What's at the bottom of the ocean -- and how we're getting there | Victor Vescovo
345,526 views ・ 2019-08-02
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譯者: Lilian Chiu
審譯者: Bruce Sung
00:12
David Biello: So Victor,
what have you been up to?
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大衛貝羅:維克多,
你最近在忙什麼?
00:17
Victor Vescovo: That's the bottom
of the Atlantic Ocean,
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維克多韋斯科沃:
那是大西洋的底部,
00:19
and I guess I read too much
Jules Verne as a young boy,
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我小時候大概讀太多
朱爾凡爾納的作品了,
00:22
and so for the last four years
I've led a team to design and build
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所以過去四年間
我帶領團隊設計和打造了
00:26
what is now the most advanced and deepest
diving submersible on the planet,
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現今地球上最先進、
能下潛最深潛水器,
00:30
and I have the ability
to personally pilot it too.
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我得以親自駕駛它。
00:32
So this was us in December of last year,
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這是我們去年十二月做的事,
00:35
for the first time --
the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean.
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史上第一次,在大西洋的底部。
00:37
DB: And nobody's seen that before right?
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大:以前都沒有人見過,
只有你,對吧?
00:39
That's just you.
VV: No.
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維:對的。
00:41
Well, now everybody else.
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現在大家都看到了。
00:42
DB: Who does that?
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大:誰會做這種事?
00:45
Like --
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我是指——
00:46
VV: Well, I think everyone has seen
the developments in the last 10, 15 years.
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維:嗯,我想大家都目睹
過去十年、十五年間的發展。
00:50
You have a bunch of people that have
the means to explore outer space,
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有一票人有辦法能去探索外太空,
00:53
like SpaceX or Blue Origin --
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如(太空公司)SpaceX
和藍色起源那票人,
00:56
those guys --
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00:57
and we're going the other direction.
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我們朝另一個方向去。
這是個美好的時代,
00:59
So it's a wonderful era
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01:00
of private individuals
spending their resources
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個人會利用自身的資源
開發出新的技術,
01:02
to develop technologies
that can take us to places
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帶我們到過去未曾探索過的地方,
01:05
that have never been explored before,
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而世界上的海洋是——
01:07
and the oceans of the world is --
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01:09
it's almost a cliché to say
it's 70 percent of our entire planet,
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用老套的說法,
地球上有 70% 都是海洋,
01:12
and of that, 95 percent is unexplored.
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而 95% 的海洋尚未被探索過。
01:15
So what we're trying to do
with our expedition
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所以,我們探險的目的
01:17
is to build and prove out a submersible
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是要打造一台潛水器,並證明它
能夠前往地球上海底的任何地點
01:19
that can go to any point
on the bottom of the planet
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01:22
to explore the 60 percent of this planet
that is still unexplored.
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去探索地球上 60%
還未被探索過的地區。
01:27
DB: You need a pretty cool tool
to do that, right?
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大:你需要很酷的工具
才能辦到,對吧?
01:29
VV: Right.
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維:是的。
01:30
Now the tool is the submarine,
the Limiting Factor.
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這個工具是一台潛水艇,
叫做「限制因素」。
01:33
It's a state-of-the-art vessel
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它是最先進的船艦,
01:35
supported by the support ship,
the Pressure Drop.
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由支援船「壓降」來支援它。
01:37
It has a two-person titanium sphere,
90 millimeters-thick,
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它是能乘載兩個人的
鈦製球體,有 90 毫米厚,
01:40
that keeps it at one atmosphere,
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內部壓力保持一大氣壓,
01:41
and it has the ability to dive repeatedly
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且它可以重覆下潛,
01:44
down to the very deepest
point of the ocean.
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下到海洋底下最深的地點。
01:47
DB: So like the SpaceX
of ocean exploration?
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大:所以,就像是
海洋探索的 SpaceX?
01:51
VV: Yeah, it's kind of the SpaceX
of ocean exploration,
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維:是啊,算是種
海洋探索的 SpaceX,
01:54
but I pilot my own vehicles.
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但我駕駛自己的潛艇。
01:55
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:57
DB: Are you going to take Elon or...?
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大:你會帶伊隆(馬斯克,
SpaceX 執行長)或是……?
02:00
VV: Yeah, I could take someone down there.
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維:是啊,我可以帶人下去。
02:02
So, Elon, if you're listening,
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所以,伊隆,如果你正在聽,
02:04
I'll give you a ride in mine
if you give me a ride in yours.
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如果你用你的太空船載我一程,
我可以用我的潛水器載你一程。
(笑聲)
02:07
(Laughter)
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02:10
DB: So tell us what it's like down there.
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大:跟我們談談
海底下是什麼樣子的。
02:12
I mean, we're talking about a place
where the pressure is so intense
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畢竟,我們在談的地方,
壓力非常之大,
02:16
that it's like putting
an Eiffel Tower on your toe.
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就像把艾菲爾鐵塔壓在你腳上。
02:18
VV: It's more than that.
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維:不只如此。
壓力約為一萬六千 psi。
02:20
It's about 16,000 psi.
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02:21
So the issue is that we have
this titanium sphere
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所以議題是在於,
我們用這個鈦製球體,
02:23
that allows us to go down
to these extreme depths
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可以下潛到極深的地方,
02:26
and come up repeatedly.
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再浮上來,且能重覆進行。
這是前所未有的。
02:28
That's never been done before.
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02:29
The Challenger Deep has been dived twice,
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曾經有人下潛到全球最深的
查倫格海淵兩次,
02:31
once in 1960 and once in 2012
by James Cameron,
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一次在 1960 年,一次在 2012 年,
由詹姆士卡麥隆駕駛,
02:34
and they went down and came back up
and those were experimental craft.
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他們下潛再回來,
用的是實驗用的船艦。
02:38
This is the first commercially
certified submersible
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這是第一次得到商業認證的潛水器,
02:40
that can go up and down
thousands of times with two people,
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能夠載著兩個人上上下下
數千次,包括一位科學家。
02:44
including a scientist.
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02:45
We're very proud that we took down
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我們非常驕傲,我們帶下去的
是歷史上潛水最深的英國公民,
02:47
the deepest-diving
British citizen in history
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02:49
just three weeks ago,
Dr. Alan Jamieson of Newcastle University
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三週前,紐卡斯爾大學的
艾倫傑米森博士
02:52
who was down with us on the Java Trench.
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和我們一起下潛到爪哇海溝。
02:55
DB: So, not too much freaks you out,
is what I'm guessing.
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大:所以,還不致於太嚇人,
這是我的猜測。
02:59
VV: Well, it's a lot
different to go diving.
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維:嗯,這和潛水很不同。
03:02
If you're claustrophobic,
you do not want to be in the submarine.
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如果你有幽閉恐怖症,
你不會想要待在潛水艇裡。
03:05
We go down quite a distance
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我們下潛的距離很長,
03:06
and the missions typically last
eight to nine hours in a confined space.
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任務通常需要在狹窄封閉
空間中待八、九個小時。
這和我先前的生涯大不相同,
03:10
It's very different
from the career I had previously
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我以前爬山,待在開放的大空間中,
03:12
which was mountain climbing
where you're in open spaces,
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風吹過來會非常寒冷。
03:15
the wind is whipping, it's very cold.
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這是相反的狀況,更靠科技。
03:17
This is the opposite.
It's much more technical.
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03:19
It's much more about precision
in using the instruments
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更重視使用器械的精準度,
還有問題排解,什麼都可能出錯。
03:21
and troubleshooting
anything that can go wrong.
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但,如果在潛水器中有什麼
地方出錯了,你不會知道的。
03:24
But if something really
goes wrong in the submersible,
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03:26
you're not going to know it.
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(笑聲)
03:28
(Laughter)
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03:29
DB: So you're afraid of leaks
is what you're saying.
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大:所以你的意思是你會怕漏水。
03:32
VV: Leaks are not good,
but if it's a leak that's happening,
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維:漏水不是好事,但若
發生的是漏水,也沒那麼糟,
03:34
it's not that bad
because if it was really bad
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因為真正很糟的狀況是
你根本不知道怎麼了,但——
03:37
you wouldn't know it, again, but --
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03:38
you know, fire in the capsule,
that wouldn't be good either,
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在座艙內著火,那也不會是好事,
03:41
but it's actually a very safe submersible.
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但它其實是非常安全的潛水器。
03:43
I like to say I don't trust
a lot of things in life,
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我想說,我一生中
不相信的事物很多,
03:46
but I do trust titanium, I trust math
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但我確實相信鈦和數學,
03:48
and I trust finite element analysis,
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我相信有限元素分析,
它是用來協助你判斷
03:50
which is how you figure out
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03:51
whether or not
things like this can survive
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像這樣的東西是否能承受
超大的壓力和極端條件。
03:53
these extraordinary
pressures and conditions.
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03:55
DB: And that sphere
is so perfectly machined, right?
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大:那個球體是用機器
完美製造出來的,對吧?
03:58
This is a truly unique craft.
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它真的是獨一無二的船艦。
04:00
VV: That was the real trick --
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維:那真的是訣竅——
04:02
is actually building a titanium sphere
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要真正打造一個鈦製球體,
04:04
that was accurate
to within .1 percent of machine.
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且精確度要在機器的 0.1% 以內。
04:07
Titanium is a hard metal to work
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鈦是種很難搞的金屬,
很多人都還沒搞定它,
04:09
and a lot of people
haven't figured it out,
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但我們很幸運。
04:11
but we were very fortunate.
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我們的團隊很出色,
做出了幾乎完美的球體,
04:12
Our extraordinary team was able
to make an almost perfect sphere,
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04:15
which when you're subjecting
something to pressure,
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如果要讓一個物體承受壓力,
最強的幾何形狀就是球體。
04:18
that's the strongest
geometry you can have.
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當我在那潛水器中,
艙門關上之後,
04:20
When I'm in the submersible
and that hatch closes,
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04:22
I'm confident that I'm going
to go down and come back up.
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我很有信心下去之後一定會再上來。
04:25
DB: And that's the thing
you double-check --
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大:你必須要再次確認艙門關緊了?
04:27
that the hatch is closed?
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維:潛水艇下潛只有兩條規則。
04:28
VV: There are only two rules
in diving a submarine.
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第一條規則:要確保艙門關好。
04:31
Number one is close the hatch securely.
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第二條規則:回到第一條規則。
04:33
Number two is go back to rule number one.
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04:35
DB: Alright so, Atlantic Ocean: check.
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大:好,所以,大西洋:完成。
04:38
Southern Ocean: check.
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南冰洋:完成。
04:40
VV: No one has ever dived
the Southern Ocean before.
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維:以前未曾有人潛入南冰洋過。
04:42
I know why.
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我知道原因。
它是很不友善的環境。
04:44
It's really, really hostile.
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04:45
The weather is awful.
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天氣很糟糕。
04:47
The word collision comes to mind.
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我會想到的詞就是「碰撞」。
04:49
But we did that one, yes.
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但沒錯,我們潛過南冰洋。
04:51
Glad that's over --
DB: Yeah --
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很高興完成了。
04:52
VV: Thank you.
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大:是啊。
維:謝謝。
04:54
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
04:55
DB: It's like you're racing through it.
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大:你好像是在賽跑一樣。
現在是印度洋,凱莉先前提過。
04:57
And now the Indian Ocean,
as Kelly mentioned.
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04:59
VV: Yeah, that was three weeks ago.
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維:是的,那是三週前的事。
05:01
We were fortunate enough
to actually solve the mystery.
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我們夠幸運能夠頭一個解開那個謎。
05:03
If someone had asked me three weeks ago,
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如果三週前有人問我:
05:05
"What is the deepest point
in the Indian Ocean?" --
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「印度洋中最深的點是哪裡?」
05:08
no one really knew.
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沒有人知道。
05:09
There were two candidates,
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有兩個可能的點,
澳洲西部外海以及爪哇海溝。
05:11
one off of Western Australia
and one in the Java Trench.
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我們有一艘很好的船,配有
很棒的聲納來針對這兩個點畫圖。
05:13
We have this wonderful ship
with a brilliant sonar.
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05:16
We mapped both of them.
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我們派遺著陸艙到海底進行驗證。
05:17
We sent landers down
to the bottom and verified.
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05:19
It's actually in the center portion
of the Java Trench,
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最深的點是在爪哇海溝的中央區,
05:22
which is where no one thought it was.
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沒有人想到會是那裡。
05:24
In fact, every time we've completed
one of our major dives,
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事實上,每當我們完成
一次重大的潛水任務,
我們就得要趕快
上維基百科去更改資料,
05:27
we have to run off
to Wikipedia and change it
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因為原本的資料完全錯了。
05:29
because it's completely wrong.
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05:30
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:32
DB: So it probably takes longer
to get down there
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大:所以,你潛到
水底所要花的時間,
05:35
than the time you're able
to spend down there?
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可能比你待在水底的時間還長?
05:37
VV: No, we actually spend
quite a bit of time.
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維:不會,我們在底下
待了蠻長的時間。
05:40
I have four days
of oxygen supply in the vessel.
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潛水器可以供應四天的氧氣。
05:43
If I'm down there for four days,
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若我在下面待了四天,出了什麼
大差錯,我可能也用不到氧氣了,
05:45
something's gone so wrong
I'm probably not going to use it,
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不過,下潛到海洋底
最深的地區大約要三小時,
05:47
but it's about three hours down
to the deepest part of the ocean
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接著,我們可以待在
那裡約三、四小時,
05:51
and then we can spend
usually three or four hours
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05:53
and then another three hours up.
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接著再花三小時上來。
05:54
So you don't want to stay in there
for more than 10 or 11 hours.
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你不會想在那待超過十、十一小時。
真的會有點緊繃。
05:58
It can get a little tight.
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大:好,印度洋的底部。
05:59
DB: Alright, so the bottom
of the Indian Ocean.
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那裡有著除了你之外
沒有人看過的東西——
06:01
And this is something that no one
besides you has ever seen before --
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06:05
VV: This is actually imagery
from one of our robotic landers.
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維:這是我們的其中一台
機械著陸艙帶來的實際影像。
06:09
On the bottom right you can
actually see a robust assfish --
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在右下方,可以看到
一隻壯體索深鼬魚——
06:12
that's what it's actually called.
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這是它的真名。(笑聲)
06:14
(Laughter)
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但可以看到左邊有一隻
從來沒有見過的生物。
06:15
But you can see from the left
a creature that's never been seen before.
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06:18
It's actually a bottom-dwelling jellyfish
called a stalked ascidian,
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它其實是一隻底棲水母,
叫做肉柄海鞘類動物,
06:22
and none of them
have ever looked like this before.
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以前所知的這類動物
都不是這個模樣的。
06:24
It actually has a small child
at the bottom of its stalk,
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它的肉柄底部其實有一個孩子,
06:27
and it just drifted across beautifully.
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它就這樣美麗地漂過去。
06:29
So every single dive we have gone on,
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所以,我們每一次下潛,
06:32
even though we're only down there
for a couple of hours,
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即使只在水底待幾個小時,
06:34
we have found three or four new species
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也會發現三、四種新的物種,
06:36
because these are places that have
been isolated for billions of years
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因為有些地方是數十億年來
都沒人接觸過的,
06:40
and no human being has ever
been down there to film them
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從來沒有人下來攝影或是採樣。
06:43
or take samples.
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06:44
And so this is extraordinary for us --
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所以,對我們來說,這非比尋常。
06:46
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
06:48
So what we are hoping --
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所以,我們希望——
06:50
the main objective of our mission
is to build this tool.
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我們任務的主要目標是要打造工具,
06:53
This tool is a door,
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以工具為門,
06:55
because with this tool,
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因為有了這工具,就能製造更多台,
06:56
we'll be able to make
more of them potentially
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06:58
and take scientists down
to do thousands of dives,
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帶科學家下潛數千趟,
07:01
to open that door to exploration
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開啟探索之門,
07:03
and find things that we
had no idea even existed.
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找到我們根本不知道存在的東西。
07:06
DB: And so more people have been
to space than the bottom of the ocean.
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大:所以,上過太空的人
比下過海底的人還多。
07:11
You're one of three.
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你是三個人中的一個。
07:13
You're going to up that number,
you're going to give it away.
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你要把那數字提高,
你要把機會給出去。
維:是的,有三個人曾經
下潛到太平洋的底部。
07:16
VV: Yeah, three people have dived
to the bottom of the Pacific Ocean.
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的里雅斯特號
在 1960 年帶了兩個人。
07:19
The USS Trieste in 1960
with two individuals.
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07:21
James Cameron in 2012
with his Deep Sea Challenger --
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還有 2012 年詹姆士柯麥隆
搭乘深海挑戰者號——
謝謝,詹姆士,很棒的潛艇。
07:24
thank you, Jim, great sub.
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07:25
This is a third-generation technology.
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這是第三代科技。
07:27
We're not only going to try and go down,
actually in two weeks,
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兩週後,我們不只要試著下潛,
07:30
but we're going to try
and do it multiple times,
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我們還要試著下潛很多次,
以前沒有人做過。
07:32
which has never been done before.
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若能成功,我們就能證明這項科技,
07:34
If we can do that,
we'll have proven the technology
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07:36
and that door will not just go open,
it will stay open.
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且那扇門不僅會被打開,
還會一直開著。
07:39
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
07:42
DB: Fantastic. Good luck.
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大:太棒了。祝順利。
維:非常謝謝。
大:謝謝你。
07:44
VV: Thank you very much.
DB: Thank you.
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維:謝謝大家。
07:46
VV: Thank you all.
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07:47
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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