Robert Muggah: How to protect fast-growing cities from failing

譯者: Harry Chen 審譯者: 杏儀 歐陽

We can cut violent deaths around the world

我們可在未來30年內

by 50 percent in the next three decades.

將世界各地暴亂的死亡人數 降低 50 %，

All we have to do is drop killing by 2.3 percent a year,

我們要做的就是 讓他殺死亡率每年下降 2.3 %，

and we'll hit that target.

然後我們就能達標了。

You don't believe me?

你不相信我嗎？

Well, the leading epidemiologists and criminologists around the world

世界上首屈一指的 流行病學和犯罪學專家們

seem to think we can, and so do I,

似乎認為我們行的，我也是一樣，

but only if we focus on our cities, especially the most fragile ones.

前提是假使我們看緊我們的城市， 尤其是最脆弱的這一些。

You see, I've been thinking about this a lot.

我一直在關心這個問題，

For the last 20 years, I've been working

過去 20 年來，我工作的國家和城市

in countries and cities ripped apart by conflict,

充斥著衝突、動亂或恐怖主義，

violence, terrorism, or some insidious combination of all.

甚者樣樣皆有；

I've tracked gun smugglers from Russia to Somalia,

我曾經由俄羅斯到索馬利亞 追蹤過軍火走私者、

I've worked with warlords in Afghanistan and the Congo,

與阿富汗以及剛果的軍閥共事過、

I've counted cadavers in Colombia, in Haiti, in Sri Lanka, in Papua New Guinea.

在哥倫比亞、海地、斯里蘭卡、 巴布亞紐幾內亞等地計算過屍體。

You don't need to be on the front line, though,

縱使你不在第一線上

to get a sense that our planet is spinning out of control, right?

也會感覺到地球正迅速失控吧，

There's this feeling that international instability is the new normal.

感覺到國際動盪是新常態。

But I want you to take a closer look,

不過請大家仔細觀察，

and I think you'll see that the geography of violence is changing,

就會發現暴亂的地理位置正在改變，

because it's not so much our nation states that are gripped by conflict and crime

因為深陷衝突和犯罪的 並不是我們的國家，

as our cities: Aleppo, Bamako, Caracas, Erbil, Mosul, Tripoli, Salvador.

而是城市：阿勒坡、巴馬科、加拉加斯、 埃比爾、摩蘇爾、的黎波里、薩爾瓦多。

Violence is migrating to the metropole.

暴力正向大都市遷移。

And maybe this is to be expected, right?

也許這是預料中之事，對吧？

After all, most people today, they live in cities, not the countryside.

畢竟現今絕大多數人住在城市 而不是鄉間，

Just 600 cities, including 30 megacities, account for two thirds of global GDP.

600個城市——包括30個巨型城市， 就佔了全球GDP的三分之二。

But when it comes to cities,

不過當說到城市的時候，

the conversation is dominated by the North,

話題大都由北部地區主導，

that is, North America, Western Europe, Australia and Japan,

所謂北部地區， 是指北美、西歐、澳洲和日本，

where violence is actually at historic lows.

這些地方暴動確實是史上的低點；

As a result, city enthusiasts, they talk about the triumph of the city,

因此，城市的熱衷者聊的是 城市的勝利、創新階級的勝利、

of the creative classes, and the mayors that will rule the world.

說市長們將會管治世界。

Now, I hope that mayors do one day rule the world,

我希望市長們有天真會管治這世界，

but, you know, the fact is,

不過事實是

we don't hear any conversation, really, about what is happening in the South.

我們沒有真正地聽到 南部地區的聲音和形勢。

And by South, I mean Latin America, Africa, Asia,

所謂南部地區，我是指 拉丁美洲、非洲、亞洲

where violence in some cases is accelerating,

在這些地方，暴力不斷加劇，

where infrastructure is overstretched,

基礎建設過度匱乏、

and where governance is sometimes an aspiration and not a reality.

治理有時候只是抱負而非實事。

Now, some diplomats and development experts and specialists,

目前，一些外交官、 發展專家、專業人士在關注

they talk about 40 to 50 fragile states

會決定21世紀安全的 四五十個脆弱城市。

that will shape security in the 21st century.

會決定21世紀安全的 四五十個脆弱城市。

I think it's fragile cities which will define the future of order and disorder.

我認為：這些脆弱城市 會直接決定未來的秩序和穩定。

That's because warfare and humanitarian action

因為戰爭和人道救助行動

are going to be concentrated in our cities,

即將要匯聚到我們的城市裡，

and the fight for development,

為發展而起的鬥爭，

whether you define that as eradicating poverty,

無論是消滅貧窮、

universal healthcare, beating back climate change,

普及醫療保健，還是擊退氣候變化，

will be won or lost in the shantytowns, slums and favelas of our cities.

成敗關鍵都在城市中的破屋、殘樓、貧民窟。

I want to talk to you about four megarisks

我要跟你們講四項巨大風險，

that I think will define fragility in our time,

我認為將會決定這時代的脆弱性，

and if we can get to grips with these,

倘若我們能夠處理這些風險，

I think we can do something with that lethal violence problem.

我們就可以解決致命暴力問題。

So let me start with some good news.

那麼我們先由好消息談起。

Fact is, we're living in the most peaceful moment in human history.

事實是我們正處在 人類歷史中最和平的時候，

Steven Pinker and others have shown how the intensity and frequency of conflict

「司提芬•朋克」等人表明 現今衝突的強度和頻率

is actually at an all-time low.

實際上處於史上低點，

Now, Gaza, Syria, Sudan, Ukraine,

目前迦薩、敘利亞、蘇丹、烏克蘭

as ghastly as these conflicts are, and they are horrific,

這些國家的衝突可怕恐怖，

they represent a relatively small blip upwards

在暴力持續下降50年之後，

in a 50-year-long secular decline.

現階段的暴力 只是一個相對較小的往上攀升的點。

What's more, we're seeing a dramatic reduction in homicide.

再者是我們看到了謀殺大量的減少，

Manuel Eisner and others have shown

「曼紐沃‧艾斯納」等人證實了

that for centuries, we've seen this incredible drop in murder,

我們看到數世紀以來 謀殺令人無法置信般地減少，

especially in the West.

特別是在西方，

Most Northern cities today are 100 times safer than they were just 100 years ago.

今天大多數的北方城市比 100 年前 還要更安全著 100 倍，

These two facts -- the decline in armed conflict and the decline in murder --

武裝衝突減少了， 謀殺犯罪減少了，

are amongst the most extraordinary,

也許曠古未有，

if unheralded, accomplishments of human history,

是人類歷史最了不起的成就，

and we should be really excited, right?

我們應該為此感到興奮，對吧？

Well, yeah, we should.

沒錯是要的。

There's just one problem: These two scourges are still with us.

就只有一個問題： 這兩項災禍始終還不放過我們。

You see, 525,000 people -- men, women, boys and girls --

知道嗎，每年有52.5萬人，

不分男女老少，慘死於暴力，

die violently every single year.

Research I've been doing with Keith Krause and others

我與凱斯‧克勞斯等人 做的研究指出

has shown that between 50,000 and 60,000 people are dying in war zones violently.

介於五至六萬人慘死於戰爭區，

The rest, almost 500,000 people, are dying outside of conflict zones.

其餘大約50萬人死於衝突區域之外。

In other words, 10 times more people are dying outside of war than inside war.

換言之，十倍之多人死於戰爭外 而非其中，

What's more, violence is moving south,

更甚者是暴亂往南方移動，

to Latin America and the Caribbean,

來到拉丁美洲和加勒比海、

to parts of Central and Southern Africa,

非洲中部及南部的地方、

and to bits of the Middle East and Central Asia.

又襲擊到中東和中亞。

Forty of the 50 most dangerous cities in the world

世界上五十個最危險的城市，

are right here in Latin America,

有四十個正是在拉丁美洲這邊；

13 in Brazil,

十三個在巴西，

and the most dangerous of all, it's San Pedro Sula, Honduras' second city,

當中最危險的是宏都拉斯的 第二大城市「聖佩德羅蘇拉」，

with a staggering homicide rate of 187 murders per 100,000 people.

有著非常駭人的謀殺率， 每一萬人就有 187 人死於他殺，

That's 23 times the global average.

是世界平均值的23倍。

Now, if violence is re-concentrating geographically,

如果暴力正在重新地理定位，

it's also being reconfigured to the world's new topography,

它亦正按世界新地形 重新定形，

because when it comes to cities, the world ain't flat,

因為對於城市來說， 地球不是平的，

like Thomas Friedman likes to say.

就像湯瑪士‧佛烈曼常說。

It's spiky.

世界是尖的。

The dominance of the city as the primary mode of urban living

城市至上 成為了城市生活主要方式，

is one of the most extraordinary demographic reversals in history,

這是歷史上最不尋常的人口結構逆轉之一，

and it all happened so fast.

而且這全都發生得太快，

You all know the figures, right?

大家都知道這些數字，對吧？

There's 7.3 billion people in the world today;

今天世界上有73億人，

there will be 9.6 billion by 2050.

到2050年世界將有96億人。

But consider this one fact:

不過請考量這個事實，

In the 1800s, one in 30 people lived in cities,

在十九世紀，30個人當中 有1個人是住在城市裡，

today it's one in two,

在今天每兩人中會有一個是住在都市裡，

and tomorrow virtually everyone is going to be there.

未來肯定是每個人都會住在都市裡；

And this expansion in urbanization is going to be neither even nor equitable.

城市化的擴張 既不會均等，也不會公平。

The vast majority, 90 percent,

90%的城市變遷擴張

will be happening in the South, in cities of the South.

會發生在南部地區， 在南部的城市。

So urban geographers and demographers,

所以都市地理學和人口統計學的學者們

they tell us that it's not necessarily the size or even the density of cities

告訴我們：一個城市的大小或密度

that predicts violence, no.

不一定會造成暴力，不一定。

Tokyo, with 35 million people,

東京有三千五百萬人口，

is one of the largest, and some might say safest, urban metropolises in the world.

是最大的、有些人還可能會說是 最安全的都會型城市之一。

No, it's the speed of urbanization that matters.

都市化的速度才是關鍵，

I call this turbo-urbanization, and it's one of the key drivers of fragility.

我叫它「渦輪式都市化」， 這是脆弱的關鍵導因之一，

When you think about the incredible expansion of these cities,

當你在想這些城市不合理的擴張、

and you think about turbo-urbanization, think about Karachi.

想想看「渦輪都市化」， 想一下喀拉蚩吧，

Karachi was about 500,000 people in 1947, a hustling, bustling city.

喀拉蚩在1947年約有50萬人， 是一個繁忙的城市。

Today, it's 21 million people,

今天它有兩千一百萬人口，

and apart from accounting for three quarters of Pakistan's GDP,

佔有巴基斯坦GDP的三分之四，

it's also one of the most violent cities in South Asia.

它還是南亞最暴亂的城市之一。

Dhaka, Lagos, Kinshasa,

達卡、拉哥斯、金夏沙等，

these cities are now 40 times larger than they were in the 1950s.

這些城市比起 1950 年時要大40倍；

Now take a look at New York.

現在來看看紐約，

The Big Apple, it took 150 years to get to eight million people.

「大蘋果」用了150 年才有八百萬人，

São Paulo, Mexico City, took 15 to reach that same interval.

墨西哥的聖保羅市花了 15 年達到一樣的人口級距，

Now, what do these medium, large, mega-, and hypercities look like?

如今這些中型、大型、巨型， 以及超級城市是怎麼樣貌呢?

What is their profile?

這些城市是什麼樣子？

Well, for one thing, they're young.

首先，這些城市都很年輕。

What we're seeing in many of them is the rise of the youth bulge.

許多這些城市都出現年輕人口膨脹。

Now, this is actually a good news story.

這算是好消息。

It's a function of reductions in child mortality rates.

因為這意味著幼兒死亡率下降了。

But the youth bulge is something we've got to watch.

但是年輕人口膨脹，我們得小心看待。

What it basically means

它基本上代表麼呢?

is the proportion of young people living in our fragile cities

生活在脆弱城市中的年輕人比例

is much larger than those living in our healthier and wealthier ones.

比其他更健康富裕的城市的比例要高得多。

In some fragile cities,

在某些脆弱的城市裡，

75 percent of the population is under the age of 30.

75%人口年齡在30歲以下，

Think about that: Three in four people are under 30.

想想看每 4 個人就有 3 個人不到 30 歲，

It's like Palo Alto on steroids.

那就像是打了類固醇的「帕羅奧圖」市 (美國加州之城市)

Now, if you look at Mogadishu for example,

看看摩加迪休——東非索馬利首都

in Mogadishu the mean age is 16 years old.

在摩加迪休，平均年齡是16歲，

Ditto for Dhaka, Dili and Kabul.

達卡、帝力、喀布爾等也是如此，

And Tokyo? It's 46.

東京呢？平均年齡46歲！

Same for most Western European cities.

大部分西歐城市亦一樣。

Now, it's not just youth that necessarily predicts violence.

不是年輕人多就會帶來暴力。

That's one factor among many,

那是許多因素的其中一項，

but youthfulness combined with unemployment, lack of education,

但如果年輕，再加上失業、缺乏教育，

and -- this is the kicker -- being male, is a deadly proposition.

最要不得的是作為男性， 這是一個最致命的前提，

They're statistically correlated, all those risk factors, with youth,

這些因素都是統計學上的相關因素

and they tend to relate to increases in violence.

這些風險因素發生在青年身上， 會使暴力發生率上升。

Now, for those of you who are parents of teenage sons,

在座如果有兒子處於青少年階段，

you know what I'm talking about, right?

就會懂我的意思。

Just imagine your boy without any structure

想像你的男孩一點規矩也沒有，

with those unruly friends of his, out there cavorting about.

與那些不受管束的朋友一起， 四處闖鬧。

Now, take away the parents,

再想像他們沒有了父母，

take away the education, limit the education possibilities,

沒有受到教育， 教育機會受到限制，

sprinkle in a little bit of drugs, alcohol and guns,

加一點毒品、酒水、槍械進來，

and sit back and watch the fireworks.

想想他們會變成什麼樣子。

The implications are disconcerting.

後果可能是不堪設想的。

Right here in Brazil, the life expectancy is 73.6 years.

在巴西這邊 預期壽命是73.6歲，

If you live in Rio, I'm sorry, shave off two right there.

如果你住在里約熱內盧的話 抱歉，減兩歲。

But if you're young, you're uneducated,

但是如果你是年輕人、沒唸過書、

you lack employment, you're black, and you're male,

找不到工作、黑人、又是男性，

your life expectancy drops to less than 60 years old.

你的預期壽命要下降到60歲以下，

There's a reason why youthfulness and violence are the number one killers

年輕和暴力是這個國家的頭號殺手，

in this country.

這是有原因的。

Okay, so it's not all doom and gloom in our cities.

我們的城市並不全然都是厄運和絕望，

After all, cities are hubs of innovation,

畢竟城市是創新的溫床，

dynamism, prosperity, excitement, connectivity.

充滿活力、前景、刺激、人際關係。

They're where the smart people gather.

它們是有腦筋的人的聚集之地，

And those young people I just mentioned,

還有那些我剛提到的年輕人，

they're more digitally savvy and tech-aware than ever before.

他們比以前所有的人還要 更精通數位、瞭解科技，

And this explosion, the Internet, and mobile technology,

科技爆炸、網路、移動通信技術

means that the digital divide separating the North and the South

使南北部地區國家之間的 數位技術差異逐步縮小，

between countries and within them, is shrinking.

也使國內的數碼技術差異 逐步縮小。

But as we've heard so many times,

不過就如同我們常聽到的，

these new technologies are dual-edged, right?

這些新科技是雙面刃，

Take the case of law enforcement.

拿執法來舉例。

Police around the world are starting to use remote sensing and big data

全球的警察開始使用 遙感技術和海量數據來預測犯罪。

to anticipate crime.

Some cops are able to predict criminal violence before it even happens.

一些警察能夠在犯罪發生前 就預測到罪犯的暴力行為。

The future crime scenario, it's here today,

將來犯罪的場景， 今天可以預見，

and we've got to be careful.

我們得要小心注意，

We have to manage the issues of the public safety

我們必須協調好公共安全問題

against rights to individual privacy.

防止個人隱私權利受到侵害。

But it's not just the cops who are innovating.

不過不只是警察們在革新，

We've heard extraordinary activities of civil society groups

我們也聽過社會公民團體卓越的行動，

who are engaging in local and global collective action,

參與了當地和國際串聯行動，

and this is leading to digital protest and real revolution.

那帶來了數位化的抗議和真實的革命。

But most worrying of all are criminal gangs

不過最令人擔憂的是

犯罪團體利用網絡 開始侵略網絡空間。

who are going online and starting to colonize cyberspace.

In Ciudad Juárez in Mexico, where I've been working,

在我工作的墨西哥華雷斯城，

groups like the Zetas and the Sinaloa cartel

像是「賽塔斯」和「錫那羅亞」 這些卡特爾組織團體

are hijacking social media.

正控制著社群媒體，

They're using it to recruit, to sell their products,

他們利用社交媒體來招兵買馬， 販賣他們的產品，

to coerce, to intimidate and to kill.

脅迫、恐嚇和殺害他人。

Violence is going virtual.

暴亂正要進入虛擬化，

So this is just a partial sketch

現今形勢多變複雜

of a fast-moving and dynamic and complex situation.

這不過是其中一面。

I mean, there are many other megarisks

巨大風險還有許多，

that are going to define fragility in our time,

並且會直接影響我們時代的脆弱性，

not least income inequality,

也會影響當今的收入不均、

poverty, climate change, impunity.

貧窮、氣候變化、 罪犯逍遙法外等問題。

But we're facing a stark dilemma

但我們面臨著一個嚴峻的窘境：

where some cities are going to thrive and drive global growth

有些城市會繁榮發展 促進全球的進步，

and others are going to stumble and pull it backwards.

但也有城市會障礙重重 拉大家的後腿。

If we're going to change course, we need to start a conversation.

想要改變結局， 我們就必需開始新對話，

We can't only focus on those cities that work,

我們不能只注重那些成功的城市：

the Singapores, the Kuala Lumpurs,

像新加坡、吉隆坡、

the Dubais, the Shanghais.

杜拜、上海等等，

We've got to bring those fragile cities into the conversation.

我們要與脆弱城市對話。

One way to do this might be to start twinning

方法之一可以是

將我們較健康富有的城市 與較脆弱的城市配對，

our fragile cities with our healthier and wealthier ones,

kickstarting a process of learning and collaboration

展開學習與合作的過程，

and sharing of practices, of what works and what doesn't.

分享經驗，成功與失敗的經驗。

A wonderful example of this is coming from El Salvador and Los Angeles,

一個很好的例子是 薩爾瓦多和洛杉磯。

where the mayors in San Salvador and Los Angeles are collaborating

聖薩爾瓦多市長和洛杉磯市長攜手合作

on getting ex-gang members to work with current gang members,

讓從前的幫派份子與 現在的幫派份子協力合作，

offering tutoring, education,

給予他們引導與教育，

and in the process are helping incubate cease-fires and truces,

在這個過程中幫助催生了 停火和休戰協定，

and we've seen homicide rates go down in San Salvador,

聖薩爾瓦多的兇殺率顯著下降了，

once the world's most violent city,

過去世界上最暴力的城市， 兇殺率下降五成。

by 50 percent.

We can also focus on hot cities, but also hot spots.

我們也可以關注熱門城市、熱門地點。

Place and location matter fundamentally in shaping violence in our cities.

地點對城市暴力形成有著根本影響。

Did you know that between one and two percent

你是否知道在任一脆弱城市裡

of street addresses in any fragile city

1 - 2%的街道地址

can predict up to 99 percent of violent crime?

可以預知到 99 %的暴力違法，

Take the case of São Paulo, where I've been working.

以我工作過的聖保羅市為例，

It's gone from being Brazil's most dangerous city to one of its safest,

它從巴西最危險的城市變成最安全的，

and it did this by doubling down

它做到如此是透過加倍於

on information collection, hot spot mapping, and police reform,

資訊蒐集、熱點標誌、警政改革等，

and in the process, it dropped homicide by 70 percent in just over 10 years.

僅 10 年過程中 降低了70 %的謀殺率，

We also got to focus on those hot people.

我們也鎖定了那些鋒頭人物。

It's tragic, but being young, unemployed, uneducated, male,

年輕、失業、無教育、男性

increases the risks of being killed and killing.

雖然不幸，但卻可增加 被人殺害或殺害他人的機率。

We have to break this cycle of violence

我們必須打斷這個暴力的循環，

and get in there early with our children, our youngest children,

盡早與兒童和青年相處，

and valorize them, not stigmatize them.

給予認可 而非將他們冠上惡名。

There's wonderful work that's happening that I've been involved with

最近我在致力的一項工作

in Kingston, Jamaica and right here in Rio,

在牙買加的金士頓市， 還有里約這裡，

which is putting education, employment, recreation

把教育、工作、娛樂 帶給這些高風險人群，

up front for these high-risk groups,

and as a result, we're seeing violence going down in their communities.

因此這些社區的暴力下降了。

We've also got to make our cities safer, more inclusive, and livable for all.

我們也發現城市變得 更加安全，更加包容，更加宜居。

The fact is, social cohesion matters.

事實是社會的團結很關鍵，

Mobility matters in our cities.

流動性在我們的城市很關鍵，

We've got to get away from this model of segregation, exclusion,

我們必須要讓我們的城市 遠離種族隔離、排斥他人的模式。

and cities with walls.

My favorite example of how to do this comes from Medellín.

一個很好的例子是麥德林。

When I lived in Colombia in the late 1990s,

90 年代末期時我住在哥倫比亞，

Medellín was the murder capital of the world, but it changed course,

麥德林是當時世界經典的兇殺城市， 但是這個城市後來改變了，

and it did this by deliberately investing in its low-income and most violent areas

因為刻意投資在低收入高暴力的地區

and integrating them with the middle-class ones

與中等區域相整合，

through a network of cable cars,

通過纜車網絡的接駁、

of public transport, and first-class infrastructure,

大眾交通的聯繫、 一流基礎設施的投入，

and in the process, it dropped homicide by 79 percent in just under two decades.

該城市在此二十年內 兇殺率下降79%。

And finally, there's technology.

最後還有科技，

Technology has enormous promise but also peril.

科技具有絕佳的榮景， 也有巨大的危害。

We've seen examples here of extraordinary innovation,

我們在此見過不少了不起的創新例子，

and much of it coming from this room,

絕大部分是出自於這裡；

The police are engaging in predictive analytics.

警察參與了預測分析、

Citizens are engaging in new crowdsourcing solutions.

市民致力於新的公眾解決方案。

Even my own group is involved in developing applications

我自己的隊伍也在開發程序，

to provide more accountability over police and increase safety among citizens.

提供更多可信破案資訊， 為市民帶來更多安全。

But we need to be careful.

可是我們得謹慎小心，

If I have one single message for you, it's this:

如果我可以向您傳達一個訊息，那會是：

There is nothing inevitable about lethal violence,

致命的暴亂沒有說是不可避免的，

and we can make our cities safer.

我們可以讓我們的城市更安全，

Folks, we have the opportunity of a lifetime to drop homicidal violence

在座各位，我們現在有機會

在我們有生之年 將兇殺率減少一半。

in half within our lifetime.

So I have just one question:

所以我只有一個問題：

What are we waiting for?

我們還在等什麼?

Thank you.

謝謝你們！

(Applause)

(掌聲)