R.A. Mashelkar: Breakthrough designs for ultra-low-cost products

45,966 views ・ 2010-10-27

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Yan Chen 校对人员: Gao Popol
00:15
The big residual
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大量的剩余物质
00:17
is always value for money.
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确实能创造很多价值和金钱。
00:19
All the time we are trying to get value for money.
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我们一直在为财富而获取价值
00:22
What we don't look for
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而没有去试着
00:24
is value for many,
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为大众创造价值
00:26
while we are generating value for money.
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当我们在为财富创造价值的时候
00:29
Do we care about those four billion people
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我们有们有考虑到有那么四十亿人口
00:31
whose income levels are less than two dollars a day,
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那些日收入水平不超过两美元
00:33
the so-called bottom of the pyramid?
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被称为“金字塔”底层的人们
00:36
What are the challenges in getting value for money
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为财富创造价值
00:39
as well as value for many?
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同时也能为大众创造价值的难处和挑战是什么呢?
00:41
We have described here
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我们会在这里
00:43
in terms of the performance
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就性能
00:45
and the price.
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和价格阐述一下。
00:47
If you have money, of course, you can get the value.
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如果你拥有金钱,当然你也就拥有价值。
00:50
You can get a Mercedes
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你可以以非常高的价格
00:52
for a very high price,
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购买一辆性能优越的
00:54
very high performance.
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奔驰轿车。
00:56
But if you don't have money, what happens?
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但要是你没有钱,会怎样呢?
00:59
Well, you are to ride a bicycle,
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好吧, 那么你骑自行车,
01:01
carrying your own weight and also some other weight,
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承担你自己的重量以及其他的重量,
01:04
so that you can earn the bread for the day.
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然后你才能赚到每天所需的“面包”。
01:07
Well, poor do not remain poor;
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那么,穷人不再贫穷,
01:09
they become lower-middle-class.
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他们开始成为中下阶层。
01:11
And if they do so,
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要是他们这样做下去,
01:13
then, of course, the conditions improve,
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理所当然,一段时间后他们的生活条件会得到提升,
01:15
and they start riding on scooters.
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他们开始骑摩托车。
01:18
But the challenge is, again, they don't get much value,
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但是,同样的问题依然存在,他们没有创造太多的价值,
01:21
because they can't afford anything more than the scooter.
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因为他们不能承担比摩托车再多的了。
01:25
The issue is, at that price,
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问题是,以那样低的价格,
01:27
can you give them some extra value?
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你愿意给他们额外的回报吗?
01:30
A super value,
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只要会开车,
01:32
in terms of their ability to ride in a car,
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就有能力买到一辆价格低
01:34
to get that dignity, to get that safety,
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外观好,安全性高的汽车。
01:37
looks practically impossible, isn't it.
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似乎看起来非常不现实,不是吗?
01:40
Now, this is something
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这是
01:42
that we see on Indian streets
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我们在印度的街头
01:44
all the time.
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可以经常看到的。
01:46
But many people see the same thing
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看到的是同样的东西,
01:48
and think things differently,
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但很多人的想法却不一样,
01:51
and one of them is here, Ratan Tata.
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其中一个就是,Ratan Tata (Tata集团的现任主席)。
01:56
The great thing about our leaders
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领导者之所以伟大,
01:58
is that, should they not only have passion in their belly,
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除了他们的怀中有激情以外,
02:02
which practically all of them have,
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事实上他们都有,
02:04
they're also very innovative.
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也必须是有创新思维的。
02:06
An innovator is one who does not know it cannot be done.
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一个创新者的字典中没有“不可能”
02:09
They believe that things can be done.
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他们相信事情是可以实现的。
02:11
But great leaders like Ratan
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但是像Ratan那样的伟大的领导者,
02:13
have compassion.
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也要有同情心。
02:15
And what you said, Lakshmi, is absolutely true:
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吉祥天女(婆罗门教-印度教的幸福与财富女神)是绝对真实的:
02:17
it's not just Ratan Tata,
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不仅仅是Ratan Tata,
02:19
it's the house of Tatas over time.
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这些年来的Tata集团也是这样。
02:21
Let me confirm what she said.
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让我来证实我们刚刚讲到的。
02:23
Yes, I went barefoot
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事实上,我一直到12岁
02:26
until I was 12.
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都没有鞋穿
02:28
I struggled to [unclear] day
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那些在艰难中奋斗的日子
02:30
was a huge issue.
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是我人生中的一件大事。
02:32
And when I finished my SSC, the eleventh standard,
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当我完成了初中学习,
02:35
I stood eleventh among 125,000 students.
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我在12万5千名学生中排行11.
02:38
But I was about to leave the school,
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但是因为经济状况不好的妈妈无法承受我的学费
02:40
because my poor mother couldn't afford schooling.
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我必须要辍学。
02:42
And it was [unclear] Tata Trust, which gave me six rupees per month,
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这时候,Tata基金会给我每个月6卢布的资助,
02:45
almost a dollar per month for six years.
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将近1美金一个月,持续了6年。
02:48
That's how I'm standing before you.
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这就是为什么我现在可以站在你们面前。
02:50
So that is the House of Tata.
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这就是Tata集团。
02:52
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
02:55
Innovation, compassion and passion.
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创新,怜悯和激情。
02:57
They combine all that.
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他们结合了这些元素。
02:59
And it was that compassion which bothered them,
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同时,同情心也困扰着他们,
03:02
because when he saw -- in fact, he told me about eight or nine years ago
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因为当他看到... 事实上,大概8,,9年前他告诉我
03:05
how he was driving his own car --
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他是怎么驾驶的
03:08
he drives his own car by the way --
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有一天他开着车,
03:11
and he saw in the rain,
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那天下着雨,
03:13
a family like the one that I showed to you
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他看到在路上有一个家庭,就像我刚刚给你们看的一样,
03:15
getting drenched with an infant.
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他们都淋湿了,车上还有一个婴儿。
03:17
And then he said, "Well, I must give them a car that they can afford,
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然后他决定,“我一定要给他们一辆车,一辆他们可以承担的起的车。
03:20
one lakh car, $2,000 car."
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一辆只要2千美金的车。”
03:23
Of course, as soon as you say something like this
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当然,当你说出这些话的时候,
03:25
people say it is impossible,
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人们马上就会说这是不可能的。
03:27
and that's what was said by Suzuki.
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而且这还是由铃木说的。
03:29
He said, oh, probably he is going to build a three-wheeler
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他说,“哦,他可能要制造
03:32
with stepney.
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一台三轮车。”
03:34
And you can see the cartoon here.
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你可以看到这幅漫画。
03:36
Well they didn't build that. They built a proper car. Nano.
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可是他们没有这样做。他们制造了一辆正规的汽车。Nano.
03:40
And mind you, I'm six feet half an inch,
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请留意,我身高1米8,
03:42
Ratan is taller than me,
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Ratan比我还高,
03:44
and we have ample space in the front
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我们仍有富余的空间在车的前部,
03:47
and ample space in the back in this particular car.
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和车的尾部。
03:50
And incredible car.
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这辆特殊的,令人难以置信的车。
03:52
And of course, nothing succeeds like success;
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当然,一事成功,事事顺利;
03:55
the cynics then turned around,
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一个接一个
03:58
and one after the other
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想要改变社会的人出现了。
04:00
they also started saying, "Yes, we also want to make a car in the Nano Segment.
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他们开始说,“我们也想制造Nano这样的汽车。
04:03
We'll manufacture a car in the Nano Segment."
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我们要大批生产Nano这样的汽车。“
04:06
How did this great story unfold,
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Nano诞生的伟大股市
04:09
the making of Nano?
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是怎样展开的呢?
04:11
Let me tell you a bit about it.
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让我告诉你一些事情。
04:13
For example, how we started:
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举个例子,我们是这样开始的:
04:16
Ratan just began with a five-engineer team,
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Ratan正要开始组建一个由五位工程师组成的团队,
04:19
young people in their mid-twenties.
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这些都是二十多岁的年轻人。
04:22
And he said,
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然后他说,
04:24
"Well, I won't define the vehicle for you,
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“好吧,我不会给你限定一辆车,
04:26
but I will define the cost for you.
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但我会限定一个价格。
04:28
It is one lakh, 100,000 rupees,
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10万卢布 (约1万5千人民币),
04:30
and you are to make it within that."
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你们必须在这个价格范围内制造这辆汽车。”
04:32
And he told them,
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他还告诉他们,
04:34
"Question the unquestionable.
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“不要墨守成规。
04:36
Stretch the envelope."
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要极尽你们的想象力。”
04:38
And at a point in time,
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并且在此刻,
04:40
he got so engrossed in the whole challenge,
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他非常专注于这个挑战,
04:42
that he himself became a member of the team.
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所以他自己也成为了团队的一名成员。
04:44
Can you believe it?
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不可思议,是吧?
04:46
I still am told about this story
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还是这个故事,
04:48
of that single wiper design in which he participated.
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他参加汽车的雨刷设计的时候。
04:51
Until midnight, he'd be thinking.
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他一直思考到半夜。
04:53
Early morning he'll be coming back with sort of solutions.
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然后在清早带着解决的方法回来了。
04:56
But who was the team leader?
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但是,谁是团队的领队?
04:58
The team leader was Girish Wagh,
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领队是Girish Wagh,
05:00
a 34 year-old boy in [unclear].
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一个仅仅34岁的男人。
05:02
And the Nano team average age
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Nano团队的平均年龄
05:04
was just 27 years.
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才27岁。
05:06
And they did innovation in design and beyond.
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他们确实在设计中做到了创新和超越。
05:10
Broke many norms of the standard conventions for the first time.
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第一次打破了传统标准中的许多准则。
05:13
For example, that a two-cylinder gas engine
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举一个例子,一个两缸汽油发动机
05:16
was used in a car with a single balancer shaft.
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只用了一个平衡轴。
05:19
Adhesives were replacing the rivets.
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胶黏剂取代着鋶钉。
05:22
There was a co-creation, a huge co-creation,
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这是一次共同创作,一个巨大的
05:25
with vendors and suppliers.
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来自厂商和供应商的共同创作。
05:27
All ideas on board were welcome.
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在这个事情上的所有想法都受到欢迎。
05:29
100 vendors were co-located adjacent to the plant,
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100个厂商驻扎在同一个地方,
05:32
and innovative business models for automobile dealerships were developed.
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开发了创新型的汽车经销模式。
05:35
Imagine that a fellow
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想象一下一个卖衣服的家伙,
05:37
who sells cloth, for example, will be selling Nano.
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举个例子,将要卖汽车。
05:40
I mean, it was incredible innovation.
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这是难以置信的创新。
05:43
Seeking solutions for non-auto sectors.
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去寻求非汽车行业的解决方法。
05:46
It was an open innovation,
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这是一个开放的创新,
05:48
ideas from all over were welcome.
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欢迎来自各界的想法。
05:50
The mechanism of helicopters seats and windows was used, by the way,
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顺便提一下,直升机的座位和窗户的机制,
05:53
as well as a dashboard
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以及仪表板的设计,
05:55
that was inspired by two-wheelers.
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都是被两轮汽车所启发的。
05:57
The fuel lines and lamps
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以及两轮车中的
05:59
were as in two-wheelers.
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燃料管和灯。
06:02
And the crux of the matter was, however,
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事情的关键在于,
06:04
getting more from less.
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如何花费更少而获得更多。
06:07
All the time, you have been given an envelope.
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一直以来,他们都有一个任务,
06:09
You can't cross that envelope,
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你不能违反任务的原则,
06:11
which is 100,000 rupees, 2,000 dollars.
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成本必须低于2千美金。
06:14
And therefore, each component
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所以,每一个原件
06:16
had to have a dual functionality.
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都必须是有双重功效的。
06:19
And the seat riser, for example,
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举个例子,座位的提升器
06:21
serving as a mounting for the seat
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既有着座位的架置作用,
06:23
as well as a structural part
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也是架构中
06:25
of the functional rigidity.
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负责加固的组成部分。
06:27
Half the number of parts
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相比起典型的轿车,
06:29
are contained in Nano
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Nano汽车只包含了
06:31
in comparison to a typical passenger car.
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以往一半数量的组件。
06:34
The length is smaller by eight percent by the way.
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车身长度缩短了百分之八。
06:36
But the current entry-level cars
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但目前的入门级轿车相比,
06:38
in comparison to that is eight percent less,
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Nano缩短了8%的车身长度,
06:40
but 21 percent more inside space.
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却增加百分之二十一的内部空间。
06:45
And what happened
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这确实是真的,
06:47
was that -- more from less --
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不减反增,
06:49
you can see how much more for how much less.
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切切实实的看到哪里增加哪里减少。
06:52
When the Model T was launched --
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当福特T型车发布的时候,
06:54
and this is, by the way, all the figures
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所有的数额
06:56
that are adjusted to 2007 dollar prices --
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都被调整为2007年的价格,
06:59
Model T was 19,700 by Ford.
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福特T型汽车是1万9千7百美元。
07:02
Volkswagon was 11,333.
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大众汽车是11333美元。
07:05
And British Motor was around 11,000.
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英国汽车是大约1万1千美元。
07:08
And Nano was, bang, 2,000 dollars.
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Nano是,2千美元。
07:12
This is why
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这就是为什么
07:14
you started
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他们真正的开创了
07:16
actually a new paradigm shift,
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一个新的模范,
07:19
where the same people
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这就让
07:22
who could not dream of sitting in a car,
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那些从前不能梦想坐在车中的人,
07:24
who were carrying their entire family in a scooter,
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那些把一家人都载在摩托车上的人,
07:26
started dreaming of being in a car.
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可以开始梦想他们坐在汽车里。
07:29
And those dreams are getting fulfilled.
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而这些梦想也得到了实现。
07:32
This is a photograph
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这是一张照片,
07:34
of a house and a driver and a car
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照片里有一个屋子,一个司机和一辆汽车,
07:36
near my own home.
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摄于我家附近。
07:38
The driver's name is Naran.
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司机的名字叫Naran。
07:40
He has bought his own Nano.
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他买了属于自己的Nano。
07:42
And you can see, there is a physical space
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你可以看到,
07:44
that has been created for him,
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这为他创造了一片空地,
07:46
parking that car, along with the owner's car,
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让他可以停靠属于他自己的汽车。
07:49
but more importantly, they've created
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更重要的是,
07:52
a space in their mind that
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他们在他脑海中创造了一个空间,
07:54
"Yes, my chauffeur is going to come in his own car and park it."
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让他相信 “没错,我的司机是驾驶自己的汽车来,而且停在这里。”
07:57
And that's why I call it a transformational innovation.
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这就是为什么我称之为“变革创新”。
08:01
It is not just technological,
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我们谈及的不仅仅是技术上的创新,
08:04
it is social innovation that we talk about.
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还是一种社会创新。
08:07
And that is where, ladies and gentlemen,
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所以,先生女士们,
08:10
this famous theme
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这个著名的,从更少中获得更多
08:12
of getting more from less for more
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的主题
08:15
becomes important.
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会越来越重要。
08:17
I remember talking about this for the first time in Australia,
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我还记得大约一年半前,
08:20
about one and a half years ago,
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第一次到澳大利亚演讲这个主题的时候,
08:22
when their academy honored me with a fellowship.
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我被他们国家学术界授予了奖学金。
08:25
And unbelievably, in 40 years,
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令人难以置信的是,在40年里,
08:27
I was the first Indian to be honored.
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我是第一个被授予奖学金的印度人。
08:29
And the title of my talk
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我的演讲的标题
08:31
was therefore "Indian innovation
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因此从“甘地的印度变革”
08:33
from Gandhi to Gandhian engineering."
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变成“印度的创新”。
08:36
And I titled this more from less for more and more people
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我把演讲名称简短为“甘地工程”
08:39
as Gandhian engineering.
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就是为了更多人们知道并且得益于“甘地工程”。
08:41
And Gandhian engineering, in my judgment,
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根据我的判断,
08:43
is the one which is going to take the world forward,
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甘地工程即将推动世界前进,
08:46
is going to make a difference,
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即将为人们创造不一样的世界,
08:48
not just for a few, but for everyone.
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不仅仅是一些人,而是所有人。
08:50
Let me move from mobility in a car to individual mobility
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为了那些不幸
08:53
for those unfortunates
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失去双脚的人们,
08:55
who have lost their legs.
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让我从汽车的流动性,转移到谈谈个人的流动性。
08:57
Here is an American citizen and his son
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这里是一个美国人和他的儿子,
09:00
having an artificial foot.
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这位先生用假肢行动。
09:02
What is its price? 20,000 dollars.
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这双假肢花费多少钱?2万美金。
09:05
And of course, these feet are so designed
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当然,这双假肢的设计
09:08
that they can walk only on
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只能适用于行走在
09:11
such perfect pavement or roads.
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完好无缺的的行人道或路上。
09:13
Unfortunately, that's not the case in India.
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很遗憾的是,在印度情况就不一样了。
09:16
You can see him walk barefoot
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你可以看到人们赤着脚
09:18
on an awkward land, sometimes in a marshy land,
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在不方便的道路上行走,有时是在沼泽地上,
09:20
and so on and so forth.
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等等等等。
09:22
More importantly,
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更重要的是,
09:24
they not only walk far to work,
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他们不仅仅是走这么远的路去工作,
09:26
and not only do they cycle to work,
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也不仅仅是骑行去工作,
09:28
but they cycle for work, as you can see here.
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他们还以骑行为一种工作,正如你可以从这里看到。
09:31
And they climb up for their work.
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还有,他们还需要因为工作缘故而攀爬。
09:34
You have to design an artificial foot for such conditions.
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你必须为这些情况设计一双假肢。
09:37
A challenge, of course.
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这当然是一个挑战。
09:39
Four billion people, their incomes are less then two dollars a day.
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40亿人口,他们的收入不到两美金一天。
09:42
And if you talk about a 20,000-dollar shoe,
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如果你提及一双2万美金的鞋子,
09:44
you're talking about 10,000 days of income.
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就相当于1万天的收入。
09:47
You just don't have it.
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他们是不可能买下的。
09:49
And therefore, you ought to look at alternatives.
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因此,你应该想想替代方法。
09:51
And that is how Jaipur Foot was created in India.
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这促成了Jaipur Foot (斋浦尔足)在印度的诞生。
09:54
It had a revolutionary prosthetic fitment and delivery system,
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它有一个革命性的假肢装修和配送系统,
09:58
a quick molding and modular components,
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快捷的模型和组件,
10:01
enabling custom-made, on-the-spot limb fitments.
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实现了现场订制的假肢设置。
10:05
You could feel it actually in an hour, by the way,
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你可以在一个小时之内就装上它,
10:07
whereas the equivalent other feet
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而其他同样的假肢
10:09
took something like a day, as so on.
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则需要一天的时间,甚至更长。
10:11
Outer socket made by using heated high-density polyethylene pipes,
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采用高密度聚乙烯管制作的外加热插座
10:15
rather than using heated sheets.
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而不是由加热板制作而成的。
10:18
And unique high-ankle design and human-like looks,
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独特的高脚踝设计和仿真外观,
10:21
[unclear] and functions.
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新潮而又具有好的功用性。
10:23
And I like to show how it looks
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我接下来展示一下这双假肢是怎么样的,
10:25
and how it works.
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和怎样使用。
10:33
(Music)
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(配乐)
10:37
See, he jumps. You can see what stress it must have.
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看看,他可以跳起来。你可以看到它可以承受怎样的压力。
10:40
(Text: ... any person with a below the knee limb could do this.
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(文字:......任何人使用膝下假肢都可以做到。
10:42
... above the limb, yes, it would be difficult ...
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假肢以上,是的,会有点困难......
10:45
"Did it hurt?"
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“觉得痛吗?
10:47
"No ... not at all."
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不......一点也不痛。”
10:58
... he can run a kilometer in four minutes and 30 seconds ...)
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他可以四分30秒跑完一千米......)
11:00
One kilometer in four minutes and 30 seconds.
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四分30秒跑完一千米。
11:02
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
11:15
So that's what it is all about.
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这就是所有关于它的一切。
11:17
And therefore Time took notice
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因此时代周刊也关注了
11:19
of this 28-dollar foot, basically.
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这双28美金的“双腿”。
11:21
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
11:24
An incredible story.
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一个非常厉害的故事。
11:27
Let's move on to something else.
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让我们换到讨论别的事情。
11:29
I've been talking about getting more from less for more.
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我一直在讲从花费更少中获得更多。
11:31
Let's move to health.
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让我们来讲一下健康。
11:33
We've talked about mobility and the rest of it, let's talk about health.
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我们已经讲了汽车和假肢,让我们讲一下保健。
11:36
What's happening in the area of health?
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在保健的领域里正在发生什么事情呢?
11:38
You know, you have new diseases that require new drugs.
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你知道的,总有些新型疾病需要新型的药物来治愈。
11:41
And if you look at the drug development 10 years ago and now,
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要是你看看10年前以及现在的药物发展,
11:43
what has happened?
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发生了什么?
11:45
10 years ago, it used to cost about a quarter billion.
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10年前,药物的发展花费了2.5亿。
11:47
Today it costs 1.5 billion dollars.
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现在的花费是15亿美金。
11:51
Time taken for moving a molecule to marketplace,
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从一个分子开始到药物最终发放到市场,
11:54
after all the human and animal testing,
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经过所有的人类和动物测试,
11:57
was 10 years, now it is 15 years.
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以前所需的时间是10年,而现在是15年。
12:00
Are you getting more drugs because you are spending more time and more money?
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我们有因为花费了更多的金钱和时间而得到更多的药物吗?
12:03
No, I'm sorry.
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很抱歉,没有。
12:05
We used to have 40, now they have come down to 30.
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过去我们拥有40,现在下降到30.
12:08
So actually we are getting less from more
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所以,事实上我们从花费更多中
12:10
for less and less people.
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获得的却是越来越少人能拥有的更少。
12:12
Why less and less people? Because it is so expensive,
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为什么越来越少人拥有呢,因为非常的昂贵。
12:14
so very few will be able to basically afford that.
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所以很少人能够承担得起。
12:18
Let us just take an example.
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我们来看看一个例子。
12:20
Psoriasis is very dreadful
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疥疮是一种非常可怕的
12:22
disease of the skin.
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皮肤病。
12:24
The cost of treatment, 20,000 dollars.
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治愈这个疾病所需的费用是2万美金。
12:26
1,000-dollar antibody injections under the skin, by the way,
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1千美金的抗体皮下注射,顺便提一句,
12:29
and 20 of them.
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20次。
12:31
Time for development -- it took around 10 years
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发展治愈方法的时间,是10年,
12:33
and 700 million dollars.
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以及700万美金。
12:35
Let's start in the spirit
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让我们从
12:37
of more from less and more for more
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花费更少为更多的人获得更多
12:39
and start putting some targets.
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的精神开始设定一些目标。
12:42
For example, we don't want 20,000 dollars; we don't have it.
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举个例子,我们不想要2万美金,我们没有。
12:45
Can we do it [for] 100 dollars?
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我们可以用100块美金做到这个事情吗?
12:47
Time for development, not 10 years.
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发展的时间,不是10年。
12:49
We are in a hurry. Five years.
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我们赶时间。5年把它做到。
12:51
Cost of development -- 300 million dollars.
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成本,300万美金。
12:53
Sorry. I can't spend more than 10 million dollars.
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对不起,我不能支付比10万美金再多的了。
12:55
Looks absolutely audacious.
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看起来绝对大胆。
12:57
Looks absolutely ridiculous.
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绝对可笑。
12:59
You know something? This has been achieved in India.
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你知道吗?然而,在印度却实现了。
13:02
These targets have been achieved in India.
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这些目标都在印度实现了。
13:04
And how they have been achieved ...
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他们是怎样做到的呢.....
13:06
Sir Francis Bacon once said,
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弗兰西斯·培根先生曾经说过,
13:08
"When you wish to achieve results
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“当你希望达到一些
13:10
that have not been achieved before,
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从来没有被实现过的结果,
13:12
it is an unwise fancy to think
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幻想着
13:14
that they can be achieved by using methods
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用被用过的方法而达到
13:16
that have been used before."
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是不明智的。”
13:18
And therefore, the standard process,
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也因为这样,
13:20
where you develop a molecule, put it into mice, into men,
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那个把分子放进老鼠体内,再放到人体内的标准流程
13:22
are not yielding those results --
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没有达到这些效果 --
13:24
the billions of dollars that have been spent.
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但上亿的美金却已经花掉了。
13:26
The Indian cleverness
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印度人的聪明
13:28
was using its traditional knowledge,
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是使用传统的知识,
13:31
however, scientifically validating it
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但以科学验证
13:33
and making that journey from men to mice to men,
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使这个旅程从人到老鼠再到人,
13:36
not molecule to mice to men, you know.
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而不是正如我们所知道的那样,从分子到老鼠再到人体。
13:38
And that is how this difference has come.
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所以这就是差别。
13:40
And you can see this blending
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而且你可以看到
13:42
of traditional medicine, modern medicine, modern science.
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这种传统医学,现代医药和现代科学的结合。
13:44
I launched a big program
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我9年前推行了一个大项目
13:46
[unclear] CSIR about nine years ago.
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名为CSIR™
13:49
He is giving us not just for Psoriasis,
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这个项目不仅仅为疥疮病而设立,
13:51
for cancer and a whole range of things, changing the whole paradigm.
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还有癌症和各种其他的疾病,改变了整个模式。
13:54
And you can see this Indian Psoriasis breakthrough
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而且你可以看到印度疥疮治愈的突破
13:56
obtained by this reverse form of [unclear]
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是因为相反地
13:58
by doing things differently.
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使用了不同的方法而达到的。
14:00
You can see before treatment and after treatment.
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你可以从图中看到治愈之前和之后的不同。
14:03
This is really getting more from less for more and more people,
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这就是真正的从花费更少中让越来越多的人获得更多。
14:06
because these are all affordable treatments now.
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因为它们都是可以承担的治疗。
14:09
Let me just remind you
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让我提醒你们一下
14:12
of what Mahatma Gandhi had said.
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甘地曾经说过的话。
14:14
He had said, "Earth provides enough
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他说过,“地球是可以足够地
14:17
to satisfy every man's need, but not every man's greed."
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提供每个人所需的,但不是每个人所贪的。”
14:20
So the message he was giving us
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所以他传达给我们的这个信息
14:22
was you must get more from less and less and less
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就是你必须从越来越少中获得更多,
14:25
so that you can share it for more and more people,
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以致于你可以与越来越多的人们分享。
14:27
not only the current generation,
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不仅仅是当下的这一代人,
14:29
but the future generations.
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而且是未来的人们。
14:31
And he also said, "I would prize every invention of science
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他还说过,“我会为所有
14:34
made for the benefit for all."
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造福全民的科学发明嘉奖。”
14:36
So he was giving you the message that you must have it for more and more people,
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所以他是在传达一个越来越多人受益,
14:39
not just a few people.
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不仅仅是一小撮人。
14:41
And therefore, ladies and gentlemen,
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也因此,女士们先生们,
14:43
this is the theme, getting more
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这就是主题,
14:45
from less for more.
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从更少中让更多人得到更多。
14:47
And mind you,
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而且你要知道,
14:49
it is not getting just a little more for just a little less.
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这不是从小幅度的减少中获得小幅度的增加。
14:52
It's not about low cost.
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而是低成本,
14:54
It's about ultra-low cost.
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这都是关于超低成本。
14:56
You cannot say it's a mere treatment 10,000 dollars,
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我们不能认为,这个1万美金的治疗
14:58
but because you are poor I'll give it for 9,000.
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就可以因为你穷而我给你降价到9千。
15:01
Sorry, it doesn't work. You have to give it for 100 dollars, 200 dollars.
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对不起,这没有用。这必须是100或者200美金。
15:04
Is it possible? It has been made possible, by the way,
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这可能吗?我一直都在为各种各样的
15:07
for certain other different reasons.
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理由创造可能性。
15:10
So you are not talking about low cost, you are talking about ultra-low cost.
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所以当你谈论低成本的时候,你是在谈论超低成本。
15:13
You are not talking about affordability,
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你不是单纯地讨论负担能力,
15:15
you are talking about extreme affordability.
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而是超级的负担能力。
15:17
Because of the four billion people whose income is under two dollars a day.
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因为这些每天收入不多于2美金的4亿人口。
15:21
You're not talking exclusive innovation.
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你不是单纯地讨论专属的创新,
15:24
You're talking about inclusive innovation.
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而是包容性的创新。
15:27
And therefore, you're not talking about incremental innovation,
363
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也因此,你不是在讨论渐进性创新,
15:29
you're talking about disruptive innovation.
364
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而是破坏性创新。
15:31
The ideas have to be such
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这个主张就是
15:33
that you think in completely different terms.
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你必须从一个完全不一样的方法想问题。
15:36
And I would also add,
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我还要增加一点,
15:38
it is not only getting more from less for more
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这不仅仅是从花费更少中让更多人得到更多,
15:40
by more and more people, the whole world working for it.
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还是越来越多人甚至是全世界都在为这个目标努力。
15:43
I was very touched when I saw a breakthrough the other day.
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那天我看到一个突破,感到非常感动。
15:46
You know, incubators for infants, for example.
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举个例子,婴儿保温箱。
15:48
They're not available in Africa.
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在非洲是没有的。
15:50
They're not available in Indian villages.
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在印度的村落里也没有。
15:52
And infants die.
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然后,婴儿就会死去。
15:54
And incubator costs 2,000 dollars.
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婴儿保温箱需要花费2千美金。
15:57
And there's a 25-dollar incubator
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然而却出现了一个25美金的婴儿保温箱,
15:59
giving that performance that had been created.
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提供了了这个已被创造的性能。
16:01
And by whom?
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由谁来创造呢?
16:03
By young students from Standford University
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是一群来自斯坦福大学的学生,
16:06
on an extreme affordability project that they had, basically.
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基本上是从一个非常廉价的项目中做到的。
16:09
Their heart is in the right place, like Ratan Tata.
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他们的心是在一个正确的位置,就好像Ratan Tata。
16:12
It's not just innovation, compassion and passion --
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不仅仅是创新,同情和热情 --
16:15
compassion in the heart and passion in the belly.
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在心中怜悯在腹腔中热情。
16:17
That's the new world that we want to create.
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这就是我们想要创造的新世界。
16:20
And that is why the message is that of Gandhian engineering.
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所以这就是为什么这个信息叫“甘地工程”。
16:22
Ladies and gentlemen, I'd like to end before time.
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女士们先生们,我希望时间到之前结束。
16:25
I was also afraid of those 18 minutes.
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我也害怕那18分钟,
16:27
I've still one and a half to go.
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我还有一分半钟。
16:29
The message, the final message, is this:
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这个信息,最后的信息就是
16:32
India gave a great gift to the world.
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印度为世界提供了一个伟大的礼物。
16:35
What was that?
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是什么?
16:37
[In the] 20th century, we gave Gandhi to the world.
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在20世纪里,印度给世界提供了甘地。
16:40
The 21st century gift,
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而21世纪的礼物,
16:42
which is very, very important for the whole world,
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一个对全世界都很重要的礼物,
16:44
whether it is global economic meltdown,
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无论是不是经济崩溃,
16:46
whether it is climate change --
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无论是不是气候变化 --
16:48
any problem that you talk about
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你能想到的任何问题,
16:50
is gaining more from less for more and more --
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是从花费更少中让越来越多人得到更多,
16:52
not only the current generations,
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不仅仅是当前的一代人,
16:54
for the future generations.
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而且也是未来的人们。
16:56
And that can come only from Gandhian engineering.
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这只可能来自甘地工程。
16:58
So ladies and gentlemen, I'm very happy to announce,
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所以女士们先生们,我非常荣庆地宣布
17:01
this gift of the 21st century
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在21世纪,
17:03
to the world from India,
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这份来自印度带给全世界的礼物
17:05
Gandhian engineering.
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是甘地工程。
17:07
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
17:15
Lakshmi Pratury: Thank you, Dr. Mashelkar. (R.A. Mashelkar: Thank you very much.)
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Lakshmi Pratury:谢谢,Mashelkar博士。(讲者:非常谢谢你)
17:18
LP: A quick question for you.
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LP:有一个简单的问题想要问你。
17:20
Now, when you were a young boy in this school,
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当你只是这所学校里的一名小男孩的时候,
17:23
what were your thoughts, like what did you think you could become?
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你有什么想法,比方说你将来会成为什么人?
17:26
What do you think that drove you?
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你觉得是什么驱使你?
17:28
Was there a vision you had? What is it that drove you?
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是你曾经有的一个愿景吗?是什么驱动你?
17:31
RAM: I'll tell you a story that drove me, that transformed my life.
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RAM:让我来告诉你一个驱动我的小故事,它改变了我的一生。
17:34
I remember, I went to a poor school,
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我记得,我去一所贫穷的学校
17:37
because my mother could not gather the 21 rupees,
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是因为我妈妈不能在限定的时间里,
17:40
that half a dollar that was required
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筹到所需的21卢布,
17:42
within the stipulated time.
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相当于2分之1的美元。
17:44
It was [unclear] high school.
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那是一所中学。
17:47
But it was a poor school with rich teachers, honestly.
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老实说,是一所贫穷的学校以及富裕的老师。
17:50
And one of them was [unclear] who taught us physics.
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其中一个教我们物理。
17:53
One day he took us out into the sun
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有一天,他带我们到太阳下
17:55
and tried to show us how to find
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尝试让我们找到
17:57
the focal length of a convex lens.
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一个凸透镜的焦距。
18:00
The lens was here. The piece of paper was there. He moved it up and down.
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那个凸透镜在这里,一张纸在这里。 他从上到下的移动。
18:03
And there was a bright spot up there.
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然后有一个亮点在这里。
18:06
And then he said, "This is the focal length."
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然后他说,“这就是焦距。”
18:08
But then he held it for a little while, Lakshmi.
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然后持续着这个动作一阵子。
18:11
And then the paper burned.
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接着这张纸烧着了。
18:13
When the paper burned, for some reason he turned to me,
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当纸在燃烧的时候,他跟我说,
18:15
and he said, "Mashelkar, like this,
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“Mashelkar,就像这样,
18:18
if you do not diffuse your energies,
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如果你不分散你的能量,
18:20
if you focus your energies,
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如果你集中精力,
18:22
you can achieve anything in the world."
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你可以实现世界上任何东西。”
18:25
That gave me a great message: focus and you can achieve.
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这给我带来了一个很伟大的信息:专注然后就能达成。
18:28
I said, "Whoa, science is so wonderful,
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我说,“哇,科学真伟大,
18:30
I have to become a scientist."
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我以后要成为一名科学家。”
18:32
But more importantly, focus and you can achieve.
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更重要的是,专注然后你能达成。
18:35
And that message, very frankly,
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这个信息,坦白说,
18:37
is valuable for society today.
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是对今天的社会非常有价值的。
18:39
What does that focal length do?
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焦距能做什么呢?
18:42
It has parallel lines, which are sun rays.
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这是一条平行线,是太阳光。
18:45
And the property of parallel lines
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平行线的性质就是
18:47
is that they never meet.
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永远不相遇。
18:49
What does that convex lens do?
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凸透镜做什么呢?
18:51
It makes them meet.
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它让平行线相遇。
18:53
This is convex lens leadership.
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这是凸透镜的领导作用。
18:55
You know what today's leadership is doing? Concave length.
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你知道今天的领导做什么吗?凹长度。
18:58
They divide them farther.
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他们让这些平行线隔得更远
19:01
So I learned the lesson
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所以我从凸透镜的引领作用
19:03
of convex lens leadership from that.
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学到了教训。
19:05
And when I was at National Chemical Laboratory [unclear].
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当我在国家化学实验室
19:08
When I was at Council of Scientific Industry Research --
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和科学工业研究委员会的时候,
19:10
40 laboratories -- when two laboratories were not talking to each other,
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有40个实验室,但其中2个互相不理睬对方,
19:12
I would [unclear].
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我就把他们团结一齐。
19:15
And currently I'm president of Global Research Alliance,
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目前,我是全球研究联盟的主席,
19:17
60,000 scientists in nine counties, right from India to the U.S.
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云集了来自9个国家的6万名科学家,从印度到美国。
19:20
I'm trying to build a global team,
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我在尝试建立一个全球性的团队,
19:23
which will look at the global grand challenges that the world is facing.
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这个团队会为世界所面临的全球性大挑战而工作。
19:26
That was the lesson. That was the inspirational moment.
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这就是那堂课。 这就是灵感的启发时刻。
19:28
LP: Thank you very much. (RAM: Thank you.)
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LP:非常谢谢你。(RAM:谢谢你)
19:31
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
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