Why I still have hope for coral reefs | Kristen Marhaver

84,486 views ・ 2017-08-11

TED


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譯者: Marssi Draw 審譯者: Regina Chu
00:12
The first time I cried underwater
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我第一次在水底哭
00:15
was in 2008,
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是 2008 年的時候,
00:16
the island of Curaçao,
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我在古拉索島,
00:18
way down in the southern Caribbean.
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在遙遠的加勒比海南端。
00:20
It's beautiful there.
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那邊很美。
00:22
I was studying these corals for my PhD,
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當時我在攻讀博士研究珊瑚,
00:25
and after days and days of diving on the same reef,
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日復一日潛水到同一塊礁上,
00:27
I had gotten to know them as individuals.
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讓我對它們都瞭若指掌。
00:29
I had made friends with coral colonies --
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我和珊瑚群交朋友──
00:32
totally a normal thing to do.
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這可一點也不奇怪。
00:35
Then, Hurricane Omar smashed them apart and ripped off their skin,
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後來奧馬爾颶風讓牠們 四分五裂、體無完膚,
00:39
leaving little bits of wounded tissue that would have a hard time healing,
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留下一丁點受了傷的組織, 得花時間辛苦療養,
00:44
and big patches of dead skeleton that would get overgrown by algae.
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大片死亡的骨架上會長滿水藻。
00:48
When I saw this damage for the first time,
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第一次看到災情
00:50
stretching all the way down the reef,
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遍及珊瑚礁深處的時候,
00:52
I sunk onto the sand in my scuba gear
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穿著潛水肺裝站在沙上的我
00:53
and I cried.
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哭了。
00:55
If a coral could die that fast,
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如果珊瑚死的速度這麼快,
00:57
how could a reef ever survive?
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礁怎麼能撐得過來?
01:00
And why was I making it my job to try to fight for them?
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而我又為什麼要試圖為它們奮戰?
01:03
I never heard another scientist tell that kind of story
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直到去年我才聽到其他科學家說
01:06
until last year.
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這類的故事。
01:08
A scientist in Guam wrote,
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一位在關島的科學家寫信給我:
01:10
"I cried right into my mask,"
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「我在面罩裡哭了,」
01:12
seeing the damage on the reefs.
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因為我看到了那些珊瑚礁的傷痕。
01:15
Then a scientist in Australia wrote,
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另一位澳洲科學家寫:
01:17
"I showed my students the results of our coral surveys,
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「我讓學生看我們研究珊瑚的結果,
01:20
and we wept."
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大家都落淚了。」
01:22
Crying about corals is having a moment, guys.
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各位,為珊瑚哭泣現在正是時候。
01:25
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:26
And that's because reefs in the Pacific
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那是因為太平洋的礁
01:28
are losing corals faster than we've ever seen before.
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以前所未有的速度流失珊瑚。
01:31
Because of climate change,
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因為氣候變遷,
01:32
the water is so hot for so long in the summers,
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海水在夏天太熱太久,
01:35
that these animals can't function normally.
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以致於這些動物無法正常運作。
01:38
They're spitting out the colored algae that lives in their skin,
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牠們吐出住在牠們身上的有色海藻,
01:41
and the clear bleached tissue that's left usually starves to death
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而留下的白化組織通常會餓死,
01:46
and then rots away.
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然後腐爛。
01:48
Then the skeletons are overgrown by algae.
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接著骨架上就會長滿海藻。
01:51
This is happening over an unbelievable scale.
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這種情況以不可思議的程度 一直在發生。
01:54
The Northern Great Barrier Reef lost two-thirds of its corals last year
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北大堡礁去年失去三分之二的珊瑚,
01:58
over a distance of hundreds of miles,
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總長好幾百哩,
02:00
then bleached again this year,
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今年又再度發生白化,
02:02
and the bleaching stretched further south.
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而且蔓延到南部了。
02:05
Reefs in the Pacific are in a nosedive right now,
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太平洋珊瑚礁的情況一落千丈,
02:08
and no one knows how bad it's going to get,
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沒人知道之後會多慘,
02:10
except ...
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除了……
02:12
over in the Caribbean where I work,
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我工作的地方加勒比海,
02:14
we've already been through the nosedive.
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我們已經撐過谷底。
02:16
Reefs there have suffered through centuries of intense human abuse.
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那裡的珊瑚礁百年來 飽受人類摧殘。
02:20
We kind of already know how the story goes.
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我們大概知道 故事會怎麼發展下去。
02:23
And we might be able to help predict what happens next.
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我們也許可以協助預測 下一步會發生什麼事。
02:27
Let's consult a graph.
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我們來看個圖表。
02:32
Since the invention of scuba,
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自從潛水肺發明之後,
02:33
scientists have measured the amount of coral on the seafloor,
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科學家測量海底珊瑚數量,
02:36
and how it's changed through time.
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以及日後的變化。
02:39
And after centuries of ratcheting human pressure,
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經過幾個世紀 日益加遽的人類壓力,
02:41
Caribbean reefs met one of three fates.
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加勒比海珊瑚礁面臨了三種命運:
02:44
Some reefs lost their corals very quickly.
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有些礁快速失去珊瑚;
02:49
Some reefs lost their corals more slowly,
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有些礁失去珊瑚的速度慢一點,
02:52
but kind of ended up in the same place.
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但結局差不多一樣。
02:55
OK, so far this is not going very well.
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到目前為止不太樂觀。
02:58
But some reefs in the Caribbean --
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但有些加勒比海珊瑚礁──
03:00
the ones best protected
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被保護得最好的那一些,
03:02
and the ones a little further from humans --
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還有離人類比較遠的那一些,
03:05
they managed to hold onto their corals.
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它們順利保住珊瑚。
03:09
Give us a challenge.
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這帶給了我們挑戰。
03:11
And, we almost never saw a reef hit zero.
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而且我們幾乎沒見過 一塊珊瑚礁片甲不留。
03:16
The second time I cried underwater
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第二次我在水底哭,
03:18
was on the north shore of Curaçao, 2011.
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是 2011 年在古拉索島北岸。
03:22
It was the calmest day of the year,
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那是一年之中最平靜的一天,
03:23
but it's always pretty sketchy diving there.
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但在那邊潛水總是很危險。
03:26
My boyfriend and I swam against the waves.
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我男友和我游向海浪。
03:28
I watched my compass so we could find our way back out,
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我確認指南針, 之後才能找得到回頭路,
03:30
and he watched for sharks,
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他在觀察看有沒有鯊魚,
03:32
and after 20 minutes of swimming that felt like an hour,
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游了二十分鐘之後, 感覺就像游了一小時,
03:35
we finally dropped down to the reef,
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我們終於落在珊瑚礁上,
03:37
and I was so shocked,
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我超驚訝,
03:38
and I was so happy
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而且超開心,
03:40
that my eyes filled with tears.
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讓我熱淚盈眶。
03:43
There were corals 1,000 years old lined up one after another.
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上千年的珊瑚在那裡 一個挨著一個。
03:48
They had survived the entire history of European colonialism in the Caribbean,
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牠們從加勒比海
整個歐洲殖民主義的 歷史中倖存下來,
03:53
and for centuries before that.
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而且在那之前也活了幾個世紀。
03:57
I never knew what a coral could do when it was given a chance to thrive.
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我從來不知道珊瑚有機會 成長茁壯時,牠能做什麼。
04:02
The truth is that even as we lose so many corals,
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事實是即使我們失去這麼多珊瑚,
04:06
even as we go through this massive coral die-off,
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即使我們經歷了大量珊瑚相繼死去,
04:09
some reefs will survive.
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有些珊瑚還是會活下來。
04:11
Some will be ragged on the edge,
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有些邊緣會不平整,
04:13
some will be beautiful.
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有些會很美。
04:15
And by protecting shorelines and giving us food to eat
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珊瑚透過保護海岸線、 供給我們食物
04:18
and supporting tourism,
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和協助觀光業,
04:20
they will still be worth billions and billions of dollars a year.
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未來每年都還是會 提供千百億的價值。
04:24
The best time to protect a reef was 50 years ago,
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保護珊瑚礁最好的時機點 是在五十年前,
04:26
but the second-best time is right now.
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第二次則是現在。
04:31
Even as we go through bleaching events,
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即使我們經歷的白化事件
04:33
more frequent and in more places,
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越來越頻繁也出現在更多地方,
04:35
some corals will be able to recover.
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有些珊瑚還是能復原。
04:38
We had a bleaching event in 2010 in the Caribbean
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加勒比海在 2010 年 發生過白化事件,
04:41
that took off big patches of skin on boulder corals like these.
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造成巨礫珊瑚的表層 像這樣大面積剝落。
04:46
This coral lost half of its skin.
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這個珊瑚的表面掉了一半。
04:48
But if you look at the side of this coral a few years later,
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但幾年後,如果你看牠的側邊,
04:53
this coral is actually healthy again.
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牠又變健康了。
04:55
It's doing what a healthy coral does.
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牠會跟健康珊瑚做一樣的事。
04:57
It's making copies of its polyps,
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牠會複製珊瑚蟲、
04:59
it's fighting back the algae
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擊退海藻、
05:01
and it's reclaiming its territory.
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收復牠的領土。
05:04
If a few polyps survive,
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如果有些珊瑚蟲活下來,
05:05
a coral can regrow;
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珊瑚可以重生;
05:06
it just needs time and protection and a reasonable temperature.
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牠要的只是時間、 保護和合理的溫度。
05:11
Some corals can regrow in 10 years --
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有些珊瑚可以在十年內復活,
05:13
others take a lot longer.
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有些要很久。
05:14
But the more stresses we take off them locally --
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只要我們在當地減輕牠們越多壓力,
05:17
things like overfishing, sewage pollution, fertilizer pollution,
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像是過度捕撈、 污水污染、肥料污染、
05:21
dredging, coastal construction --
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拖撈網、海岸工程等,
05:23
the better they can hang on as we stabilize the climate,
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牠們就能在我們穩定氣候時撐下來,
05:26
and the faster they can regrow.
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也就能更快重生。
05:29
And as we go through the long, tough and necessary process
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我們在採取漫長、艱辛和必要的程序
05:33
of stabilizing the climate of planet Earth,
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來穩定地球氣候的同時,
05:36
some new corals will still be born.
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部分新珊瑚還會繼續誕生。
05:39
This is what I study in my research.
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這是我的研究。
05:41
We try to understand how corals make babies,
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我們試著了解珊瑚怎麼生小孩,
05:44
and how those babies find their way to the reef,
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還有這些小孩怎麼找到珊瑚礁,
05:46
and we invent new methods to help them survive
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我們發明了一種方法,
協助牠們在生命 早期脆弱的階段中存活下來。
05:49
those early, fragile life stages.
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05:51
One of my favorite coral babies of all time
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我一直以來最愛的珊瑚寶寶
05:54
showed up right after Hurricane Omar.
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在奧馬爾颶風來襲後出現。
05:56
It's the same species I was studying before the storm,
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那和我在風暴前研究的是同一種,
05:59
but you almost never see babies of this species --
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但一般幾乎看不到這一種的寶寶,
06:02
it's really rare.
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因為牠們真的非常稀有。
06:03
This is actually an endangered species.
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牠們真的是瀕危物種。
06:06
In this photo, this little baby coral, this little circle of polyps,
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在這張照片裡,這個小珊瑚寶寶,
這一小團珊瑚蟲,
06:09
is a few years old.
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有幾歲大。
06:11
Like its cousins that bleach,
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牠們像白化的表親一樣
06:13
it's fighting back the algae.
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擊退海藻。
06:14
And like its cousins on the north shore,
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像牠們的在北岸的表親,
06:16
it's aiming to live for 1,000 years.
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打算要活一千年。
06:21
What's happening in the world and in the ocean
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世界上和海裡發生的事,
06:23
has changed our time horizon.
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會改變我們時程。
06:26
We can be incredibly pessimistic on the short term,
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短期內我們可能會非常悲觀,
06:29
and mourn what we lost
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哀悼我們失去的
06:30
and what we really took for granted.
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和我們過去視為理所當然的一切。
06:34
But we can still be optimistic on the long term,
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但長期來看我們還是能保持樂觀,
06:36
and we can still be ambitious about what we fight for
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我們還是可以對我們要爭取的,
06:39
and what we expect from our governments,
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以及對政府和地球的期望
06:42
from our planet.
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懷有雄心壯志。
06:44
Corals have been living on planet Earth for hundreds of millions of years.
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珊瑚已經在地球上生存數十億年。
06:48
They survived the extinction of the dinosaurs.
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牠們在恐龍絕跡的時候活了下來。
06:50
They're badasses.
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牠們是壞蛋。
06:52
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
06:53
An individual coral can go through tremendous trauma and fully recover
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一個珊瑚能在經歷 重大創傷後完全復原,
06:58
if it's given a chance and it's given protection.
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只要牠有機會並且得到保護。
07:02
Corals have always been playing the long game,
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珊瑚一直都打長久戰,
07:05
and now so are we.
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現在我們也是。
07:07
Thanks very much.
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非常感謝。
07:08
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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