The beauty of data visualization | David McCandless

391,085 views ・ 2010-08-23

TED


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譯者: Lin Su-Wei(林書暐) 審譯者: Adrienne Lin
00:15
It feels like we're all suffering
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目前看起來,
00:17
from information overload or data glut.
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我們正在承受資訊的過度氾濫。
00:20
And the good news is there might be an easy solution to that,
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好消息是,現在有一個簡單的方式,
00:22
and that's using our eyes more.
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讓我們能有效的理解這些資訊。
00:24
So, visualizing information, so that we can see
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在視覺化資訊中,
00:26
the patterns and connections that matter
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我們能瞭解資料的模式與關連性,
00:29
and then designing that information so it makes more sense,
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資訊經過設計,會讓資訊更有意義,
00:32
or it tells a story,
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甚至陳述某個故事,
00:34
or allows us to focus only on the information that's important.
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或是引領我們專注在資料的重點上。
00:38
Failing that, visualized information can just look really cool.
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視覺化資訊可不僅僅是看起來很酷炫的東西。
00:41
So, let's see.
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讓我們一起來看看。
00:45
This is the $Billion Dollar o-Gram,
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這是"十億美元圖表(Billion Dollar Gram)",
00:47
and this image arose
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這張圖是在與媒體界接觸了
00:49
out of frustration I had
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各種以十億美元為單位的事件後,
00:51
with the reporting of billion-dollar amounts in the press.
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讓我感到沮喪的情形下,所繪製出來的。
00:53
That is, they're meaningless without context:
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然而,沒有內容,數字就沒有意義。
00:56
500 billion for this pipeline,
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輸油管花了5千億美金。
00:58
20 billion for this war.
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戰爭花了2百億美金。
01:00
It doesn't make any sense, so the only way to understand it
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為了體會這些金額大小的意義,我們只能透過
01:02
is visually and relatively.
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視覺化還有相對性。
01:04
So I scraped a load of reported figures
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所以,我從各種不同的來源
01:06
from various news outlets
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蒐集了許多相關報導的數字,
01:08
and then scaled the boxes according to those amounts.
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然後根據數字設定格子大小。
01:11
And the colors here represent the motivation behind the money.
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而顏色代表的是使用這些金錢的動機。
01:14
So purple is "fighting,"
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像紫色是戰爭,
01:17
and red is "giving money away," and green is "profiteering."
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紅色是贈送,綠色是收益。
01:20
And what you can see straight away
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這樣就讓各位能直接了解
01:22
is you start to have a different relationship to the numbers.
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這些數字之間的差異。
01:24
You can literally see them.
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讓各位能更快的了解。
01:26
But more importantly, you start to see
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但更重要的是,
01:28
patterns and connections between numbers
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這能讓各位發現,在過去各種報導中,
01:30
that would otherwise be scattered across multiple news reports.
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這些數字間未被提起的模式與關連性。
01:33
Let me point out some that I really like.
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讓我來告訴各位其中隱藏的事實。
01:36
This is OPEC's revenue, this green box here --
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這塊綠色是OPEC(石油輸出國組織)的總收益,
01:38
780 billion a year.
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一年7800億美金。
01:40
And this little pixel in the corner -- three billion --
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右下角這一小塊,30億美金,
01:43
that's their climate change fund.
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是該組織投資的氣候變遷基金。
01:46
Americans, incredibly generous people --
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而極度慷慨的美國人,
01:48
over 300 billion a year, donated to charity every year,
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每年做慈善的金額都超過3000億美金,
01:51
compared with the amount of foreign aid
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相較於其他前17大工業國,
01:53
given by the top 17 industrialized nations
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它們每年所捐增的總額
01:55
at 120 billion.
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也不過1200億美金。
01:57
Then of course,
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當然,
01:59
the Iraq War, predicted to cost just 60 billion
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伊拉克戰爭,在2003年時,
02:01
back in 2003.
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預計只需要花600億美金。
02:04
And it mushroomed slightly. Afghanistan and Iraq mushroomed now
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這數字後來爆增。阿富汗/伊拉克戰爭目前開銷
02:07
to 3,000 billion.
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已經來到3兆美金。
02:10
So now it's great
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非常龐大的數字,
02:12
because now we have this texture, and we can add numbers to it as well.
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因為我們有前車之鑑,這個數字也會再往上調整。
02:14
So we could say, well, a new figure comes out ... let's see African debt.
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讓我們看另一個新的數字... 非洲的負債。
02:17
How much of this diagram do you think might be taken up
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各位猜猜非洲各國的負債中
02:19
by the debt that Africa owes to the West?
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西方國家持有多少?
02:21
Let's take a look.
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讓我們看看。
02:23
So there it is:
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來了,
02:25
227 billion is what Africa owes.
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目前非洲各國的負債金額是2270億美金。
02:27
And the recent financial crisis,
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而最近的金融風暴....
02:29
how much of this diagram might that figure take up?
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各位認為這個數字的色塊是怎樣?
02:31
What has that cost the world? Let's take a look at that.
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這個事件造成的成本是多少?讓我們來瞧瞧。
02:34
Dooosh -- Which I think is the appropriate sound effect
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夭壽。這大概是最適合的形容詞了。
02:37
for that much money:
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這麼大一筆的數字。
02:39
11,900 billion.
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11兆9000億美金。
02:45
So, by visualizing this information,
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所以,資訊透過視覺化,
02:47
we turned it into a landscape
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資訊會呈現為圖像,
02:49
that you can explore with your eyes,
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你就能用眼睛尋找蛛絲馬跡,
02:51
a kind of map really, a sort of information map.
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就像是某種資訊地圖。
02:53
And when you're lost in information,
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當你被大量資訊迷惑時,
02:55
an information map is kind of useful.
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這種資訊地圖就能派上用場。
02:58
So I want to show you another landscape now.
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現在,我要給各位看看另一種圖像。
03:00
We need to imagine what a landscape
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各位想像一下,
03:02
of the world's fears might look like.
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把世界上令人驚恐的事件,用圖形表示會是怎樣。
03:05
Let's take a look.
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讓我們來看看。
03:07
This is Mountains Out of Molehills,
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這圖叫"小題大作(mountains out of mole hills)",
03:09
a timeline of global media panic.
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這張圖是全球媒體造成恐慌的時間軸。
03:11
(Laughter)
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(笑)
03:13
So, I'll label this for you in a second.
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讓我很快的講解一下圖表。
03:15
But the height here, I want to point out,
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色塊的高低起伏,
03:17
is the intensity of certain fears
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是指某特定事件
03:19
as reported in the media.
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在某時段被媒體報導的強度。
03:21
Let me point them out.
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讓我為各位說明顏色的意義。
03:23
So this, swine flu -- pink.
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粉紅色的是豬流感。
03:27
Bird flu.
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這是禽流感。
03:29
SARS -- brownish here. Remember that one?
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SARS,是這個淡褐色的,
03:32
The millennium bug,
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這是千禧蟲事件,
03:35
terrible disaster.
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可怕的電腦病毒。
03:37
These little green peaks
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這些小小的綠色部分,
03:39
are asteroid collisions.
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是小行星撞擊地球的消息。
03:41
(Laughter)
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(笑)
03:43
And in summer, here, killer wasps.
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這是今年夏天的殺人峰事件。
03:45
(Laughter)
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(笑)
03:53
So these are what our fears look like
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這些是從媒體開始報導到結束之間
03:55
over time in our media.
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對這些事件報導的程度。
03:57
But what I love -- and I'm a journalist --
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因為我是個記者,
03:59
and what I love is finding hidden patterns; I love being a data detective.
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所以我喜歡尋找那隱藏的模式,我喜歡當個資料偵探。
04:02
And there's a very interesting and odd pattern hidden in this data
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資料中總是隱藏著有趣且古怪的模式,
04:05
that you can only see when you visualize it.
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除了把資料視覺化,不然根本沒辦法發覺。
04:07
Let me highlight it for you.
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讓我為各位點出這些地方。
04:09
See this line, this is a landscape for violent video games.
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紅色部分,是針對暴力電玩的報導強度。
04:12
As you can see, there's a kind of odd, regular pattern in the data,
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各位可以看到,有點奇怪,資料出現了一些規律,
04:15
twin peaks every year.
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每年的報導都出現2次尖峰。
04:17
If we look closer, we see those peaks occur
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若我們仔細看,我們能發現這2次尖峰,
04:19
at the same month every year.
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都是發生在特定的月份。
04:22
Why?
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為什麼?
04:24
Well, November, Christmas video games come out,
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因為耶誕節前,電玩遊戲會紛紛在11月推出,
04:26
and there may well be an upsurge in the concern about their content.
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所以很多媒體就會針對這些遊戲內容做出評論。
04:29
But April isn't a particularly massive month
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但四月對電玩業者而言,
04:32
for video games.
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又不是什麼重要的月份。
04:34
Why April?
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為什麼四月也會這樣?
04:36
Well, in April 1999 was the Columbine shooting,
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因為1999年4月發生了科倫拜校園槍擊事件,
04:39
and since then, that fear
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從那時候開始,
04:41
has been remembered by the media
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這件事情就被媒體銘記,
04:43
and echoes through the group mind gradually through the year.
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並在每年的這個時候重新報導。
04:45
You have retrospectives, anniversaries,
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像是回顧展、周年紀念日、
04:48
court cases, even copy-cat shootings,
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法庭案件、甚至有模仿的槍擊事件,
04:51
all pushing that fear into the agenda.
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這些助力讓此事件一再的被報導。
04:54
And there's another pattern here as well. Can you spot it?
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這裡面其實還有一個模式,各位注意到了嗎?
04:56
See that gap there? There's a gap,
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看到這個缺口了嗎?
04:58
and it affects all the other stories.
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這個大缺口是其他事件所導致的。
05:00
Why is there a gap there?
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是什麼事件?
05:02
You see where it starts? September 2001,
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這缺口從什麼時候開始的? 2001年9月。
05:05
when we had something very real
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因為這個時間點
05:07
to be scared about.
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我們有個最令人驚悚的(911)事件。
05:09
So, I've been working as a data journalist for about a year,
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我作為資料記者大約已經一年的時間。
05:12
and I keep hearing a phrase
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這期間我常聽到一句話
05:14
all the time, which is this:
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這句話就是:
05:17
"Data is the new oil."
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"資料是種新石油"
05:19
Data is the kind of ubiquitous resource
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資料就像是某種普遍的資源,
05:22
that we can shape to provide new innovations and new insights,
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我們可以使之塑形,以提供我們新思想跟新洞察,
05:25
and it's all around us, and it can be mined very easily.
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這種資源就在我們身邊,非常容易取得。
05:28
It's not a particularly great metaphor in these times,
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現在這時間點,是不太適合把資料比喻成石油,
05:31
especially if you live around the Gulf of Mexico,
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尤其是如果你住在墨西哥灣附近的話,
05:34
but I would, perhaps, adapt this metaphor slightly,
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但其實我只對這種比方贊同一點點,
05:36
and I would say that data is the new soil.
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我認為,"資料是一種新土壤"。
05:40
Because for me, it feels like a fertile, creative medium.
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對我來說,資料就像是一種肥沃、有創造力的媒介。
05:43
Over the years, online,
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過去幾年,
05:45
we've laid down
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我們已經在網路上
05:48
a huge amount of information and data,
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放置了非常大量的資訊和資料,
05:50
and we irrigate it with networks and connectivity,
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我們利用網路和連結灌溉它們,
05:52
and it's been worked and tilled by unpaid workers and governments.
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透過政府和網路志工在這上面不斷耕種。
05:55
And, all right, I'm kind of milking the metaphor a little bit.
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喔,對啦,我也可以用擠奶作為譬喻。
05:58
But it's a really fertile medium,
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這是非常豐沃的媒介,
06:01
and it feels like visualizations, infographics, data visualizations,
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形象、圖表資料、視覺化資料,
06:04
they feel like flowers blooming from this medium.
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都像是從這媒介中,生長出來的茂盛花海。
06:07
But if you look at it directly,
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不過,若直接觀看資料圖表,
06:09
it's just a lot of numbers and disconnected facts.
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看起來就像一堆數字,和一堆不相干的事件。
06:11
But if you start working with it and playing with it in a certain way,
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如果將這些資訊用特別的方式整理一下,
06:14
interesting things can appear and different patterns can be revealed.
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有趣的事情就會浮現,各式各樣的模式就會顯露出來了。
06:17
Let me show you this.
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讓我示範給各位看。
06:19
Can you guess what this data set is?
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各位能猜到這些資料在陳述什麼嗎?
06:22
What rises twice a year,
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1年內會出現2次尖峰,
06:24
once in Easter
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一次是在復活節(3、4月),
06:26
and then two weeks before Christmas,
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另一次是聖誕節的前2周,
06:28
has a mini peak every Monday,
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而每星期的星期一都會有一次小高峰,
06:30
and then flattens out over the summer?
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然後在夏天的時候特別平穩。
06:32
I'll take answers.
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有人要猜猜看嗎?
06:34
(Audience: Chocolate.) David McCandless: Chocolate.
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觀眾:巧克力。
06:36
You might want to get some chocolate in.
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這跟巧克力有一點點相關。
06:39
Any other guesses?
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有其他答案嗎?
06:41
(Audience: Shopping.) DM: Shopping.
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觀眾:購物。
06:43
Yeah, retail therapy might help.
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購物也許能紓緩這件事。
06:46
(Audience: Sick leave.)
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觀眾:請病假。
06:48
DM: Sick leave. Yeah, you'll definitely want to take some time off.
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請病假。對,這時候會想要休息一下。
06:50
Shall we see?
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答案揭曉摟。
06:53
(Laughter)
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(分手潮---資料來源:Facebook的狀態更新)
07:01
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
07:04
So, the information guru Lee Byron and myself,
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Lee Byron和我一起做這項統計,
07:07
we scraped 10,000 status Facebook updates
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我們抓了1萬筆Facebook上的個人狀態,
07:10
for the phrase "break-up" and "broken-up"
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關鍵字是"分手",
07:12
and this is the pattern we found --
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然後我們發現了這個模式,
07:14
people clearing out for Spring Break,
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春假前先分手(才能玩樂)
07:16
(Laughter)
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(笑)
07:21
coming out of very bad weekends on a Monday,
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在度過了幾個糟糕週末後的星期一,
07:23
being single over the summer,
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然後單身渡過整個夏天。
07:26
and then the lowest day of the year, of course: Christmas Day.
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接下來是一整年分手數的最低點,聖誕節。
07:29
Who would do that?
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誰會在這時候分手阿?
07:32
So there's a titanic amount of data out there now,
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現在我們有許多的數據,
07:34
unprecedented.
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是前所未有的。
07:37
But if you ask the right kind of question,
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不過,若你的質疑正確,
07:39
or you work it in the right kind of way,
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或是你蒐集正確的資料,
07:41
interesting things can emerge.
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有趣的事情就會跑出來。
07:44
So information is beautiful. Data is beautiful.
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資訊是美麗的,資料是美麗的。
07:47
I wonder if I could make my life beautiful.
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我希望將我的人生弄的很美麗。
07:50
And here's my visual C.V.
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這是我的"視覺履歷"(visual C.V)。
07:52
I'm not quite sure I've succeeded.
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我不太確定是否成功了。
07:54
Pretty blocky, the colors aren't that great.
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上色的小方塊。顏色不是這麼好看。
07:56
But I wanted to convey something to you.
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但我想傳達一些訊息給各位。
07:59
I started as a programmer,
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我第一份工作是程式設計師,
08:01
and then I worked as a writer for many years, about 20 years,
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然後我當作家大約20年,
08:03
in print, online and then in advertising,
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作品出版後,我又進了廣告業,
08:05
and only recently have I started designing.
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直到最近我才開始從事設計。
08:08
And I've never been to design school.
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我從未接受設計方面的教育。
08:10
I've never studied art or anything.
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也從來沒學過任何美術學科。
08:13
I just kind of learned through doing.
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我透過實作來學習。
08:15
And when I started designing,
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當我開始從事設計的時候,
08:17
I discovered an odd thing about myself.
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我就發現自己有些怪怪的。
08:19
I already knew how to design,
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雖然我已經知道該如何設計,
08:21
but it wasn't like I was amazingly brilliant at it,
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但是結果並不如我想像中的令人驚奇,
08:24
but more like I was sensitive
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而我對某些元素相當敏感,
08:26
to the ideas of grids and space
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像是方格、空間、
08:28
and alignment and typography.
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直線對齊、排版設計。
08:30
It's almost like being exposed
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可能是因為
08:32
to all this media over the years
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我過去這幾年都在媒體界工作
08:34
had instilled a kind of dormant design literacy in me.
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而那類型的設計素養就被深植在腦中。
08:37
And I don't feel like I'm unique.
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我不覺得我是獨一無二的。
08:39
I feel that everyday, all of us now
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我只是感覺到,人們每天
08:41
are being blasted by information design.
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都被資訊設計(information design)所轟炸。
08:44
It's being poured into our eyes through the Web,
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透過網頁不斷注入到我們的眼睛裡,
08:46
and we're all visualizers now;
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我們都善於在腦海中想像,
08:48
we're all demanding a visual aspect
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因此我們需要將資訊
08:50
to our information.
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呈現為視覺化的面貌。
08:53
There's something almost quite magical about visual information.
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視覺資訊有一些地方是很不可思議的。
08:56
It's effortless, it literally pours in.
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它很簡單,確實地融入我們。
08:59
And if you're navigating a dense information jungle,
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若你想引領人們在濃密的資訊叢林中航行,
09:02
coming across a beautiful graphic
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透過華麗的圖像
09:04
or a lovely data visualization,
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或是美麗的視覺化資訊,
09:06
it's a relief, it's like coming across a clearing in the jungle.
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那就輕鬆多了,這就變成像是通過叢林中的空地。
09:09
I was curious about this, so it led me
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我對這方面的知識相當好奇,
09:11
to the work of a Danish physicist
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因此我與一位丹麥物理學家合作
09:13
called Tor Norretranders,
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他叫Tor Norretranders,
09:15
and he converted the bandwidth of the senses into computer terms.
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他將人的感官寬帶轉換成電腦用語。
09:19
So here we go. This is your senses,
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開始了,這是你的感官,
09:21
pouring into your senses every second.
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你的感官時時刻刻都在接受資訊。
09:23
Your sense of sight is the fastest.
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視覺對資訊的反應是最快的。
09:26
It has the same bandwidth as a computer network.
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就像是電腦寬頻網路的速度。
09:29
Then you have touch, which is about the speed of a USB key.
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然後是觸覺,大概像USB傳輸的速度。
09:32
And then you have hearing and smell,
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接下來才是你的聽覺和嗅覺,
09:34
which has the throughput of a hard disk.
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這就像硬碟的存取速度。
09:36
And then you have poor old taste,
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然後是緩慢的味覺,
09:38
which is like barely the throughput of a pocket calculator.
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它的反應速度大概就像計算機的存取速度。
09:41
And that little square in the corner, a naught .7 percent,
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在角落有個小方塊,大概佔感官的0.7%,
09:44
that's the amount we're actually aware of.
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這是我們真正的意識。
09:47
So a lot of your vision --
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你透過眼睛接受的大量資訊,
09:49
the bulk of it is visual, and it's pouring in.
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像圖中的大方塊般龐大,不停的灌入。
09:51
It's unconscious.
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這過程是無意識的。
09:53
The eye is exquisitely sensitive
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而且眼睛對於圖形的顏色、形狀、組合模式,
09:56
to patterns in variations in color, shape and pattern.
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是非常敏感的。
09:59
It loves them, and it calls them beautiful.
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眼睛喜愛這些圖形,認為它們很美麗。
10:01
It's the language of the eye.
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這是眼睛的語言。
10:03
If you combine the language of the eye with the language of the mind,
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若你把眼睛和心靈的語言組合起來,
10:05
which is about words and numbers and concepts,
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這二者都針對文字、數字、概念的陳述,
10:08
you start speaking two languages simultaneously,
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你便能同時述說二種語言,
10:11
each enhancing the other.
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就能增加兩者的感受。
10:14
So, you have the eye, and then you drop in the concepts.
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所以,用眼睛看某事物時,心裡就會出現概念。
10:17
And that whole thing -- it's two languages
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而這整個過程,是因為
10:19
both working at the same time.
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這二種語言同時運作的關係。
10:21
So we can use this new kind of language, if you like,
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若你願意,我們能用另一種新語言,
10:23
to alter our perspective or change our views.
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這種語言可以改變我們的認知和觀點。
10:26
Let me ask you a simple question
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讓我問各位一個簡單的問題,
10:28
with a really simple answer:
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只需要簡短的答案。
10:30
Who has the biggest military budget?
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哪個國家的軍事預算最高?
10:32
It's got to be America, right?
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就是美國了,對吧?
10:34
Massive. 609 billion in 2008 --
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非常龐大的數字。2008年的6090億..
10:36
607, rather.
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更正,是6070億。
10:38
So massive, in fact, that it can contain
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實際上,這麼大的數字,
10:40
all the other military budgets in the world inside itself.
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可以吃下全世界其他國家軍事預算的總和。
10:43
Gobble, gobble, gobble, gobble, gobble.
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幾乎吃個精光。
10:45
Now, you can see Africa's total debt there
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我們用非洲國家的總負債(中間方塊)
10:47
and the U.K. budget deficit for reference.
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和英國預算赤字(右側方塊)做個比較。
10:49
So that might well chime
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這應該也符合
10:51
with your view that America
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各位對美國的看法,
10:53
is a sort of warmongering military machine,
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像是好戰者、戰爭機器、
10:56
out to overpower the world
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企圖征服世界、
10:58
with its huge industrial-military complex.
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大號的軍事工業複合體(industrial-military complex)。
11:01
But is it true that America has the biggest military budget?
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但是美國真的是擁有最高國防預算的國家嗎?
11:04
Because America is an incredibly rich country.
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因為美國是個非常富有的國家。
11:06
In fact, it's so massively rich
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事實上,美國的富有程度,
11:08
that it can contain the four other
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能包含世界上
11:10
top industrialized nations' economies
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前4大工業國家的經濟產值
11:12
inside itself, it's so vastly rich.
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實在是非常富有。
11:15
So its military budget is bound to be enormous.
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所以這樣的國家,軍事預算自然就龐大。
11:18
So, to be fair and to alter our perspective,
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要從公平的角度,來調整我們的認知,
11:20
we have to bring in another data set,
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我們得要有另一套資料來分析,
11:22
and that data set is GDP, or the country's earnings.
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這套資料就是GDP,或說是一國的收入。
11:24
Who has the biggest budget as a proportion of GDP?
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哪一國的軍事預算佔GDP最重?
11:26
Let's have a look.
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讓我們來瞧瞧。
11:28
That changes the picture considerably.
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圖形跟剛剛有很大的不同喔。
11:31
Other countries pop into view that you, perhaps, weren't considering,
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很多國家都跑出來了,搞不好這些國家你想都沒想過,
11:34
and American drops into eighth.
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美國的名次掉到第8了。
11:36
Now you can also do this with soldiers.
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現在我們來看看有關軍人的部份。
11:38
Who has the most soldiers? It's got to be China.
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誰擁有的軍人最多?應該是中國。
11:40
Of course, 2.1 million.
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沒錯,210萬人。
11:42
Again, chiming with your view
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又來了,再度符合各位的印象,
11:44
that China has a militarized regime
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因為中國是個軍事主義政權,
11:46
ready to, you know, mobilize its enormous forces.
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像是隨時要展現他們強大的武力。
11:48
But of course, China has an enormous population.
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但事實上,中國擁有龐大的人口。
11:51
So if we do the same,
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若我們做跟剛剛一樣的事,
11:53
we see a radically different picture.
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我們就會看到非常不一樣的圖形。
11:55
China drops to 124th.
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中國掉到了第124名。
11:57
It actually has a tiny army
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從另一種資料面來看,
11:59
when you take other data into consideration.
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中國的軍隊規模實在有夠小。
12:02
So, absolute figures, like the military budget,
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像軍事預算這種絕對數字,
12:04
in a connected world,
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在這互相連結的世界裡,
12:06
don't give you the whole picture.
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反而沒辦法讓你看到完整的事實。
12:08
They're not as true as they could be.
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事物的真相不如它表面所示。
12:10
We need relative figures that are connected to other data
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我們需要用其他資料的相關數字作比較,
12:13
so that we can see a fuller picture,
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這樣才能了解最完整的事實,
12:15
and then that can lead to us changing our perspective.
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進一步改變我們的認知。
12:17
As Hans Rosling, the master,
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Hans Rosling教授,
12:19
my master, said,
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同時也是我的老師,他說:
12:22
"Let the dataset change your mindset."
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"用數據改變思維"
12:26
And if it can do that, maybe it can also change your behavior.
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若真能改變思維,那同樣的也能改變你的行為。
12:29
Take a look at this one.
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各位看這裡。
12:31
I'm a bit of a health nut.
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我是個注重健康的人。
12:33
I love taking supplements and being fit,
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雖然我喜歡攝取一些營養品、健身,
12:36
but I can never understand what's going on in terms of evidence.
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但是我永遠搞不清楚這些東西會帶來的好處。
12:39
There's always conflicting evidence.
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有很多牴觸的說法。
12:41
Should I take vitamin C? Should I be taking wheatgrass?
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我應該攝取維他命C嗎?還是應該吃小麥草?
12:43
This is a visualization of all the evidence
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畫面上所呈現的圖像就是
12:45
for nutritional supplements.
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營養品所提供好處的圖像化。
12:47
This kind of diagram is called a balloon race.
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這種圖形稱為熱汽球(balloon race)。
12:50
So the higher up the image,
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較高的圓圈,
12:52
the more evidence there is for each supplement.
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是有強烈證據證明其功效的營養品。
12:55
And the bubbles correspond to popularity as regards to Google hits.
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而圓圈大小是對應在Google上查詢的次數。
12:58
So you can immediately apprehend
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這樣你就能馬上看出營養品之間,
13:01
the relationship between efficacy and popularity,
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效果和受歡迎程度的比較。
13:04
but you can also, if you grade the evidence,
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若再根據這些證據做排序,
13:07
do a "worth it" line.
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可以畫上一條"值得攝取(worth it)"線。
13:09
So supplements above this line are worth investigating,
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在這條線上的營養素是最值得探討的,
13:12
but only for the conditions listed below,
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它們適用於圓圈內下方小字的情況。
13:15
and then the supplements below the line
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而在這條線之下的營養素,
13:18
are perhaps not worth investigating.
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其實,並不這麼值得探討。
13:20
Now this image constitutes a huge amount of work.
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要弄出這張圖片可是件大工程。
13:23
We scraped like 1,000 studies from PubMed,
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我們從PubMed搜尋引擎中抓出一千多份的研究報告,
13:26
the biomedical database,
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PubMed會連到生物醫學資料庫,
13:28
and we compiled them and graded them all.
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然後我們將這些報告做匯整排序。
13:31
And it was incredibly frustrating for me
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這讓我感到非常沮喪的是,
13:33
because I had a book of 250 visualizations to do for my book,
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我的書需要有250張的視覺化圖像,
13:36
and I spent a month doing this,
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然後我花了一個月整理出這堆圈圈,
13:38
and I only filled two pages.
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卻只能塞滿2頁。
13:40
But what it points to
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不過,這張圖點出了
13:42
is that visualizing information like this
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視覺化的資訊
13:44
is a form of knowledge compression.
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就是一種知識濃縮的型態。
13:46
It's a way of squeezing an enormous amount
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這種方式能夠壓縮非常大量的
13:48
of information and understanding
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資訊和知識
13:50
into a small space.
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濃縮在一起。
13:52
And once you've curated that data, and once you've cleaned that data,
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透過資料的搜集整頓,
13:54
and once it's there,
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一但完成,
13:56
you can do cool stuff like this.
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你也能做出這麼酷炫的東西。
13:58
So I converted this into an interactive app,
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我將這張圖轉換成一個互動的應用程式,
14:00
so I can now generate this application online --
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便產生了這個線上應用程式,
14:02
this is the visualization online --
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這種線上的視覺化程式,
14:04
and I can say, "Yeah, brilliant."
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我想說:"哇嗚,超棒的"。
14:06
So it spawns itself.
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這張圖能自己更新資料。
14:08
And then I can say, "Well, just show me the stuff
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只要我說:"我只想看
14:10
that affects heart health."
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會影響心臟健康的東西就好"。
14:12
So let's filter that out.
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點選項,程式會開始過濾。
14:14
So heart is filtered out, so I can see if I'm curious about that.
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有關心臟保養的營養品就出現了。
14:17
I think, "No, no. I don't want to take any synthetics,
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如果我想說:"喔不,我是不吃人工合成物的。
14:19
I just want to see plants and --
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只要告訴我
14:22
just show me herbs and plants. I've got all the natural ingredients."
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藥草類和植物類食品就行了,我只要天然的成分"。
14:25
Now this app is spawning itself
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然後這程式又會開始從資料中
14:27
from the data.
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過濾出想要的資訊。
14:29
The data is all stored in a Google Doc,
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這些資料會被儲存成Google文件,
14:31
and it's literally generating itself from that data.
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嚴格來說,資料會自動轉成文件檔案。
14:34
So the data is now alive; this is a living image,
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因此,這些資料是活的,是個活生生的圖像,
14:36
and I can update it in a second.
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我只需要幾秒鐘就能更新資料。
14:38
New evidence comes out. I just change a row on a spreadsheet.
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我只需要改變選單裡的選項,新的資料就跑出來了。
14:40
Doosh! Again, the image recreates itself.
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再一次,夭壽!這些圖像能自我創造。
14:44
So it's cool.
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它非常棒。
14:46
It's kind of living.
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它是活生生的。
14:49
But it can go beyond data,
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它超越了資料本身,
14:51
and it can go beyond numbers.
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它能突顯數字的涵意。
14:53
I like to apply information visualization
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我想要應用資料視覺化的技術
14:55
to ideas and concepts.
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在各種不同領域上。
14:58
This is a visualization
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畫面上的是
15:00
of the political spectrum,
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政治光譜(度量政治傾向的工具)的視覺化。
15:02
an attempt for me to try
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我試圖了解
15:04
and understand how it works
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這張圖該怎麼運作,
15:06
and how the ideas percolate down
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還有政府的立場
15:08
from government into society and culture,
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該如何滲透到社會、文化、
15:10
into families, into individuals, into their beliefs
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家庭、個人、甚至到個人信念,
15:13
and back around again in a cycle.
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然後這個影響關係會形成一個迴圈。
15:16
What I love about this image
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我喜歡這張圖的地方是
15:18
is it's made up of concepts,
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它是由許多概念所構成,
15:20
it explores our worldviews
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它探討了我們當今的世界觀,
15:22
and it helps us -- it helps me anyway --
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它能幫助我們
15:24
to see what others think,
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觀察到他人心裡所想,
15:26
to see where they're coming from.
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並觀察到這些想法從何而來。
15:28
And it feels just incredibly cool to do that.
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這張圖實在是太棒了。
15:31
What was most exciting for me
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在設計這張圖時,
15:34
designing this
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最令我感到興奮的是,
15:36
was that, when I was designing this image,
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當我正在進行設計的時候,
15:38
I desperately wanted this side, the left side,
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我拼老命想把左派陣營
15:41
to be better than the right side --
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弄得比右派陣營好(註:左派提倡自由,右派提倡集權)
15:43
being a journalist, a Left-leaning person --
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因為我是一位記者、一位左派人士。
15:46
but I couldn't, because I would have created
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但我不能這樣做,否則會出現
15:48
a lopsided, biased diagram.
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一個傾斜、具有偏見的圖像。
15:51
So, in order to really create a full image,
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所以,為了忠實呈現完整的圖像,
15:54
I had to honor the perspectives on the right-hand side
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我必須要有身為右派人士的榮耀感,
15:57
and at the same time, uncomfortably recognize
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然而,這過程中,我發現到自己身上
16:00
how many of those qualities were actually in me,
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也有許多對立者的特質
16:03
which was very, very annoying and uncomfortable.
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這真的非常討厭和不舒服。
16:05
(Laughter)
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(笑)
16:09
But not too uncomfortable,
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其實也沒這麼誇張啦,
16:11
because there's something unthreatening
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因為這張圖,對於觀察他人政治觀感
16:14
about seeing a political perspective,
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並不會構成太大的威脅,
16:16
versus being told or forced to listen to one.
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相對的,還能促使人去聆聽另一方的聲音。
16:19
You're capable of holding conflicting viewpoints
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這是真的,當你能清楚看見對方的立場,
16:22
joyously when you can see them.
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就會愉悅地看待衝突的觀念。
16:24
It's even fun to engage with them
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甚至樂於與對方接觸,
16:26
because it's visual.
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因為一切視覺化了。
16:28
So that's what's exciting to me,
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這就是讓我感到興奮的地方,
16:30
seeing how data can change my perspective
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看到這些美麗、迷人的資料
16:32
and change my mind midstream --
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是如何改變我們的認知,
16:34
beautiful, lovely data.
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改變我們根深蒂固的觀念。
16:38
So, just to wrap up,
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來做個總結,
16:40
I wanted to say
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我想說的是
16:42
that it feels to me that design is about solving problems
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我的感覺是,設計能解決問題
16:44
and providing elegant solutions,
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同時也能提供優雅的解決方案。
16:47
and information design is about
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資訊設計
16:49
solving information problems.
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能解決資訊的問題。
16:51
It feels like we have a lot of information problems
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此時此刻,
16:53
in our society at the moment,
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我們的社會上擁有許多資訊問題,
16:55
from the overload and the saturation
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資訊的過載與飽和,
16:57
to the breakdown of trust and reliability
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使資料的信任度和可靠性受到打擊,
16:59
and runaway skepticism and lack of transparency,
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引發排山倒海的質疑,透明度也大大降低,
17:01
or even just interestingness.
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或說失去資料的趣味性。
17:03
I mean, I find information just too interesting.
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其實資訊是非常有趣的。
17:05
It has a magnetic quality that draws me in.
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它就像具有磁性般的吸引了我。
17:09
So, visualizing information
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視覺化的資訊
17:11
can give us a very quick solution to those kinds of problems.
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能快速的針對各種問題提供解答。
17:14
Even when the information is terrible,
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即使資訊夾帶的是負面、糟糕的消息,
17:16
the visual can be quite beautiful.
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視覺化能讓它變的非常美麗。
17:19
Often we can get clarity
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同時能得到清晰的思維
17:22
or the answer to a simple question very quickly,
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同時快速的回答簡單的問題,
17:24
like this one,
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就像這個,
17:26
the recent Icelandic volcano.
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最近的冰島火山。
17:29
Which was emitting the most CO2?
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請問是何者排放了最多的二氧化碳?
17:31
Was it the planes or the volcano,
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是飛機,還是火山,
17:33
the grounded planes or the volcano?
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是那些停飛的飛機還是火山?(2010/4,冰島火山爆發,造成歐洲航線大亂)
17:35
So we can have a look.
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我們能看見真相為何。
17:37
We look at the data and we see:
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各位看看這資料顯示的情形,
17:39
Yep, the volcano emitted 150,000 tons;
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沒錯,火山釋放了15萬噸的二氧化碳;
17:41
the grounded planes would have emitted
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而這些飛機如果沒有停飛的話,
17:43
345,000 if they were in the sky.
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會釋放34萬5千噸的二氧化碳。
17:46
So essentially, we had our first carbon-neutral volcano.
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所以實際上,這是我們第一座碳中和火山。
17:49
(Laughter)
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(笑)
17:51
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
18:00
And that is beautiful. Thank you.
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這就是資料的美麗之處,感謝你們。
18:03
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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