Michael Hansmeyer: Building unimaginable shapes

184,755 views ・ 2012-07-27

TED


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00:00
Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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譯者: Meilun Shih 審譯者: Audrey Her
00:15
As an architect, I often ask myself,
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身為一名建築師,我經常問我自己
00:18
what is the origin of the forms that we design?
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什麼是我們設計的源頭
00:21
What kind of forms could we design
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如果完全不參考其它作品
00:23
if we wouldn't work with references anymore?
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我們會設計出什麼樣式呢?
00:26
If we had no bias, if we had no preconceptions,
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如果我們沒有偏好,沒有先入為主的印象
00:30
what kind of forms could we design
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我們會設計出什麼的形體?
00:32
if we could free ourselves from
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假如 我們將自已從
00:33
our experience?
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積累的經驗中解錮出來
00:36
If we could free ourselves from our education?
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或跳出教育的框架呢?
00:40
What would these unseen forms look like?
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這前所未見的形式 看起來會像是甚麼
00:43
Would they surprise us? Would they intrigue us?
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會帶給我們驚喜嗎? 會讓我們感興趣嗎?
00:47
Would they delight us?
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它會讓我們感到歡欣嗎
00:49
If so, then how can we go about creating something that is truly new?
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若是如此, 我們該如何著手開創全新的東西呢?
00:53
I propose we look to nature.
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我建議師法大自然
00:56
Nature has been called the greatest architect of forms.
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大自然是最偉大的形態建築師
01:00
And I'm not saying that we should copy nature,
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在這裡,我並不建議僅僅複製大自然
01:04
I'm not saying we should mimic biology,
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我不是說我們應該抄襲自然生物
01:06
instead I propose that we can borrow nature's processes.
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相反地,我希望我們能借鑒大自然造物的過程。
01:09
We can abstract them and to create something that is new.
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從中擷取,並創造出全新的形態
01:14
Nature's main process of creation, morphogenesis,
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大自然主要的創造過程,最初的形體生成
01:18
is the splitting of one cell into two cells.
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是將細胞一分為二。
01:22
And these cells can either be identical,
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而這些細胞不是完全相同,
01:24
or they can be distinct from each other
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就是透過不對稱細胞分裂
01:26
through asymmetric cell division.
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形成完全不同的形態
01:28
If we abstract this process, and simplify it as much as possible,
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假使我們能擷取這個過程並盡可能簡化它,
01:32
then we could start with a single sheet of paper,
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那麼,我們便能簡單地從一張紙和
01:34
one surface, and we could make a fold
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一個面向開始,利用摺疊
01:36
and divide the surface into two surfaces.
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將一個面分為兩個面向。
01:39
We're free to choose where we make the fold.
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我們可以自由選擇要如何對摺
01:42
And by doing so, we can differentiate the surfaces.
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並藉此區別各面向。
01:47
Through this very simple process,
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透過這個簡單的步驟,
01:48
we can create an astounding variety of forms.
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我們能創造出令人驚艷的各種形態。
01:52
Now, we can take this form and use the same process
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現在,我們可以利用這個形態和相同步驟
01:55
to generate three-dimensional structures,
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來創造出三度空間立體的架構
01:57
but rather than folding things by hand,
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但並不是徒手摺疊
01:59
we'll bring the structure into the computer,
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而是將這個結構輸入到電腦
02:02
and code it as an algorithm.
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並把它編碼成一個演算法。
02:05
And in doing so, we can suddenly fold anything.
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如此一來,我們就能瞬間摺疊任何東西。
02:08
We can fold a million times faster,
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我們摺疊的速度可以快上百萬倍,
02:10
we can fold in hundreds and hundreds of variations.
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我們可以摺疊出成千上萬的變化,
02:13
And as we're seeking to make something three-dimensional,
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而當我們企圖創造一些三度空間的立體物件時,
02:16
we start not with a single surface, but with a volume.
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就不再是從單一平面開始,而是從體積開始,
02:19
A simple volume, the cube.
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以簡單的立方體為例。
02:20
If we take its surfaces and fold them
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假使我們將其平面
02:22
again and again and again and again,
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不斷、不斷、不斷、不斷地
02:24
then after 16 iterations, 16 steps,
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經過16次的反覆摺疊後,
02:27
we end up with 400,000 surfaces and a shape that looks,
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最後會得到400,000個面向,以及一個看起來
02:31
for instance, like this.
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譬如說,像這樣的形態。
02:33
And if we change where we make the folds,
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假設我們改變摺疊處,
02:36
if we change the folding ratio,
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或是摺疊的比例,
02:37
then this cube turns into this one.
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那這個立方體就會變成這樣。
02:41
We can change the folding ratio again to produce this shape,
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我們再一次改變摺疊比例可以得到這個、
02:45
or this shape.
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或是這個形狀。
02:47
So we exert control over the form
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因此,我們便能藉由針對特定的摺疊位置
02:49
by specifying the position of where we're making the fold,
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施行對這個形體的控制。
02:52
but essentially you're looking at a folded cube.
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但本質上來說,你看到的還是一個摺疊過的立方體。
02:57
And we can play with this.
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我們可以這樣做,
02:58
We can apply different folding ratios to different parts
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我們可以在立方體的不同部位運用不同摺疊比例,
03:00
of the form to create local conditions.
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來創造出局部變化。
03:03
We can begin to sculpt the form.
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我們可以開始雕塑這個形體。
03:05
And because we're doing the folding on the computer,
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由於我們是在電腦上進行摺疊,
03:08
we are completely free of any physical constraints.
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所以完全沒有任何實體上的限制。
03:12
So that means that surfaces can intersect themselves,
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這意味著,各面向能夠自行交叉貫穿,
03:15
they can become impossibly small.
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變成近乎不可能的小。
03:16
We can make folds that we otherwise could not make.
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我們能夠做到過去無法達成的摺疊方式。
03:20
Surfaces can become porous.
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平面變成能穿透的。
03:22
They can stretch. They can tear.
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它們能夠伸展、能夠被撕裂。
03:24
And all of this expounds the scope of forms that we can produce.
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而這一切說明了我們所能創造的形態範圍。
03:29
But in each case, I didn't design the form.
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但在每個作品中,我並不設計形態。
03:32
I designed the process that generated the form.
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我設計的是一個產生型態的過程。
03:36
In general, if we make a small change to the folding ratio,
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一般而言,假設我們把摺疊比例作一個小小的改變,
03:41
which is what you're seeing here,
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就像你在這裡看到的,
03:42
then the form changes correspondingly.
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整個形態也會相對應地產生改變。
03:46
But that's only half of the story --
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但這才說到一半而已--
03:48
99.9 percent of the folding ratios produce not this,
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百分之九十九點九的摺疊比例所產生的並非如此,
03:53
but this, the geometric equivalent of noise.
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而是像這樣,等同幾何學中的噪音干擾。
03:58
The forms that I showed before were made actually
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我之前所展示的形態,事實上
04:00
through very long trial and error.
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是歷經很長一段時間的試驗及失敗後才得到的。
04:01
A far more effective way to create forms, I have found,
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我發現到,一個較有效的形態創作法,
04:05
is to use information that is already contained in forms.
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是利用形體本身已存在的素材。
04:09
A very simple form such as this one actually contains
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像這一個非常簡單的形體,
04:11
a lot of information that may not be visible to the human eye.
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實際上,含有許多肉眼可能不能看見的素材。
04:15
So, for instance, we can plot the length of the edges.
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舉例來說,我們能標繪邊長,
04:17
White surfaces have long edges, black ones have short ones.
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白色區塊部份是長邊;黑色區塊則是短邊。
04:21
We can plot the planarity of the surfaces, their curvature,
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我們能夠標繪表面的平坦性、彎曲度、半徑範圍
04:24
how radial they are -- all information that may not be
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以及半徑-而上述所有資料
04:28
instantly visible to you,
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或許並非馬上可以看見的,
04:30
but that we can bring out, that we can articulate,
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但我們能把它們拿出來、把它們闡釋、
04:33
and that we can use to control the folding.
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把它們這些資料用來控制摺疊的方式。
04:36
So now I'm not specifying a single
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因此,我現在不再特定一個單一比例
04:38
ratio anymore to fold it,
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去作摺疊,
04:40
but instead I'm establishing a rule,
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而是建立一套規則,
04:43
I'm establishing a link between a property of a surface
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在平面特性與
04:45
and how that surface is folded.
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與摺疊方式之間建立一個連結。
04:48
And because I've designed the process and not the form,
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由於,我設計的是過程,而非形體本身,
04:51
I can run the process again and again and again
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所以,我可以一而再地運用此過程
04:53
to produce a whole family of forms.
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創作出一整組形體。
05:08
These forms look elaborate, but the process is a very minimal one.
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這些形體看起來非常複雜,但過程卻極其簡單。
05:13
There is a simple input,
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只要一個簡單的輸入,
05:14
it's always a cube that I start with,
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我永遠從一個立方體開始著手,
05:16
and it's a very simple operation -- it's making a fold,
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然後是一個簡單的運作-開始摺疊,
05:19
and doing this over and over again.
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並一直不斷的重複。
05:23
So let's bring this process to architecture.
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現在,將這套過程運用在建築學上,
05:25
How? And at what scale?
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怎麼做?到何等規模?
05:27
I chose to design a column.
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我選擇設計圓柱。
05:29
Columns are architectural archetypes.
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圓柱是建築學的原形。
05:32
They've been used throughout history to express ideals
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從古至今,皆可看見圓柱被運用來
05:35
about beauty, about technology.
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表現美學概念或工藝手法。
05:40
A challenge to me was how we could express
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而我面臨的挑戰是,
05:42
this new algorithmic order in a column.
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如何將這創新的演算模式套用於圓柱的創造。
05:46
I started using four cylinders.
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我先從四個圓柱著手,
05:49
Through a lot of experimentation, these cylinders
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歷經無數的實驗,這些圓柱
05:52
eventually evolved into this.
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最後變得像現在這樣。
05:55
And these columns, they have information at very many scales.
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而這些圓柱處處充滿著可供運用的資訊。
06:00
We can begin to zoom into them.
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我們可以靠近一點來看。
06:03
The closer one gets, the more new features one discovers.
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越靠近看,越能發現新的特色。
06:06
Some formations are almost at the threshold of human visibility.
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有些結構幾乎是肉眼看不見的。
06:10
And unlike traditional architecture,
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而且不像傳統的建築結構,
06:12
it's a single process that creates both the overall form
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這是一個兼具總體構造及精細外觀處理的
06:15
and the microscopic surface detail.
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和精細外觀的單一創造過程。
06:20
These forms are undrawable.
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這些構造形式是無法被繪製的。
06:23
An architect who's drawing them with a pen and a paper
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建築師用紙筆描繪它們時,
06:26
would probably take months,
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可能要花上數個月的時間,
06:28
or it would take even a year to draw all the sections,
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甚至,也可能花上整年時間才能描繪所有區塊。
06:30
all of the elevations, you can only create something like this
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透過演算規則,你只能得到像這樣的
06:32
through an algorithm.
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的立視圖。
06:35
The more interesting question, perhaps, is,
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但更有趣的問題,或許是
06:37
are these forms imaginable?
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這些形式是否能想像出來?
06:39
Usually, an architect can somehow envision the end state
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通常,建築師能夠多多少少預視一些
06:42
of what he is designing.
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他的設計物件最終的樣貌。
06:44
In this case, the process is deterministic.
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但在此,這個預視方法是確切的。
06:47
There's no randomness involved at all,
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其中完全沒有隨機不可測之處,
06:49
but it's not entirely predictable.
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但又非全然可測。
06:51
There's too many surfaces,
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有太多的面向,
06:52
there's too much detail, one can't see the end state.
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有太多的細節,讓人無法一窺最終全貌。
06:56
So this leads to a new role for the architect.
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因此,這給建築師們帶來一個新角色。
06:59
One needs a new method to explore all of the possibilities
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建築師需要一個可以綜觀所有可能的新方法
07:03
that are out there.
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可以立即使用
07:05
For one thing, one can design many variants of a form,
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一個人可以為一個形體設計各種可能性,
07:08
in parallel, and one can cultivate them.
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同樣地,他也可以創造它們。
07:10
And to go back to the analogy with nature,
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現在回到自然界的相似性,
07:12
one can begin to think in terms of populations,
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可以想想人口問題,
07:15
one can talk about permutations, about generations,
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可以談談世代交替、
07:18
about crossing and breeding to come up with a design.
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談談想法交流延伸最終得出一個設計。
07:23
And the architect is really, he moves into the position
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而建築師事實上,一如交響樂家,擔負起
07:26
of being an orchestrator of all of these processes.
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總合這些所有過程的職責。
07:29
But enough of the theory.
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但說夠了理論。
07:31
At one point I simply wanted to jump inside
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有一度我真想跳入
07:34
this image, so to say, I bought these red and blue
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這個影像。這麼說吧!我買了這些紅色藍色的
07:38
3D glasses, got up very close to the screen,
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3D眼鏡,非常非常貼近螢幕,
07:41
but still that wasn't the same as being able to
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但這還是和可以
07:43
walk around and touch things.
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四處走動觸摸東西的感覺不一樣。
07:45
So there was only one possibility --
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因此,只剩一種可能-
07:47
to bring the column out of the computer.
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把圓柱從電腦裡拿出來。
07:50
There's been a lot of talk now about 3D printing.
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現在有很多人談論3D輸出。
07:53
For me, or for my purpose at this moment,
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對我,或是對我當下目的而言,
07:56
there's still too much of an unfavorable tradeoff
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一方面,在規模上,另一方面,在解析度和速度上,
07:59
between scale, on the one hand, and resolution and speed, on the other.
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還是有著太多無法兩全其美的缺點。
08:06
So instead, we decided to take the column,
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與其如此,我們決定把圓柱
08:08
and we decided to build it as a layered model,
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當成一個層層疊疊的結構物,
08:11
made out of very many slices, thinly stacked over each other.
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用很多薄片,輕輕地堆疊建立。
08:15
What you're looking at here is an X-ray
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你現在看到的是剛才那根圓柱
08:17
of the column that you just saw, viewed from the top.
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由上而下照的的X光片。
08:19
Unbeknownst to me at the time,
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因為我們只見過圓柱的外觀,
08:21
because we had only seen the outside,
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所以我那時並不知道,
08:24
the surfaces were continuing to fold themselves,
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表面會持續地自我摺疊
08:26
to grow on the inside of the column,
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在圓柱的內裡延展,
08:28
which was quite a surprising discovery.
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這是一個十分讓人驚訝地發現。
08:31
From this shape, we calculated a cutting line,
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我們在這個形狀上計算了切割線,
08:34
and then we gave this cutting line to a laser cutter
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然後把它輸入雷射切割機來做切割,
08:37
to produce -- and you're seeing a segment of it here --
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你在這裡可以看到其中一部分,
08:41
very many thin slices, individually cut, on top of each other.
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許多單獨裁切的薄片,堆疊在一起。
08:48
And this is a photo now, it's not a rendering,
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這是最後的成果照,絕非造假,
08:51
and the column that we ended up with
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而我們大費周張後得到的圓柱,
08:53
after a lot of work, ended up looking remarkably like the one
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看起來就和我們在電腦中
08:56
that we had designed in the computer.
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所設計的一模一樣。
09:00
Almost all of the details, almost all of the
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幾乎所有的小細節、
09:02
surface intricacies were preserved.
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幾乎所有的複雜處都被保留了下來。
09:07
But it was very labor intensive.
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但過程非常耗費人力。
09:10
There's a huge disconnect at the moment still
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在虛擬和實體間也仍舊
09:12
between the virtual and the physical.
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存在著巨大的差距。
09:15
It took me several months to design the column,
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我花了好幾個月來設計這個圓柱,
09:17
but ultimately it takes the computer about 30 seconds
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卻只花了電腦大約30秒時間
09:20
to calculate all of the 16 million faces.
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就計算出了圓柱上全部一千六百萬個表面。
09:23
The physical model, on the other hand,
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另一方面,實體的模型
09:25
is 2,700 layers, one millimeter thick,
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總共有2,700層、一釐米厚、
09:29
it weighs 700 kilos, it's made of sheet that can cover
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總重七百公斤、平展開來足以
09:33
this entire auditorium.
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鋪滿這整間演講廳的圓片。
09:35
And the cutting path that the laser followed
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雷射切割機來來回回所切割的總長
09:37
goes from here to the airport and back again.
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等於是這裡到機場的來回距離。
09:42
But it is increasingly possible.
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但這愈來愈可能做到了。
09:44
Machines are getting faster, it's getting less expensive,
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機械速度越來越快,也越來越便宜,
09:47
and there's some promising technological developments
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還有一些極具展望的科技產品
09:49
just on the horizon.
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正逐漸展露頭角。
09:51
These are images from the Gwangju Biennale.
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這些是光州美術館交換計畫的照片。
09:54
And in this case, I used ABS plastic to produce the columns,
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我在這裡用的是ABS塑膠來製作圓柱,
09:58
we used the bigger, faster machine,
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我們用了更大、更快的機器,
10:00
and they have a steel core inside, so they're structural,
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因為裝有鋼鐵核心,所以可以用於建築,
10:03
they can bear loads for once.
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足以一次承擔高工作量。
10:06
Each column is effectively a hybrid of two columns.
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每根圓柱實際上結合了兩根圓柱。
10:08
You can see a different column in the mirror,
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你可以在鏡子裡看到另一根不同的圓柱,
10:11
if there's a mirror behind the column
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如果圓柱後面有一面鏡子的話,
10:13
that creates a sort of an optical illusion.
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就可以創造些許視覺錯覺。
10:16
So where does this leave us?
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所以這告訴我們什麼?
10:18
I think this project gives us a glimpse of the unseen objects that await us
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我認為這個計畫讓我們 得以一窺原本不可見的事物,
10:22
if we as architects begin to think about designing not the object,
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如果我們這些建築師可以開始思考,
10:26
but a process to generate objects.
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如何設計產生物體的過程,而非設計物體本身。
10:30
I've shown one simple process that was inspired by nature;
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我今天展示了一種借鏡於大自然的簡單方法
10:33
there's countless other ones.
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還有許許多多種其他創造法。
10:36
In short, we have no constraints.
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簡單來說,我們毫無所限。
10:39
Instead, we have processes in our hands right now
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現在擁有的,反而是
10:43
that allow us to create structures at all scales
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讓我們能夠創造各種
10:47
that we couldn't even have dreamt up.
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之前連想都想不到物體的方法。
10:51
And, if I may add, at one point we will build them.
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最後,容我再說一句, 早晚,我們也將會建造出它們。
10:55
Thank you. (Applause)
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謝謝。(掌聲)
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