of oxes.
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• oxen ื‘ืžืงื•ื oxes ืฉื•ื•ืจื™ื.
02:28
Old English people had toungen instead of tongues,
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ืœืื ืฉื™ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื• toungen ื‘ืžืงื•ื toungues ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
02:32
namen instead of names,
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namen ื‘ืžืงื•ื names - ืฉืžื•ืช,
02:34
and if things stayed the way they were,
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ื•ืื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื•,
02:36
today we would have eyen instead of eyes.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• eyen ื‘ืžืงื•ื eyes - ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
02:40
So, why didn't things stay the way they were?
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ืื–, ืœืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื ืฉืืจื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื•?
02:42
In a word, Vikings.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช, ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื.
02:44
In the 8th century, Scandinavian marauders
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ื‘ืžืื” ื” 8, ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื
02:46
started taking over much of England.
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื ื’ืœื™ื”.
02:48
They didn't speak English,
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ื”ื ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืื ื’ืœื™ืช,
02:49
they spoke Norse.
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ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื ื•ืจืกืงื™ืช.
02:50
Plus, they were grown-ups,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
02:52
and grown-ups aren't as good
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ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
02:53
at learning languages as children.
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ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื” ื›ืžื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
02:55
After the age of roughly 15,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื’ื™ืœ 15 ืœืขืจืš,
02:58
it's almost impossible to learn a new language
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ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
ื‘ืœื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื
03:00
without an accent
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03:01
and without slipping up here and there
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืคื” ื•ืฉื
03:03
as we all know from what language classes are like.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืฉืคื•ืช.
03:06
The Vikings were no different,
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ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
03:08
so they had a way of smoothing away
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ืื– ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืง
03:10
the harder parts of how English worked.
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ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขื‘ื“ื”.
03:12
Part of that was those crazy plurals.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
03:15
Imagine running up against a language
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœืจื•ืฅ ืžื•ืœ ืฉืคื”
03:16
with eggru
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ืขื ืื’ืจื•
03:17
and gat
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ื•ื’ืื˜
03:18
on the one hand,
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“,
03:19
and then with other words,
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ื•ืื– ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
03:20
all you have to do is add 's'
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ s
03:21
and get days
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ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ days
03:22
and stones.
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ื• stones,
03:23
Wouldn't it make things easier
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜
03:24
to just use the 's' for everything?
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ s ืœื”ื›ืœ?
03:27
That's how the Vikings felt too.
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ื›ื›ื” ื’ื ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•.
03:29
And there were so many of them,
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื,
03:30
and they married so many of the English women,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืชื—ืชื ื• ืขื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืฉื™ื ืื ื’ืœื™ื•ืช,
03:32
that pretty soon, if you grew up in England,
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ืฉื“ื™ ืžื”ืจ, ืื ื’ื“ืœืชื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”,
03:34
you heard streamlined English as much as the real kind.
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ืฉืžืขืชื ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื•ืงืฆืขืช ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
03:38
After a while nobody remembered the real kind any more.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื–ื›ืจ ืืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:41
Nobody remembered that once you said doora
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืคืขื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื doora
03:43
instead of doors
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื doors - ื“ืœืชื•ืช
03:44
and handa instead of hands.
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ื• handa ื‘ืžืงื•ื hands - ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
03:47
Plurals made a lot more sense now,
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ืฆื•ืจืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
03:48
except for a few hold-outs like children
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื›ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื›ืžื• children
03:51
and teeth
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03:51
that get used so much
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ื• teeth
ืฉื”ืŸ ื›ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ืช
03:53
that it was hard to break the habit.
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ.
03:55
The lesson is
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ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื•ื
03:56
that English makes a lot more sense than you think.
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ืฉืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
03:59
Thank the ancestors of people
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ืชื•ื“ื• ืœืื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
04:00
in Copenhagen and Oslo for the fact
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ื‘ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ ื•ืื•ืกืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
04:02
that today we don't ask for a handful of pea-night
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ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ pea-night
04:05
instead of peanuts.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื peanuts - ืื’ื•ื–ื™ื.
04:07
Although, wouldn't it be fun,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ืฃ,
04:08
if for just a week or two,
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ืื ืจืง ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื• ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื,
04:09
we could?
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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