Game theory challenge: Can you predict human behavior? - Lucas Husted

1,600,401 views ใƒป 2019-11-05

TED-Ed


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Salma Hourani ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Hussain Laghabi
00:06
A few months ago we posed a challenge to our community.
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ู‚ุจู„ ุนุฏู‘ุฉ ุฃุดู‡ุฑุŒ ุทุฑุญู†ุง ุชุญุฏูŠุงู‹ ู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนู†ุง.
00:10
We asked everyone: given a range of integers from 0 to 100,
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ุณุฃู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุฌู…ุจุน: ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุนุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญุฉ ู…ู† 0 ุญุชู‰ 100ุŒ
00:15
guess the whole number closest to 2/3 of the average of all numbers guessed.
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ุฎู…ู‘ู† ุงู„ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฃู‚ุฑุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุซู„ุซูŠ ู…ุชูˆุณุท ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃุฑู‚ุงู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฎู…ู†ุช.
00:22
So if the average of all guesses is 60, the correct guess will be 40.
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ูุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู…ุชูˆุณุท ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุชุฎู…ูŠู†ุงุช 60ุŒ ูุงู„ุชุฎู…ูŠู† ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† 40.
00:26
What number do you think was the correct guess at 2/3 of the average?
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ู…ุง ุงู„ุฑู‚ู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจุฑุฃูŠูƒ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุชุฎู…ูŠู† ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ ููŠ ุซู„ุซูŠ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุทุŸ
00:32
Letโ€™s see if we can try and reason our way to the answer.
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ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุฑู‰ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ูˆุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ ู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุงู„ุญู„.
00:36
This game is played under conditions known to game theorists as common knowledge.
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ูŠุชู… ู„ุนุจ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ุนุจุฉ ููŠ ุฅุทุงุฑ ุดุฑูˆุท ุชุนุฑู ู„ุฏู‰ ุฃุตุญุงุจ ู†ุธุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฃู„ุนุงุจ ุจู€"ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุฉ".
00:41
Not only does every player have the same information โ€”
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ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ูƒู„ ู„ุงุนุจ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช
00:44
they also know that everyone else does,
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ุจู„ ูˆูŠุนุฑููˆู† ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุฃู† ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุชุŒ
00:46
and that everyone else knows that everyone else does, and so on, infinitely.
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ูˆุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ูŠุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุจุฃู† ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุชุŒ ูˆู‡ู„ู… ุฌุฑุงู‹ุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ุงู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ.
00:52
Now, the highest possible average would occur if every person guessed 100.
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ู‚ุฏ ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ุชูˆุณุท ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฅุฐุง ุฎู…ู† ูƒู„ ุดุฎุต 100.
00:58
In that case, 2/3 of the average would be 66.66.
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ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉุŒ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุซู„ุซูŠ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุท 66.66
01:03
Since everyone can figure this out,
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ุจู…ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
01:05
it wouldnโ€™t make sense to guess anything higher than 67.
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ู„ู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ ุชุฎู…ูŠู† ุฃูŠ ุนุฏุฏ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ู† 67
01:09
If everyone playing comes to this same conclusion,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ูƒู„ ู…ู† ูŠู„ุนุจ ุณูŠุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉุŒ
01:12
no one will guess higher than 67.
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ู„ู† ูŠุฎู…ู‘ู† ุฃุญุฏ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ู† 67
01:15
Now 67 is the new highest possible average,
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ุฅู† 67 ู‡ูˆ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ุชูˆุณุท ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฌุฏูŠุฏุŒ
01:19
so no reasonable guess should be higher than โ…” of that, which is 44.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุง ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃูŠ ุชุฎู…ูŠู† ู…ุนู‚ูˆู„ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุซู„ุซูŠ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ 44
01:25
This logic can be extended further and further.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุชู…ุฏูŠุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูุฃูƒุซุฑ.
01:28
With each step, the highest possible logical answer keeps getting smaller.
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ู…ุน ูƒู„ ุฎุทูˆุฉุŒ ูŠุตุจุญ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ุฌูˆุงุจ ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃุตุบุฑ.
01:33
So it would seem sensible to guess the lowest number possible.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ูˆู„ ุชุฎู…ูŠู† ุฃู‚ู„ ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู…ูƒู†.
01:38
And indeed, if everyone chose zero,
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ูˆุจุงู„ูุนู„ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุงุฎุชุงุฑ ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุตูุฑุŒ
01:41
the game would reach whatโ€™s known as a Nash Equilibrium.
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ุณูˆู ุชุตู„ ุงู„ู„ุนุจุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠุนุฑู ุจุชูˆุงุฒู† ู†ุงุด.
01:45
This is a state where every player has chosen the best possible strategy
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุงุฎุชุงุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ูƒู„ ู„ุงุนุจ ุฃูุถู„ ุงุณุชุฑุงุชูŠุฌูŠุฉ ู…ู…ูƒู†ุฉ
01:49
for themselves given everyone else playing,
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ู„ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู… ู†ุธุฑุงู‹ ุจุฃู† ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ูŠู„ุนุจุŒ
01:52
and no individual player can benefit by choosing differently.
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ูˆู„ู† ูŠุณุชููŠุฏ ุฃูŠ ู„ุงุนุจ ูุฑุฏูŠ ู…ู† ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑ ู…ุฎุชู„ู.
01:57
But, thatโ€™s not what happens in the real world.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู„ูŠุณ ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ.
02:01
People, as it turns out, either arenโ€™t perfectly rational,
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ุงู„ู†ุงุณุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุงุชุถุญุŒ ุฅู…ุง ู„ูŠุณูˆุง ุนู‚ู„ุงู†ูŠูŠู† ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุงุŒ
02:05
or donโ€™t expect each other to be perfectly rational.
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ุฃูˆ ู„ุง ูŠุชูˆู‚ุนูˆู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุนู‚ู„ุงู†ูŠูŠู† ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹.
02:09
Or, perhaps, itโ€™s some combination of the two.
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ุฃูˆุŒ ุฑุจู…ุงุŒ ู…ุฒูŠุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู…ุนุงู‹.
02:12
When this game is played in real-world settings,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชู… ู„ุนุจ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ุนุจุฉ ููŠ ุฅุทุงุฑ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุŒ
02:15
the average tends to be somewhere between 20 and 35.
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ูุฅู† ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุท ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุง ุจูŠู† 20 ูˆ 30
02:20
Danish newspaper Politiken ran the game with over 19,000 readers participating,
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ุฃุฏุงุฑุช ุงู„ู„ุนุจุฉ ุตุญูŠูุฉ ุจูˆู„ูŠุชูŠูƒู† ุงู„ุฏูŠู†ู…ุงุฑูƒูŠุฉ ุจู…ุดุงุฑูƒุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 1900 ู‚ุงุฑุฆุŒ
02:26
resulting in an average of roughly 22, making the correct answer 14.
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ู…ู…ุง ุฃุฏู‰ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุชูˆุณุท ู…ุง ูŠู‚ุงุฑุจ 22ุŒ ู…ู…ุง ูŠุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญุฉ 14
02:32
For our audience, the average was 31.3.
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ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุท ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑู†ุง 31.3
02:35
So if you guessed 21 as 2/3 of the average, well done.
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ูุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ู‚ุฏ ุฎู…ู†ุช ุฃู† 21 ู‡ูˆ ุซู„ุซูŠ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุทุŒ ูู‚ุฏ ุฃุญุณู†ุช.
02:41
Economic game theorists have a way of modeling this interplay
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ู„ุฏู‰ ู…ููƒุฑูŠ ุงู„ู„ุนุจุฉ ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠูˆู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ุชุตู…ูŠู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„
02:44
between rationality and practicality called k-level reasoning.
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ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠ ุชุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ (ูƒ).
02:49
K stands for the number of times a cycle of reasoning is repeated.
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ุชุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู€ (ูƒ) ุนุฏุฏ ู…ุฑุงุช ุชูƒุฑุงุฑ ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ.
02:54
A person playing at k-level 0 would approach our game naively,
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ุณูŠุชุนุงู…ู„ ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู„ุนุจ ุจู…ุณุชูˆู‰ (ูƒ 0) ู…ุน ู„ุนุจุชู†ุง ุจุณุฐุงุฌุฉุŒ
02:58
guessing a number at random without thinking about the other players.
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ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุชุฎู…ูŠู† ุฑู‚ู… ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠุฉ ุฏูˆู† ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุจุงู„ู„ุงุนุจูŠู† ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†.
03:02
At k-level 1, a player would assume everyone else was playing at level 0,
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ู‚ุฏ ูŠุธู† ุงู„ู„ุงุนุจ ุงู„ู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู„ุนุจ ุจู…ุณุชูˆู‰ (ูƒ 1) ุฃู† ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ูŠู„ุนุจ ุจู…ุณุชูˆู‰ 0ุŒ
03:07
resulting in an average of 50, and thus guess 33.
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ู…ู…ุง ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุชูˆุณุท 50ุŒ ูˆุจุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุฎู…ู† 33
03:12
At k-level 2, theyโ€™d assume that everyone else was playing at level 1,
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ูŠุธู†ูˆู† ูˆู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ (ูƒ 2) ุฃู† ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ูŠู„ุนุจูˆู† ุจุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ 1ุŒ
03:17
leading them to guess 22.
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ู…ู…ุง ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุจู‡ู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุฎู…ูŠู† 22
03:19
It would take 12 k-levels to reach 0.
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ู‚ุฏ ูŠุณุชุบุฑู‚ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ (ูƒ 12) ู„ู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ 0
03:23
The evidence suggests that most people stop at 1 or 2 k-levels.
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ุชุดูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฏู„ุงุฆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุฃุบู„ุจ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ูŠุชูˆู‚ููˆู† ุนู†ุฏ ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช ุงู„ู€ (ูƒ 1) ุฃูˆ (ูƒ 2).
03:27
And thatโ€™s useful to know,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌูŠุฏ ู…ุนุฑูุชู‡ุŒ
03:29
because k-level thinking comes into play in high-stakes situations.
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ (ูƒ) ูŠู„ุนุจ ุฏูˆุฑู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู‚ู ุฐุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุงุทุฑ ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ.
03:34
For example, stock traders evaluate stocks not only based on earnings reports,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ู„ุง ูŠู‚ูŠู… ุชุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ุฃุณู‡ู… ุงู„ุฃุณู‡ู… ูู‚ุท ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุณุงุณ ุชู‚ุงุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุงุญุŒ
03:39
but also on the value that others place on those numbers.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุถุนู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฑู‚ุงู….
03:43
And during penalty kicks in soccer,
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ูˆุฎู„ุงู„ ุฑูƒู„ุงุช ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุก ููŠ ูƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏู…ุŒ
03:45
both the shooter and the goalie decide whether to go right or left
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ูŠู‚ุฑุฑ ุงู„ุฑุงู…ูŠ ูˆุญุงุฑุณ ุงู„ู…ุฑู…ู‰ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ูŠู…ูŠู†ุงู‹ ุฃูˆ ุดู…ุงู„ุงู‹
03:49
based on what they think the other person is thinking.
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ุจู†ุงุกู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏุงู† ุฃู† ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ูŠููƒุฑ ููŠู‡.
03:52
Goalies often memorize the patterns of their opponents ahead of time,
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ุนุงุฏุฉู‹ ู…ุงูŠุญูุธ ุญุฑุงุณ ุงู„ู…ุฑู…ู‰ ู†ู…ุท ุฎุตูˆู…ู‡ู… ู…ุณุจู‚ุงู‹ุŒ
03:56
but penalty shooters know that and can plan accordingly.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ุชุนู‡ุฏูŠ ุฑูƒู„ุงุช ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุก ูŠุนุฑููˆู† ุฐู„ูƒ ูˆูŠุณุชุทูŠุนูˆู† ุงู„ุชุฎุทูŠุท ูˆูู‚ุงู‹ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ.
04:00
In each case, participants must weigh their own understanding
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ููŠ ูƒู„ ุญุงู„ุฉุŒ ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑูƒูŠู† ุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑ ูู‡ู…ู‡ู… ุงู„ุฎุงุต
04:03
of the best course of action against how well they think other participants
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ู„ุฃูุถู„ ู…ู†ู‡ุฌ ุถุฏ ู…ุฏู‰ ุงุนุชู‚ุงุฏู‡ู… ุจุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠุนู„ู…ูˆู†
04:07
understand the situation.
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ูƒูŠู ูŠูู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูˆู† ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ.
04:10
But 1 or 2 k-levels is by no means a hard and fast ruleโ€”
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช (ูƒ 1) ุฃูˆ (ูƒ 2) ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุตุนุจุฉ ูˆุณุฑูŠุนุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚
04:14
simply being conscious of this tendency can make people adjust their expectations.
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ุฅู† ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุฌุนู„ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุชุนุฏู„ ุชูˆู‚ุนุงุชู‡ู….
04:20
For instance, what would happen if people played the 2/3 game
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ูู…ุซู„ุงู‹ุŒ ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุญุตู„ ู„ูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู„ุนุจุช ู„ุนุจุฉ ุงู„ุซู„ุซ
04:24
after understanding the difference between the most logical approach
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ุจุนุฏ ุฃู† ูŠูู‡ู…ูˆุง ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุฌ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠุฉ
04:28
and the most common?
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ูˆุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุดูŠูˆุนุงู‹ุŸ
04:29
Submit your own guess at what 2/3 of the new average will be
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ุฃุฑุณู„ ุชุฎู…ูŠู†ูƒ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ููŠ ู…ุงู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุซู„ุซูŠ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุท ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏ
04:34
by using the form below,
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ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ุŒ
04:36
and weโ€™ll find out.
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ูˆุณู†ุนุฑู ุฐู„ูƒ.
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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