Kent Larson: Brilliant designs to fit more people in every city

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

譯者: Regina Chu 審譯者: Yuguo Zhang

I thought I would start with a very brief history of cities.

我想我應該簡短地從

城市的發展歷史開始說起

Settlements typically began with people clustered around a well,

村落通常以

一群人圍著一口井開始，而村落的大小

and the size of that settlement was roughly the distance you could walk

大約是你能頂著一壺水回家

with a pot of water on your head.

所能負荷的距離

事實上，舉個例子來說，如果你飛越德國

In fact, if you fly over Germany, for example,

and you look down and you see these hundreds of little villages,

俯瞰地面時你會看到上百個

小小的村莊，而各村莊間隔約一哩遠

they're all about a mile apart.

You needed easy access to the fields.

你必須能方便的到田裡工作

過去數百年，甚至是過去數千年

And for hundreds, even thousands of years,

the home was really the center of life.

家就是生活的中心

Life was very small for most people.

對大部分的人們而言，生活範圍很小

It was a center of entertainment, of energy production, of work,

家就是娛樂中心，能源生產中心，

工作中心，照護中心

a center of health care.

那裡也是寶寶出生、親人去世的地方

That's where babies were born and people died.

Then, with industrialization, everything started to become centralized.

之後，隨著工業革命發展，所有的東西

都開始集中化

You had dirty factories that were moved to the outskirts of cities.

骯髒的工廠移到

城市外圍

Production was centralized in assembly plants.

貨物集中在裝配工廠中製造

You had centralized energy production.

能源生產也集中化

Learning took place in schools.

學習要到學校。醫療照護

Health care took place in hospitals.

則移到了醫院

然後各式網路發展起來

And then you had networks that developed.

You had water, sewer networks

送水及污水渠道使人們

that allowed for this kind of unchecked expansion.

得以無限制擴張領域

You had separated functions, increasingly.

分工現象愈來愈多

You had rail networks

火車把住宅區

that connected residential, industrial, commercial areas.

工業區及商業區連起來。你也有了公路系統

You had auto networks.

In fact, the model was really, give everybody a car,

事實上，過去的模式的確是給每人一輛車

build roads to everything,

造公路到每個地方，而且讓人們到了目的地後

and give people a place to park when they get there.

有個地方可以停車。這並不是功能很好的模式

It was not a very functional model.

And we still live in that world,

但我們仍然生活在這樣的模式裡

and this is what we end up with.

而這就是這種發展模式的結果

So you have the sprawl of LA,

這是向四面八方無限蔓延的洛杉磯市

the sprawl of Mexico City.

向四面八方無限蔓延的墨西哥市

You have these unbelievable new cities in China,

還有這些令人難以置信的中國新都市

which you might call tower sprawl.

你或許可以稱這些為向天空無限蔓延的巨塔

They're all building cities

他們正以我們在50及60年代所發展的模式

on the model that we invented in the '50s and '60s,

來建造都市，我要說這模式真的很過時了

which is really obsolete, I would argue,

and there are hundreds and hundreds of new cities

而全球還有成百上千的

that are being planned all over the world.

新都市開發計劃

In China alone, 300 million people, some say 400 million people,

僅在中國，就有三億人口

有人說是四億人口

will move to the city over the next 15 years.

會在未來15年內遷徙到都市

這意味著中國要在15年內

That means building the equivalent

of the entire built infrastructure of the US in 15 years.

建立相當於美國整體的基礎建設

Imagine that.

可以想像嗎？

And we should all care about this whether you live in cities or not.

我們都應該對此關心

不論你住在都市與否

Cities will account for 90 percent of the population growth,

都市要對90%的人口成長

80 percent of the global CO2, 75 percent of energy use,

80%的全球二氧化碳排放量，75%的能源使用負責任

但同時，都市也是人們

but at the same time it's where people want to be,

increasingly.

愈來愈想去的地方

More than half the people now in the world live in cities,

現在，全球一半以上的人住在都市裡

and that will just continue to escalate.

而且人數還會逐步上升

Cities are places of celebration, personal expression.

都市是歡慶、表達個人的地方

你有快閃族在打枕頭仗—

You have the flash mobs of pillow fights that --

我去參加過幾次。還挺好玩的。（笑聲）

I've been to a couple. They're quite fun.

You have --

你有—（笑聲）

(Laughter)

Cities are where most of the wealth is created,

都市也是創造大部份財富的地方

and particularly in the developing world, it's where women find opportunities.

特別是在開發中國家

在那裡女人有很多機會。這也是

That's a lot of the reason why cities are growing very quickly.

都市成長如此快速的主要原因

Now there's some trends that will impact cities.

那麼，有一些趨勢會影響都市發展

First of all, work is becoming distributed and mobile.

首先，工作變得分散並且機動性高

The office building is basically obsolete for doing private work.

在辦公大樓內做私人工作

基本上已經過時了

The home, once again, because of distributed computation --

「家」再度因為分散式計算，即通訊設備

Communication is becoming a center of life,

而變成生活的中心

so it's a center of production and learning and shopping and health care

所以家是製造、學習、購物

醫療，及其他我們原本已經習慣

and all of these things that we used to think of

要在家以外發生的事情的中心

as taking place outside of the home.

而且人們想辦法把買的每一樣物品

And increasingly, everything that people buy,

every consumer product,

每一種消費產品個人化的現象

in one way or another, can be personalized.

也愈來愈多

And that's a very important trend to think about.

這是值得思考的重要趨勢

So this is my image of the city of the future.

所以這是我想像中的未來城市的樣子

（笑聲）

(Laughter)

In that it's a place for people, you know.

因為都市是一個「人」的地方，你知道

Maybe not the way people dress, but --

大家大概不會穿成這樣，但是 --

You know, the question now is,

你知道真正的問題是我們要如何

how can we have all the good things that we identify with cities

保有我們認為都市應該有的好東西

without all the bad things?

而除去那些不好的事情？

This is Bangalore.

這是班加羅爾。去年我在那裡要花好幾個小時

It took me a couple of hours to get a few miles in Bangalore last year.

才能在班加羅爾街上移動數哩遠

So with cities, you also have congestion and pollution

所以有了都市，你也就有了交通阻塞及汙染

and disease and all these negative things.

疾病，及那些不好的東西

How can we have the good stuff without the bad?

我們要如何去蕪存菁？

所以我們回溯歷史，並且開始研究那些

So we went back and started looking at the great cities

that evolved before the cars.

在汽車發展前就很偉大的城市

Paris was a series of these little villages that came together,

巴黎是由一系列的小村莊

組合起來的，至今你仍然能看到這個結構

and you still see that structure today.

巴黎的20區

The 20 arrondissements of Paris are these little neighborhoods.

就是由這些小社區組成的

人們生活所需的大部分物品

Most of what people need in life can be within a five- or 10-minute walk.

都能在步行5到10分鐘之內買到

And if you look at the data, when you have that kind of a structure,

如果你研究一下數據，你會發現在巴黎

因為這樣的組成結構，你會看到分佈平均的

you get a very even distribution

of the shops and the physicians and the pharmacies

商店、診所及藥局

and the cafes in Paris.

及餐館

And then you look at cities that evolved after the automobile,

然後你看看那些在車子發明之後

才發展出的城市，不走這種模式

and it's not that kind of a pattern.

There's very little that's within a five-minute walk

大部份像匹茲堡這樣的地方，很少有

步行五分鐘之內能到的商店

of most areas of places like Pittsburgh.

Not to pick on Pittsburgh,

我不是故意要挑匹茲堡，但是大部分的美國城市

but most American cities really have evolved this way.

的確是以這種模式發展

所以我們說，我們會，讓我們看看新都市

So we said, well, let's look at new cities,

and we're involved in a couple of new city projects in China.

目前我們正參與幾個中國的都市發展計劃

So we said, let's start with that neighborhood cell.

所以我們說，讓我們從發展細胞社區開始

我們把這視為小型的都會細胞社區

We think of it as a compact urban cell.

它在步行20分鐘地區內

So provide most of what most people want within that 20-minute walk.

提供多數人想要的東西

This can also be a resilient electrical microgrid,

這同時也是一個動態輸電微網

community heating, power, communication networks, etc.

社區暖氣供應站、電力供應站、通訊網路站

can be concentrated there.

等等設施都可以集中在此

Stewart Brand would put a micronuclear reactor

（美國環保運動先驅）斯圖爾特•布蘭德可能會放一個

right in the center, probably.

微核子反應器在這個小細胞的中心（笑聲）

And he might be right.

很有可能喔！

And then we can form, in effect, a mesh network.

如此我們可以形成一個實際網狀網路

It's something of an Internet typology pattern,

很像網際網路類型學的模式

so you can have a series of these neighborhoods.

所以你可以有一系列這樣子的小社區

You can dial up the density --

你可以增加細胞社區人口密度--如果是劍橋，

about 20,000 people per cell, if it's Cambridge.

就增大到可容納二萬人。如果是曼哈頓

Go up to 50,000 if it's Manhattan density.

就增大到五萬人。你把所有的東西

You connect everything with mass transit

用大眾運輸連起來，而且你在細胞社區內提供

and you provide most of what most people need within that neighborhood.

大多數人所需之物品

You can begin to develop a whole typology of streetscapes

你可以開始發展一整套街道景觀類型學

and the vehicles that can go on them.

並且設定什麼車子可以通過。我不要講所有細節

I won't go through all of them. I'll just show one.

我舉一個例就好

This is Boulder. It's a great example of kind of a mobility parkway,

這是博爾德市。這是個「移動林蔭大道」的好例子

一條給慢跑者及單車客的「高速公路」

a superhighway for joggers and bicyclists,

讓你可以從城市的這一端走到另一端

where you can go from one end of the city to the other

without crossing the street,

不需要穿越馬路，而且他們還有個單車共享計劃

and they also have bike-sharing, which I'll get into in a minute.

等一下我會談這個

在南韓首爾這個解決方案更有趣

This is even a more interesting solution

in Seoul, Korea.

They took the elevated highway, they got rid of it,

他們把原有的高架道路拆掉

復原地面街道，在底下的暗渠變為明渠

they reclaimed the street, the river down below,

below the street,

所以河流在街道底下，你可以從首爾的這一端

and you can go from one end of Seoul to the other

走到另一端，不用穿過車道

without crossing a pathway for cars.

曼哈頓的 Highline（重整廢棄高架鐵道）也很類似

The High Line in Manhattan is very similar.

這些快速興起的自行車道

You have these rapidly emerging bike lanes all over the world.

I lived in Manhattan for 15 years.

在全世界盛行。我曾在曼哈頓住過15年

I went back a couple of weekends ago,

前幾個星期我回去看了一下，照了這張照片

took this photograph of these fabulous new bike lanes that they have installed.

他們蓋了幾條非常棒的新自行車道

They're still not to where Copenhagen is,

但是仍然比不上哥本哈根，在那裡

where something like 42 percent of the trips within the city

大約百分之四十二的城內旅行

are by bicycle.

是騎腳踏車完成。主要是因為他們有

It's mostly just because they have fantastic infrastructure there.

非常棒的基礎建設

We actually did exactly the wrong thing in Boston.

我們其實也在波士頓作了件同樣的蠢事

The Big Dig --

我們--這個「大隧道計畫」（Big Dig）--（笑聲）

(Laughter)

So we got rid of the highway but we created a traffic island,

所以我們把高速公路拆掉，卻蓋了一個安全島

很肯定這條「移動大道」除了車以外，沒有東西

and it's certainly not a mobility pathway for anything other than cars.

能在上面移動

Mobility on demand is something we've been thinking about,

「隨選自由行」是我們一直在想的東西

所以我們認為我們需要一個生態系統

so we think we need an ecosystem of these shared-use vehicles

把這些共享車輛與大眾運輸系統連起來

connected to mass transit.

These are some of the vehicles that we've been working on.

這些是我們一直在設計的車輛種類

但是真正的關鍵是共享。如果你有一部車

But shared use is really key.

If you share a vehicle, you can have at least four people use one vehicle,

你可以讓至少四人乘坐

as opposed to one.

而不是一個人開

We have Hubway here in Boston, the Vélib' system in Paris.

在波士頓我們有Hubway；在巴黎叫Vélib' （均為單車共享租用計劃）

我們在麻省理工的媒體實驗室計劃這個小小的

We've been developing, at the Media Lab, this little city car

車子，專門設計給都市人共享

that is optimized for shared use in cities.

We got rid of all the useless things like engines and transmissions.

我們把那些沒用的東西拿掉，像是引擎

排檔等等。我們把所有的東西都移到輪子上

We moved everything to the wheels,

so you have the drive motor,

所以驅動馬達、駕駛馬達

the steering motor, the breaking -- all in the wheel.

還有剎車都在輪子上

That left the chassis unencumbered, so you can do things like fold,

這樣底盤就不受限制。你可以做像是

摺疊這樣的事，所以你可以把這個小車子折起來

so you can fold this little vehicle up to occupy a tiny little footprint.

這樣就只佔一個小小的空間

This was a video that was on European television last week

這是上星期在歐洲電視上放的一段影片

showing the Spanish Minister of Industry driving this little vehicle,

展示西班牙工業部長

駕駛這個小車，這個車折起來後還會轉圈圈

and when it's folded, it can spin.

You don't need reverse. You don't need parallel parking.

你不需要預訂，不需要路邊停車

You just spin and go directly in.

你只要轉一轉它然後直直停進去（笑聲）

(Laughter)

所以我們一直在與一家公司合作

So we've been working with a company to commercialize this.

要量產上市這部車。我的博士班學生秦來恩（Ryan Chin）曾在

My PhD student Ryan Chin presented these early ideas

二年前的TEDx研討會上發表過本計畫早期的發展

two years ago at a TEDx conference.

So what's interesting is,

所以有趣的是，如果你開始在上面

then if you begin to add new things to it, like autonomy,

加新東西，像是自動化程式，你下了車

you get out of the car, you park at your destination,

你停在你的目的地後，拍拍它的屁股

you pat it on the butt, it goes and it parks itself, it charges itself,

它可以自己去停車，還會自己充電

and you can get something like seven times as many vehicles

你可以讓比原來多七倍的車輛

停在一個普通停車場裡

in a given area as conventional cars,

and we think this is the future.

而我們認為這是未來的展望。其實今天就可以這麼做

Actually, we could do this today. It's not really a problem.

這真的不是什麼問題

我們可以結合共享、折疊及自動化

We can combine shared use and folding and autonomy

and we get something like 28 times the land utilization

使用這種策略我們可以

with that kind of strategy.

讓土地使用增加28倍

One of our graduate students then says,

然後我們有一個研究生說，嗯

well, how does a driverless car communicate with pedestrians?

一部無人駕駛的車子要怎麼跟行人溝通？

You have nobody to make eye contact with.

沒人在上面跟你眼神接觸

You don't know if it's going to run you over.

你不知道這玩意是不是要輾過你

所以他在發展一些策略，讓這部車子可以

So he's developing strategies

so the vehicle can communicate with pedestrians, so --

跟行人溝通，所以 --（笑聲）

(Laughter)

So the headlights are eyeballs, the pupils can dilate,

所以車頭燈是眼珠，瞳孔會放大

we have directional audio, we can throw sound directly at people.

我們有定向的音訊，可以直接對著人

播放聲音

What I love about this project

我喜歡這個計劃，因為他未雨稠繆

is he solved a problem that doesn't exist yet, so --

這問題基本上還不存在。所以（笑聲）

(Laughter)

（笑聲）（掌聲）

We also think that we can democratize access to bike lanes.

我們也認為這種車可以讓自行車道的使用更民主化

You know, bike lanes are mostly used by young guys in stretchy pants. So --

你知道，自行車道的使用者大部分都是年輕人

穿著緊身褲，你知道，所以 --（笑聲）

(Laughter)

We think we can develop a vehicle that operates on bike lanes,

我們認為我們可以發展一種車子

accessible to elderly and disabled, women in skirts, businesspeople,

可以在單車道上駕駛，老人及殘障者皆可使用

穿裙子的女人、商人都可以，並且同時解決

and address the issues of energy congestion, mobility,

能源擁塞、行動力、老化及肥胖問題

aging and obesity simultaneously.

那是我們的挑戰

That's our challenge.

This is an early design for this little three-wheel.

這是這個小三輪車的原型

It's an electronic bike.

它是輛電動單車，你得踩踏板

You have to pedal to operate it in a bike lane,

才能在騎在單車道上，但如果你是位老人家

but if you're an older person, that's a switch.

那裡有個開關轉成電動。如果你很健康

If you're a healthy person, you might have to work really hard to go fast.

你得非常努力的踩才能騎快

You can dial in 40 calories going into work

你可以設定去上班時消耗40卡

and 500 going home, when you can take a shower.

回家時500卡，因為回家可以洗澡

我們希望能在這個秋天製造出來

We hope to have that built this fall.

住宅是另一個還有進步空間的地方

Housing is another area where we can really improve.

波士頓市長馬尼諾說，缺乏年輕人買的起的房子

Mayor Menino in Boston says

lack of affordable housing for young people

是本市面臨的最大困難

is one of the biggest problems the city faces.

之一

都市計畫的人回應說，好啊，我們來蓋一些小小的公寓

Developers say, OK, we'll build little teeny apartments.

買房的人則說，我們真的不想住在小小的

People say, we don't really want to live in a little teeny conventional apartment.

普通公寓裡

所以我們主張，讓我們蓋一些標準化的屋殼

So we're saying, let's build a standardized chassis,

much like our car.

就像剛剛那部車，然後我們把最先進科技

Let's bring advanced technology into the apartment,

打造的內裝放入公寓中

technology-enabled infill,

讓大家在這個開放式建築的殼裡

give people the tools within this open-loft chassis

想想什麼是他們所需的物品

to go through a process of defining

what their needs and values and activities are,

價值觀及活動，然後

and then a matching algorithm will match a unique assembly

一套電腦演算法會配合打造出一組獨有的裝配線

of integrated infill components,

將各式內裝元件、家俱、及櫥櫃套入這個殼內

furniture, and cabinetry, that are personalized to that individual,

形成爲個人打造的專屬空間，他們

and they give them the tools

還有工具可以繼續不斷修正

to go through the process and to refine it,

and it's something like working with an architect,

這就好比你與建築師合作

where the dialogue starts

在一開始談計劃的時候就給個

when you give an alternative to a person to react to.

替代方案讓顧客想想

對我們而言，實行這套方法最有趣的就是

Now, the most interesting implementation of that for us

is when you can begin to have robotic walls,

當你可以擁有「機器人牆」的時候。所以

so your space can convert from exercise to a workplace,

假設你開了一間虛擬公司，這些「機器人牆」

if you run a virtual company.

會把你的空間從運動房轉變成辦公室

你會有客人來訪，所以就設定好

You have guests over,

you have two guest rooms that are developed.

你要兩間客房

You have a conventional one-bedroom arrangement

但你也需要一間傳統的

when you need it.

一房公寓。或許大部分時間都維持這樣。

Maybe that's most of the time.

你邀請朋友來吃晚餐時，餐桌就打開

You have a dinner party.

The table folds out to fit 16 people in otherwise a conventional one-bedroom,

讓16人都坐的下

or maybe you want a dance studio.

說不定你想要一間舞蹈室

I mean, architects have been thinking about these ideas for a long time.

我的意思是建築師在想這些點子

已經想了很久。我們現在要做的就是

What we need to do now,

發展可以擴展到讓想要住在都市裡的

develop things that can scale to those 300 million Chinese people

這三億中國人

that would like to live in the city, and very comfortably.

能住的很舒服的東西

We think we can make a very small apartment

我們認為我們可以使用這些策略

that functions as if it's twice as big by utilizing these strategies.

讓一間非常小的公寓裡面的功能

如同二倍大的公寓般。我不相信所謂智慧型住家

I don't believe in smart homes. That's sort of a bogus concept.

這是沒有意義的虛假概念

I think you have to build dumb homes and put smart stuff in it.

我認為你必須建造非常陽春的屋子

然後把智慧型的物品放在裡面。（笑聲）

(Laughter)

所以我們已經開始發展這種牆的殼

And so we've been working on a chassis of the wall itself.

You know, standardized platform

你知道，標準化的平台，配備各式馬達

with the motors and the battery when it operates,

裝上電池以利運轉，小的電磁閥

little solenoids that will lock it in place and get low-voltage power.

可以鎖定到位，產生低電壓電源等等

We think this can all be standardized,

我們認為這些都可以標準化，所以大家

and then people can personalize the stuff that goes into that wall,

能針對不同需求將物品個人化，嵌在那面牆上

and like the car, we can integrate all kinds of sensing

就像那部車，我們可以把各樣的感應器整合起來

to be aware of human activity,

能注意到人類活動，所以如果有個嬰兒

so if there's a baby or a puppy in the way,

或一隻小狗在路中間擋路，你也不會撞上他。（笑聲）

you won't have a problem.

(Laughter)

So the developers say, well, this is great.

所以都市計畫的人說，嗯，這很棒，很好

OK, so if we have a conventional building, we have a fixed envelope,

所以如果我們有一棟普通的建築

容積就這麼大，大概可以放14間公寓

maybe we can put in 14 units.

If they function as if they're twice as big,

如果他們真的能發揮兩倍大的功能

we can get 28 units in.

我們可以放28間公寓

That means twice as much parking, though.

這意味著你也需要兩倍停車位

Parking's really expensive.

蓋停車場真的很貴，在大樓裡蓋一座

It's about 70,000 dollars per space

普通的停車場，一個車格大約要

to build a conventional parking spot inside a building.

美金七萬元

所以如果你可以使用摺疊及自動化的觀念

So if you can have folding and autonomy,

you can do that in one-seventh of the space.

你可以僅使用七分之一的車格來停車

That goes down to 10,000 dollars per car,

這樣讓每部車所需的費用下降到美金一萬元

just for the cost of the parking.

這還只是停車場的費用

You add shared use, and you can even go further.

再加上共享觀念你的費用可以省更多

We can also integrate all kinds of advanced technology

我們也可以把所有先進科技透過這一過程

through this process.

整合起來。這對要將技術帶進家裡的

There's a path to market for innovative companies

新創企業而言是條賺錢的康莊大道

to bring technology into the home.

In this case, a project we're doing with Siemens.

這個部分，我們正與西門子合作一個計畫

We have sensors on all the furniture, all the infill,

我們在所有的家俱及內裝上都裝上感應器

that understands where people are and what they're doing.

以偵測人在哪裡活動，以及他們在做什麼

藍光非常有效率，所以我們裝上這些可調光量的

Blue light is very efficient,

so we have these tunable 24-bit LED lighting fixtures.

24-比特 全彩LED照明設備

它可以感應到人在哪裡，以及他在那裡做什麼

It recognizes where the person is, what they're doing,

必要時把燈光全打亮，成為全光譜白光

fills out the light when necessary to full spectrum white light,

如此我們認為會比最先進的傳統照明設備

and saves maybe 30, 40 percent in energy consumption, we think,

節省大約百分之30到40的

over even conventional state-of-the-art lighting systems.

能源消耗

This just shows you the data that comes from the sensors

這裡只展示了來自

that are embedded in the furniture.

家俱上的感應器的數據

We don't really believe in cameras to do things in homes.

我們不認為攝影機能在家裡做這些事

We think these little wireless sensors are more effective.

我們認為這些小小的無線感應器更有效

We think we can also personalize sunlight.

我們甚至認為我們可以把陽光個人化

That's sort of the ultimate personalization in some ways.

這在某種程度可稱是最佳個人化的範例

所以我們看上了在建築物立面裝可伸縮鏡子的方法

So we've looked at articulating mirrors of the facade

that can throw shafts of sunlight anywhere into the space,

如此可以投射陽光在房內任何一個地方

therefore allowing you to shade most of the glass

所以像今天這樣的大熱天，你可以把大多數的窗戶

on a hot day like today.

遮起來

In this case, she picks up her phone,

在這裡她利用電話，告訴電腦她將在

she can map food preparation at the kitchen island

在廚房中島上準備食物，同時投射陽光在一個設定的

to a particular location of sunlight.

位置。只要她繼續從事這個活動

An algorithm will keep it in that location as long as she's engaged in that activity.

電腦運算就會讓光束繼續停留在那個位置

This can be combined with LED lighting as well.

這也可以與LED照明結合

我們認為工作場所應該是共享公用的

We think workplaces should be shared.

I mean, this is really the workplace of the future, I think.

我真的認為這是未來的工作場所

This is Starbucks, you know.

這其實是星巴客，你知道的（笑聲）

Maybe a third --

可能三分之一的人吧 — 你看每一個人都背靠著牆

And you see everybody has their back to the wall

走過去就有食物和咖啡

and they have food and coffee down the way

他們都沉浸在自己的小小空間裡

and they're in their own little personal bubble.

We need shared spaces for interaction and collaboration.

我們需要共享的空間以互動及合作

We're not doing a very good job with that.

在這方面我們沒有做的很好

At the Cambridge Innovation Center, you can have shared desks.

在波士頓劍橋新創中心，你跟大家

公用桌子。我曾在芬蘭的阿爾託大學 (Aalto University)

I've spent a lot of time in Finland at the design factory of Aalto University,

設計工廠待了很長的時間

where the they have a shared shop and shared fab lab, shared quiet spaces,

在那裡他們共用車間，共用晶圓實驗室

共用休息室

electronics spaces, recreation places.

電器房

以及娛樂間

We think ultimately, all of this stuff can come together,

我們認為最終這些東西都可以湊在一起

a new model for mobility, a new model for housing,

產生一種新的「可移動空間」模式，新的住宅模式

a new model for how we live and work,

新的生活及工作模式

a path to market for advanced technologies.

提供最新科技一條賺錢的路

But in the end, the main thing we need to focus on are people.

但最終我們要注意一件最主要的事

就是人。都市是「人」組成的

Cities are all about people.

They're places for people.

他們是人待的地方

我們沒有理由不能明顯地改善

There's no reason why we can't dramatically improve

the livability and creativity of cities

都市的可住性及創造力。就像墨爾本

like they've done in Melbourne with the laneways

他們有很多徒步巷道

while at the same time dramatically reducing CO2 and energy.

同時顯著地節能減碳

It's a global imperative. We have to get this right.

這是全球的當務之急。我們一定要搞清楚

Thank you.

謝謝（掌聲）

(Applause)