R.A. Mashelkar: Breakthrough designs for ultra-low-cost products

46,036 views ใƒป 2010-10-27

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Daniel Lipman Lowbeer ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
The big residual
0
15260
2000
ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช
00:17
is always value for money.
1
17260
2000
ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉื•ืื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:19
All the time we are trying to get value for money.
2
19260
3000
ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉื•ืื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:22
What we don't look for
3
22260
2000
ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื
00:24
is value for many,
4
24260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืชืฉื•ืื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื,
00:26
while we are generating value for money.
5
26260
3000
ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืชืฉื•ืื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:29
Do we care about those four billion people
6
29260
2000
ื”ืื ืื›ืคืช ืœื ื• ืžืืจื‘ืข ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
00:31
whose income levels are less than two dollars a day,
7
31260
2000
ืืฉืจ ืจืžืช ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื,
00:33
the so-called bottom of the pyramid?
8
33260
3000
ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”"?
00:36
What are the challenges in getting value for money
9
36260
3000
ืžื”ื ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ืชืฉื•ืื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœื ื•
00:39
as well as value for many?
10
39260
2000
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชืฉื•ืื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื?
00:41
We have described here
11
41260
2000
ืžื” ืฉืชื™ืืจื ื• ืคื”
00:43
in terms of the performance
12
43260
2000
ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื
00:45
and the price.
13
45260
2000
ืžื•ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ.
00:47
If you have money, of course, you can get the value.
14
47260
3000
ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ืกืฃ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉื•ืื”.
00:50
You can get a Mercedes
15
50260
2000
ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืจืฆื“ืก
00:52
for a very high price,
16
52260
2000
ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื•ื“,
00:54
very high performance.
17
54260
2000
ืขื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
00:56
But if you don't have money, what happens?
18
56260
3000
ืืš ืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”?
00:59
Well, you are to ride a bicycle,
19
59260
2000
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื,
01:01
carrying your own weight and also some other weight,
20
61260
3000
ื•ื™ืกื—ื‘ ืืช ืžืฉืงืœื• ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžืฉืงืœ ืื—ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
01:04
so that you can earn the bread for the day.
21
64260
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืืช ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื.
01:07
Well, poor do not remain poor;
22
67260
2000
ืืžื ื, ืขื ื™ื™ื ืœื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื,
01:09
they become lower-middle-class.
23
69260
2000
ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”-ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช.
01:11
And if they do so,
24
71260
2000
ื•ืื ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ืงื•ืจื”,
01:13
then, of course, the conditions improve,
25
73260
2000
ืื–ื™, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืžืฉืชืคืจื™ื,
01:15
and they start riding on scooters.
26
75260
3000
ื•ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืงื˜ื ื•ืขื™ื.
01:18
But the challenge is, again, they don't get much value,
27
78260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื™ื ื•, ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืฉื•ืื”,
01:21
because they can't afford anything more than the scooter.
28
81260
3000
ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืชื• ืงื˜ื ื•ืข.
01:25
The issue is, at that price,
29
85260
2000
ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื™ืจ
01:27
can you give them some extra value?
30
87260
3000
ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืชืฉื•ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช?
01:30
A super value,
31
90260
2000
ืชืฉื•ืื” ืขื•ื“ืคืช,
01:32
in terms of their ability to ride in a car,
32
92260
2000
ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืจื›ื‘,
01:34
to get that dignity, to get that safety,
33
94260
3000
ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช,
01:37
looks practically impossible, isn't it.
34
97260
3000
ื–ื” ื”ืจื™ ื ืจืื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
01:40
Now, this is something
35
100260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื•
01:42
that we see on Indian streets
36
102260
2000
ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•
01:44
all the time.
37
104260
2000
ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
01:46
But many people see the same thing
38
106260
2000
ืื‘ืœ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
01:48
and think things differently,
39
108260
3000
ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจืช,
01:51
and one of them is here, Ratan Tata.
40
111260
3000
ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื ืžืฆื ืคื”, ืจืื˜ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ื.
01:56
The great thing about our leaders
41
116260
2000
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื ื•
01:58
is that, should they not only have passion in their belly,
42
118260
4000
ื›ื™, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชืฉื•ืงื” ื‘ื‘ื˜ื ื,
02:02
which practically all of them have,
43
122260
2000
ืืฉืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื™ืฉ,
02:04
they're also very innovative.
44
124260
2000
ื”ื ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
02:06
An innovator is one who does not know it cannot be done.
45
126260
3000
ื—ื“ืฉืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
02:09
They believe that things can be done.
46
129260
2000
ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœ ืืคืฉืจื™.
02:11
But great leaders like Ratan
47
131260
2000
ืืš ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืจืื˜ืŸ
02:13
have compassion.
48
133260
2000
ื™ืฉ ื—ืžืœื”.
02:15
And what you said, Lakshmi, is absolutely true:
49
135260
2000
ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืืžืจืช, ืœืงืืฉืžื™, ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“:
02:17
it's not just Ratan Tata,
50
137260
2000
ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืจืื˜ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ื,
02:19
it's the house of Tatas over time.
51
139260
2000
ืืœื ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื˜ืื˜ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ.
02:21
Let me confirm what she said.
52
141260
2000
ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืืฉืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”.
02:23
Yes, I went barefoot
53
143260
3000
ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื™ื—ืฃ
02:26
until I was 12.
54
146260
2000
ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ 12.
02:28
I struggled to [unclear] day
55
148260
2000
ื ืื‘ืงืชื™ ืœื’ืžื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
02:30
was a huge issue.
56
150260
2000
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
02:32
And when I finished my SSC, the eleventh standard,
57
152260
3000
ื•ื›ืฉืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ื”-SSC, ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื™ื'
02:35
I stood eleventh among 125,000 students.
58
155260
3000
ืขืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืื—ื“-ืขืฉืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ 125,000 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.
02:38
But I was about to leave the school,
59
158260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
02:40
because my poor mother couldn't afford schooling.
60
160260
2000
ื›ื™ ืืžื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื” ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื“ืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“.
02:42
And it was [unclear] Tata Trust, which gave me six rupees per month,
61
162260
3000
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืงืจืŸ ื˜ืื˜ื, ืืฉืจ ื ืชื ื” ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืจื•ืคื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ,
02:45
almost a dollar per month for six years.
62
165260
3000
ื›ืžืขื˜ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
02:48
That's how I'm standing before you.
63
168260
2000
ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื.
02:50
So that is the House of Tata.
64
170260
2000
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื˜ืื˜ื.
02:52
(Applause)
65
172260
3000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
02:55
Innovation, compassion and passion.
66
175260
2000
ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ื—ืžืœื” ื•ืชืฉื•ืงื”.
02:57
They combine all that.
67
177260
2000
ื”ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
02:59
And it was that compassion which bothered them,
68
179260
3000
ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืžืœื” ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื™ืงื” ืœื”ื,
03:02
because when he saw -- in fact, he told me about eight or nine years ago
69
182260
3000
ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืื” - ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื• ืชืฉืข ืฉื ื™ื
03:05
how he was driving his own car --
70
185260
3000
ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื ืกืข ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื• -
03:08
he drives his own car by the way --
71
188260
3000
ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื• -
03:11
and he saw in the rain,
72
191260
2000
ื•ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื‘ื’ืฉื,
03:13
a family like the one that I showed to you
73
193260
2000
ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื›ืžื• ื–ืืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืจืืชื™ ืœื›ื
03:15
getting drenched with an infant.
74
195260
2000
ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืชื™ื ื•ืงื.
03:17
And then he said, "Well, I must give them a car that they can afford,
75
197260
3000
ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืจื›ื‘ ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื,
03:20
one lakh car, $2,000 car."
76
200260
3000
ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืœืืง ืื—ื“, ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืืœืคื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืœืจ."
03:23
Of course, as soon as you say something like this
77
203260
2000
ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ
03:25
people say it is impossible,
78
205260
2000
ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
03:27
and that's what was said by Suzuki.
79
207260
2000
ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืกื•ื–ื•ืงื™ ืืžืจ.
03:29
He said, oh, probably he is going to build a three-wheeler
80
209260
3000
ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ื ื” ืชืœืช-ืื•ืคืŸ
03:32
with stepney.
81
212260
2000
ืขื ื’ืœื’ืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ.
03:34
And you can see the cartoon here.
82
214260
2000
ื•ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืคื” ืืช ื”ืื™ืœื•ืกื˜ืจืฆื™ื”.
03:36
Well they didn't build that. They built a proper car. Nano.
83
216260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื ืœื ื‘ื ื•. ื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ื ื ื•.
03:40
And mind you, I'm six feet half an inch,
84
220260
2000
ื•ืืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ 184 ืก"ืž
03:42
Ratan is taller than me,
85
222260
2000
ืจืื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืžื ื™,
03:44
and we have ample space in the front
86
224260
3000
ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืงื•ื ืžืงื“ื™ืžื”
03:47
and ample space in the back in this particular car.
87
227260
3000
ื•ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืงื•ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ื–ื”.
03:50
And incredible car.
88
230260
2000
ืจื›ื‘ ื ืคืœื.
03:52
And of course, nothing succeeds like success;
89
232260
3000
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื”;
03:55
the cynics then turned around,
90
235260
3000
ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื ืื– ืฉื™ื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ,
03:58
and one after the other
91
238260
2000
ื•ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™
04:00
they also started saying, "Yes, we also want to make a car in the Nano Segment.
92
240260
3000
ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื’ื ื”ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, "ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื˜ืข ื”ื ื ื•.
04:03
We'll manufacture a car in the Nano Segment."
93
243260
3000
ืื ื• ื ื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื˜ืข ื”ื ื ื•."
04:06
How did this great story unfold,
94
246260
3000
ื•ืื™ืš ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื ืคืœื ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชื’ืœื”,
04:09
the making of Nano?
95
249260
2000
ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื ื ื•?
04:11
Let me tell you a bit about it.
96
251260
2000
ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
04:13
For example, how we started:
97
253260
3000
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื™ืš ื”ืชื—ืœื ื•:
04:16
Ratan just began with a five-engineer team,
98
256260
3000
ืจืื˜ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื,
04:19
young people in their mid-twenties.
99
259260
3000
ื›ื•ืœื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
04:22
And he said,
100
262260
2000
ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
04:24
"Well, I won't define the vehicle for you,
101
264260
2000
"ืื ื™ ืœื ืื’ื“ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘,
04:26
but I will define the cost for you.
102
266260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืŸ ืื’ื“ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช.
04:28
It is one lakh, 100,000 rupees,
103
268260
2000
ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื” ืœืืง ืื—ื“, 100,000 ืจื•ืคื™,
04:30
and you are to make it within that."
104
270260
2000
ื•ืชืกืชื“ืจื• ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืืœื”."
04:32
And he told them,
105
272260
2000
ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื”ื,
04:34
"Question the unquestionable.
106
274260
2000
"ืชื˜ื™ืœื• ืกืคืง ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืกืคืง.
04:36
Stretch the envelope."
107
276260
2000
ืชืืชื’ืจื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื."
04:38
And at a point in time,
108
278260
2000
ื•ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
04:40
he got so engrossed in the whole challenge,
109
280260
2000
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื• ืฉืงื•ืข ื‘ืืชื’ืจ,
04:42
that he himself became a member of the team.
110
282260
2000
ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืคืš ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช.
04:44
Can you believe it?
111
284260
2000
ื”ืชืืžื™ื ื•?
04:46
I still am told about this story
112
286260
2000
ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืข ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
04:48
of that single wiper design in which he participated.
113
288260
3000
ืฉืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื“-ื•ื™ืฉืจ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ.
04:51
Until midnight, he'd be thinking.
114
291260
2000
ืขื“ ืœื—ืฆื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘.
04:53
Early morning he'll be coming back with sort of solutions.
115
293260
3000
ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช.
04:56
But who was the team leader?
116
296260
2000
ืืš ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช?
04:58
The team leader was Girish Wagh,
117
298260
2000
ืจืืฉ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ืจื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืื’,
05:00
a 34 year-old boy in [unclear].
118
300260
2000
ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืŸ 34 ืžืคื•ื ื”.
05:02
And the Nano team average age
119
302260
2000
ื•ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื ื ื•
05:04
was just 27 years.
120
304260
2000
ื”ื™ื” ืจืง 27 ืฉื ื™ื.
05:06
And they did innovation in design and beyond.
121
306260
3000
ื•ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ื”.
05:10
Broke many norms of the standard conventions for the first time.
122
310260
3000
ื”ื ืฉื‘ืจื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
05:13
For example, that a two-cylinder gas engine
123
313260
3000
ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื ื•ืข ื’ื– ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ืœื™ื ื“ืจื™ื
05:16
was used in a car with a single balancer shaft.
124
316260
3000
ืฉื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืขื ืžื•ื˜ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“.
05:19
Adhesives were replacing the rivets.
125
319260
3000
ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืžืกืžืจื•ืช.
05:22
There was a co-creation, a huge co-creation,
126
322260
3000
ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืขื ืงื™ืช,
05:25
with vendors and suppliers.
127
325260
2000
ืขื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืกืคืงื™ื.
05:27
All ideas on board were welcome.
128
327260
2000
ื›ืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”.
05:29
100 vendors were co-located adjacent to the plant,
129
329260
3000
100 ืกืคืงื™ื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื™ื“ ื”ืžืชืงืŸ,
05:32
and innovative business models for automobile dealerships were developed.
130
332260
3000
ื•ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืชื—ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื•ื›ื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื›ื‘.
05:35
Imagine that a fellow
131
335260
2000
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื
05:37
who sells cloth, for example, will be selling Nano.
132
337260
3000
ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืจ ื ื ื•.
05:40
I mean, it was incredible innovation.
133
340260
3000
ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืื“ื™ืจ.
05:43
Seeking solutions for non-auto sectors.
134
343260
3000
ืœื—ืคืฉ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืงื˜ืข ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
05:46
It was an open innovation,
135
346260
2000
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื”,
05:48
ideas from all over were welcome.
136
348260
2000
ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”.
05:50
The mechanism of helicopters seats and windows was used, by the way,
137
350260
3000
ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืžืกื•ืงื™ื ื•ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉื•ืžืฉ, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘,
05:53
as well as a dashboard
138
353260
2000
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื“ืฉื‘ื•ืจื“
05:55
that was inspired by two-wheelers.
139
355260
2000
ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•-ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื™ื.
05:57
The fuel lines and lamps
140
357260
2000
ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืœืง ื•ื”ื ื•ืจื•ืช
05:59
were as in two-wheelers.
141
359260
3000
ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•-ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื™ื.
06:02
And the crux of the matter was, however,
142
362260
2000
ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื™ื”
06:04
getting more from less.
143
364260
3000
ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื—ื•ืช.
06:07
All the time, you have been given an envelope.
144
367260
2000
ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื ื—ื™ื”.
06:09
You can't cross that envelope,
145
369260
2000
ืืชื” ืœื ืจืฉืื™ ืœืกืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
06:11
which is 100,000 rupees, 2,000 dollars.
146
371260
3000
ืฉื”ื™ื 100,000 ืจื•ืคื™, 2,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
06:14
And therefore, each component
147
374260
2000
ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘
06:16
had to have a dual functionality.
148
376260
3000
ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืจืช ืžื˜ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
06:19
And the seat riser, for example,
149
379260
2000
ืœืžืฉืœ ืžืขืœื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘
06:21
serving as a mounting for the seat
150
381260
2000
ืฉื™ืจืช ื›ืชื•ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžื•ืฉื‘
06:23
as well as a structural part
151
383260
2000
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื‘ื ื™
06:25
of the functional rigidity.
152
385260
2000
ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช.
06:27
Half the number of parts
153
387260
2000
ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ื—ืœืงื™ื
06:29
are contained in Nano
154
389260
2000
ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื ื ื•
06:31
in comparison to a typical passenger car.
155
391260
3000
ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืจื›ื‘ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
06:34
The length is smaller by eight percent by the way.
156
394260
2000
ื”ืื•ืจืš ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื—ื•ื–, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘.
06:36
But the current entry-level cars
157
396260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื
06:38
in comparison to that is eight percent less,
158
398260
2000
ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืฉื”ื ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื—ื•ื– ืคื—ื•ืช,
06:40
but 21 percent more inside space.
159
400260
3000
ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ืื—ื•ื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
06:45
And what happened
160
405260
2000
ื•ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”
06:47
was that -- more from less --
161
407260
2000
ื”ื™ื” - ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื—ื•ืช -
06:49
you can see how much more for how much less.
162
409260
3000
ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืžื” ืคื—ื•ืช.
06:52
When the Model T was launched --
163
412260
2000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช "ืžื•ื“ืœ ื˜ื™" ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” -
06:54
and this is, by the way, all the figures
164
414260
2000
ื•ื–ื”, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื
06:56
that are adjusted to 2007 dollar prices --
165
416260
3000
ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ 2007 -
06:59
Model T was 19,700 by Ford.
166
419260
3000
ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื“ ืขืœื” 19,700 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
07:02
Volkswagon was 11,333.
167
422260
3000
ื”ืคื•ืœืงืกื•ื•ื’ืŸ ืขืœื” 11,333.
07:05
And British Motor was around 11,000.
168
425260
3000
ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจ ืขืœื” 11,000.
07:08
And Nano was, bang, 2,000 dollars.
169
428260
3000
ื•ื”ื ื ื• ืขืœื” ื‘ื•ืœ ืืœืคื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืœืจ.
07:12
This is why
170
432260
2000
ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”
07:14
you started
171
434260
2000
ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
07:16
actually a new paradigm shift,
172
436260
3000
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื”
07:19
where the same people
173
439260
3000
ื›ืืฉืจ ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื
07:22
who could not dream of sitting in a car,
174
442260
2000
ืืฉืจ ืœื ื—ืœืžื• ืฉื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช,
07:24
who were carrying their entire family in a scooter,
175
444260
2000
ืืฉืจ ืกื—ื‘ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ืขืœ ืงื˜ื ื•ืข,
07:26
started dreaming of being in a car.
176
446260
3000
ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื—ืœื•ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
07:29
And those dreams are getting fulfilled.
177
449260
3000
ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืชื’ืฉืžื™ื.
07:32
This is a photograph
178
452260
2000
ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื”
07:34
of a house and a driver and a car
179
454260
2000
ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื ื”ื’ ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช
07:36
near my own home.
180
456260
2000
ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืชื™.
07:38
The driver's name is Naran.
181
458260
2000
ืฉื ื”ื ื”ื’ ื”ื™ื ื• ื ืจืŸ.
07:40
He has bought his own Nano.
182
460260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืงื ื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ื ื ื•.
07:42
And you can see, there is a physical space
183
462260
2000
ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืคื™ื–ื™
07:44
that has been created for him,
184
464260
2000
ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืœื•
07:46
parking that car, along with the owner's car,
185
466260
3000
ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื ื” ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืœื™ื“ ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื,
07:49
but more importantly, they've created
186
469260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ื ื•ืฆืจ
07:52
a space in their mind that
187
472260
2000
ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืจืืฉ
07:54
"Yes, my chauffeur is going to come in his own car and park it."
188
474260
3000
"ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื”ื’ ืฉืœื™ ื™ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื™ื—ื ื” ืื•ืชื•."
07:57
And that's why I call it a transformational innovation.
189
477260
3000
ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื–ื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
08:01
It is not just technological,
190
481260
3000
ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
08:04
it is social innovation that we talk about.
191
484260
3000
ืืœื ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
08:07
And that is where, ladies and gentlemen,
192
487260
3000
ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™, ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื
08:10
this famous theme
193
490260
2000
ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื
08:12
of getting more from less for more
194
492260
3000
ืฉืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื—ื•ืช
08:15
becomes important.
195
495260
2000
ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
08:17
I remember talking about this for the first time in Australia,
196
497260
3000
ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
08:20
about one and a half years ago,
197
500260
2000
ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™,
08:22
when their academy honored me with a fellowship.
198
502260
3000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื™ื‘ื“ื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
08:25
And unbelievably, in 40 years,
199
505260
2000
ื•ืœื ื”ืืžื ืชื™ ื›ื™, ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื”,
08:27
I was the first Indian to be honored.
200
507260
2000
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“.
08:29
And the title of my talk
201
509260
2000
ื•ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™
08:31
was therefore "Indian innovation
202
511260
2000
ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” "ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช
08:33
from Gandhi to Gandhian engineering."
203
513260
3000
ืžื’ื ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื“ื™ืช"
08:36
And I titled this more from less for more and more people
204
516260
3000
ื•ื›ื™ื ื™ืชื™ ืืช ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”"ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื"
08:39
as Gandhian engineering.
205
519260
2000
ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื“ื™ืช".
08:41
And Gandhian engineering, in my judgment,
206
521260
2000
ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื“ื™ืช, ืœื“ืขืชื™,
08:43
is the one which is going to take the world forward,
207
523260
3000
ื”ื™ื ื” ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืืฉืจ ืชืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
08:46
is going to make a difference,
208
526260
2000
ืืฉืจ ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
08:48
not just for a few, but for everyone.
209
528260
2000
ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžืขื˜ื™ื, ืืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื.
08:50
Let me move from mobility in a car to individual mobility
210
530260
3000
ืชืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื ื•ืฉื ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืœื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช
08:53
for those unfortunates
211
533260
2000
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืžื–ืœ
08:55
who have lost their legs.
212
535260
2000
ืืฉืจ ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื.
08:57
Here is an American citizen and his son
213
537260
3000
ื”ื ื” ืื–ืจื— ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื•ื‘ื ื•
09:00
having an artificial foot.
214
540260
2000
ืขื ืจื’ืœ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
09:02
What is its price? 20,000 dollars.
215
542260
3000
ืžื”ื• ืžื—ื™ืจื”? 20,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
09:05
And of course, these feet are so designed
216
545260
3000
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช
09:08
that they can walk only on
217
548260
3000
ื›ืš ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืจื•ืš ืจืง ืขืœ
09:11
such perfect pavement or roads.
218
551260
2000
ืžื“ืจื›ื•ืช ืื• ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื.
09:13
Unfortunately, that's not the case in India.
219
553260
3000
ืœืฆืขืจื ื•, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
09:16
You can see him walk barefoot
220
556260
2000
ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ืœืš ื™ื—ืฃ
09:18
on an awkward land, sometimes in a marshy land,
221
558260
2000
ืขืœ ืื“ืžื” ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœืช, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช,
09:20
and so on and so forth.
222
560260
2000
ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
09:22
More importantly,
223
562260
2000
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”,
09:24
they not only walk far to work,
224
564260
2000
ืœื ืจืง ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืง ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
09:26
and not only do they cycle to work,
225
566260
2000
ื•ืœื ืจืง ื”ื ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
09:28
but they cycle for work, as you can see here.
226
568260
3000
ื”ื ื’ื ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชืจืื• ืคื”.
09:31
And they climb up for their work.
227
571260
3000
ื•ื”ื ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
09:34
You have to design an artificial foot for such conditions.
228
574260
3000
ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฆื‘ ืจื’ืœ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื ืื™ื ืืœื”.
09:37
A challenge, of course.
229
577260
2000
ืžืืชื’ืจ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
09:39
Four billion people, their incomes are less then two dollars a day.
230
579260
3000
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžืกืชื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื.
09:42
And if you talk about a 20,000-dollar shoe,
231
582260
2000
ื•ืื ืชืฆื™ืข ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ 20,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ
09:44
you're talking about 10,000 days of income.
232
584260
3000
ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ 10,000 ื™ืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
09:47
You just don't have it.
233
587260
2000
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื.
09:49
And therefore, you ought to look at alternatives.
234
589260
2000
ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
09:51
And that is how Jaipur Foot was created in India.
235
591260
3000
ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ื’'ืื™ืคื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
09:54
It had a revolutionary prosthetic fitment and delivery system,
236
594260
4000
ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืกืคืงื” ื•ื”ืชืืžื” ืคืจื•ืกืชื˜ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช
09:58
a quick molding and modular components,
237
598260
3000
ื™ืฆื™ืงื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื•ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื
10:01
enabling custom-made, on-the-spot limb fitments.
238
601260
4000
ืืฉืจ ืืคืฉืจื• ื”ืชืืžื” ืคืจืกื•ื ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
10:05
You could feel it actually in an hour, by the way,
239
605260
2000
ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ืฉืขื”, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘,
10:07
whereas the equivalent other feet
240
607260
2000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ืกื•ื’
10:09
took something like a day, as so on.
241
609260
2000
ืœืงื—ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื, ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
10:11
Outer socket made by using heated high-density polyethylene pipes,
242
611260
4000
ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ืื˜ื™ืœื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืžืžื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
10:15
rather than using heated sheets.
243
615260
3000
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืžืžื•ืช
10:18
And unique high-ankle design and human-like looks,
244
618260
3000
ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืจืกื•ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ืžืจืื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
10:21
[unclear] and functions.
245
621260
2000
ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื.
10:23
And I like to show how it looks
246
623260
2000
ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื”
10:25
and how it works.
247
625260
2000
ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
10:33
(Music)
248
633260
4000
(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
10:37
See, he jumps. You can see what stress it must have.
249
637260
3000
ืชืจืื•, ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืคืฅ. ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืœื—ืฅ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืืช.
10:40
(Text: ... any person with a below the knee limb could do this.
250
640260
2000
ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืขื ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžืœืžื˜ื” ืžื”ื‘ืจืš ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
10:42
... above the limb, yes, it would be difficult ...
251
642260
3000
... ืžืขืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ, ืื›ืŸ, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ...
10:45
"Did it hurt?"
252
645260
2000
"ื–ื” ื›ืื‘?"
10:47
"No ... not at all."
253
647260
2000
"ืœื ... ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื."
10:58
... he can run a kilometer in four minutes and 30 seconds ...)
254
658260
2000
... ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจื•ืฅ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื“ืงื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ...
11:00
One kilometer in four minutes and 30 seconds.
255
660260
2000
ืงื™ืœืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื“ืงื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
11:02
(Applause)
256
662260
8000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:15
So that's what it is all about.
257
675260
2000
ืื– ื‘ื–ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ.
11:17
And therefore Time took notice
258
677260
2000
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ "ื˜ื™ื™ื" ืฉื ืœื‘
11:19
of this 28-dollar foot, basically.
259
679260
2000
ื‘ืจื’ืœ ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื‘ืขืฆื.
11:21
(Applause)
260
681260
3000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:24
An incredible story.
261
684260
3000
ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ืคืœื.
11:27
Let's move on to something else.
262
687260
2000
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
11:29
I've been talking about getting more from less for more.
263
689260
2000
ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื.
11:31
Let's move to health.
264
691260
2000
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
11:33
We've talked about mobility and the rest of it, let's talk about health.
265
693260
3000
ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
11:36
What's happening in the area of health?
266
696260
2000
ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช?
11:38
You know, you have new diseases that require new drugs.
267
698260
3000
ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
11:41
And if you look at the drug development 10 years ago and now,
268
701260
2000
ื•ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
11:43
what has happened?
269
703260
2000
ืžื” ืงืจื”?
11:45
10 years ago, it used to cost about a quarter billion.
270
705260
2000
ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ืขืœื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืจื‘ืข ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
11:47
Today it costs 1.5 billion dollars.
271
707260
3000
ื”ื™ื•ื, ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืื—ื“ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
11:51
Time taken for moving a molecule to marketplace,
272
711260
3000
ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœืงื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืฉื•ืง,
11:54
after all the human and animal testing,
273
714260
3000
ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื,
11:57
was 10 years, now it is 15 years.
274
717260
3000
ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื™ื.
12:00
Are you getting more drugs because you are spending more time and more money?
275
720260
3000
ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื›ืกืฃ?
12:03
No, I'm sorry.
276
723260
2000
ืœื, ืœืฆืขืจื ื•.
12:05
We used to have 40, now they have come down to 30.
277
725260
3000
ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื™ืจื“ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื.
12:08
So actually we are getting less from more
278
728260
2000
ืื– ื‘ืขืฆื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืชืจ
12:10
for less and less people.
279
730260
2000
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื.
12:12
Why less and less people? Because it is so expensive,
280
732260
2000
ืœืžื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื? ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืงืจ,
12:14
so very few will be able to basically afford that.
281
734260
3000
ืืฉืจ ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
12:18
Let us just take an example.
282
738260
2000
ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื.
12:20
Psoriasis is very dreadful
283
740260
2000
ืคืกื•ืจื™ืื–ื™ืก ื”ื™ื ื” ืžื—ืœื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“
12:22
disease of the skin.
284
742260
2000
ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ.
12:24
The cost of treatment, 20,000 dollars.
285
744260
2000
ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ื” ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
12:26
1,000-dollar antibody injections under the skin, by the way,
286
746260
3000
ื–ืจื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขื•ืจ ื‘ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘,
12:29
and 20 of them.
287
749260
2000
ืขืฉืจื™ื ืžื”ืŸ.
12:31
Time for development -- it took around 10 years
288
751260
2000
ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— - ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื
12:33
and 700 million dollars.
289
753260
2000
ื•ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
12:35
Let's start in the spirit
290
755260
2000
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื—
12:37
of more from less and more for more
291
757260
2000
ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื
12:39
and start putting some targets.
292
759260
3000
ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืžื™ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช.
12:42
For example, we don't want 20,000 dollars; we don't have it.
293
762260
3000
ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ; ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืกื›ื•ื ื–ื”.
12:45
Can we do it [for] 100 dollars?
294
765260
2000
ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื“ื•ืœืจ?
12:47
Time for development, not 10 years.
295
767260
2000
ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— - ืœื ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
12:49
We are in a hurry. Five years.
296
769260
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžื”ืจื™ื. ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
12:51
Cost of development -- 300 million dollars.
297
771260
2000
ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— - ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
12:53
Sorry. I can't spend more than 10 million dollars.
298
773260
2000
ืžืฆื˜ืขืจื™ื - ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉืจื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
12:55
Looks absolutely audacious.
299
775260
2000
ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืžื™ืฅ.
12:57
Looks absolutely ridiculous.
300
777260
2000
ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžื’ื•ื—ืš ืœื’ืžืจื™.
12:59
You know something? This has been achieved in India.
301
779260
3000
ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•? ื–ื” ื”ื•ืฉื’ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
13:02
These targets have been achieved in India.
302
782260
2000
ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
13:04
And how they have been achieved ...
303
784260
2000
ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื•ืฉื’ื•?
13:06
Sir Francis Bacon once said,
304
786260
2000
ืคืขื ืกืจ ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ื‘ื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ ืืžืจ,
13:08
"When you wish to achieve results
305
788260
2000
"ื›ืฉืชืจืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช
13:10
that have not been achieved before,
306
790260
2000
ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
13:12
it is an unwise fancy to think
307
792260
2000
ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
13:14
that they can be achieved by using methods
308
794260
2000
ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช
13:16
that have been used before."
309
796260
2000
ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืžืฉื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ."
13:18
And therefore, the standard process,
310
798260
2000
ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™,
13:20
where you develop a molecule, put it into mice, into men,
311
800260
2000
ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”, ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
13:22
are not yielding those results --
312
802260
2000
ืœื ืžืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช -
13:24
the billions of dollars that have been spent.
313
804260
2000
ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฉืงืขื•.
13:26
The Indian cleverness
314
806260
2000
ื—ื•ื›ืžืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื
13:28
was using its traditional knowledge,
315
808260
3000
ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™,
13:31
however, scientifically validating it
316
811260
2000
ืื•ืœื, ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช
13:33
and making that journey from men to mice to men,
317
813260
3000
ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื• ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
13:36
not molecule to mice to men, you know.
318
816260
2000
ื•ืœื ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืœืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
13:38
And that is how this difference has come.
319
818260
2000
ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื”.
13:40
And you can see this blending
320
820260
2000
ื•ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”
13:42
of traditional medicine, modern medicine, modern science.
321
822260
2000
ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช, ืจืคื•ืื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ืžื“ืข ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
13:44
I launched a big program
322
824260
2000
ื™ื–ืžืชื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
13:46
[unclear] CSIR about nine years ago.
323
826260
3000
ืชื—ืช ื—ืกื•ืช ื”-CSIR ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ืชืฉืข ืฉื ื™ื.
13:49
He is giving us not just for Psoriasis,
324
829260
2000
ื™ืฆืื• ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืœื ืจืง ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคืกื•ืจื™ืื–ื™ืก,
13:51
for cancer and a whole range of things, changing the whole paradigm.
325
831260
3000
ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื•ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื”.
13:54
And you can see this Indian Psoriasis breakthrough
326
834260
2000
ื•ืชืจืื• ื›ื™ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคืกื•ืจื™ืื–ื™ืก
13:56
obtained by this reverse form of [unclear]
327
836260
2000
ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืคืจืžืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ื”ื–ื•
13:58
by doing things differently.
328
838260
2000
ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื•
14:00
You can see before treatment and after treatment.
329
840260
3000
ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
14:03
This is really getting more from less for more and more people,
330
843260
3000
ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื,
14:06
because these are all affordable treatments now.
331
846260
3000
ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืจื™-ื”ื™ืฉื’.
14:09
Let me just remind you
332
849260
3000
ืชืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืจืง ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื
14:12
of what Mahatma Gandhi had said.
333
852260
2000
ืžื” ืืžืจ ืžื”ื˜ืžื” ื’ื ื“ื™.
14:14
He had said, "Earth provides enough
334
854260
3000
ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืกืคืง ืžืกืคื™ืง
14:17
to satisfy every man's need, but not every man's greed."
335
857260
3000
ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื, ืืš ืœื ืœืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื."
14:20
So the message he was giving us
336
860260
2000
ืคืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื
14:22
was you must get more from less and less and less
337
862260
3000
ื›ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช
14:25
so that you can share it for more and more people,
338
865260
2000
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืชืฃ ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื,
14:27
not only the current generation,
339
867260
2000
ืœื ืจืง ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™,
14:29
but the future generations.
340
869260
2000
ืืœื ื’ื ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
14:31
And he also said, "I would prize every invention of science
341
871260
3000
ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืืžืจ, "ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆืื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ืงืจืช ืขืจืš
14:34
made for the benefit for all."
342
874260
2000
ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ."
14:36
So he was giving you the message that you must have it for more and more people,
343
876260
3000
ืคืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื,
14:39
not just a few people.
344
879260
2000
ื•ืœื ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขื˜ื™ื.
14:41
And therefore, ladies and gentlemen,
345
881260
2000
ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™ ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™,
14:43
this is the theme, getting more
346
883260
2000
ื–ื” ื”ื ื•ืฉื, ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:45
from less for more.
347
885260
2000
ืžืคื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื.
14:47
And mind you,
348
887260
2000
ื•ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘,
14:49
it is not getting just a little more for just a little less.
349
889260
3000
ื›ื™ ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืขื˜ ืคื—ื•ืช.
14:52
It's not about low cost.
350
892260
2000
ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
14:54
It's about ultra-low cost.
351
894260
2000
ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:56
You cannot say it's a mere treatment 10,000 dollars,
352
896260
2000
ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื” ืขืฉืจ ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ,
14:58
but because you are poor I'll give it for 9,000.
353
898260
3000
ืืš ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ืกืคืง ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชืฉืขืช ืืœืคื™ื ื“ื•ืœืจ.
15:01
Sorry, it doesn't work. You have to give it for 100 dollars, 200 dollars.
354
901260
3000
ืฆืจ ืœื™, ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“. ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืื” ื“ื•ืœืจ, ืžืืชื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืœืจ.
15:04
Is it possible? It has been made possible, by the way,
355
904260
3000
ื”ืื ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™? ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืืคืฉืจื™, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘,
15:07
for certain other different reasons.
356
907260
3000
ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
15:10
So you are not talking about low cost, you are talking about ultra-low cost.
357
910260
3000
ืื– ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:13
You are not talking about affordability,
358
913260
2000
ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™-ื”ื™ืฉื’,
15:15
you are talking about extreme affordability.
359
915260
2000
ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™-ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
15:17
Because of the four billion people whose income is under two dollars a day.
360
917260
3000
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืŸ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื.
15:21
You're not talking exclusive innovation.
361
921260
3000
ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืืงืกืงืœื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช.
15:24
You're talking about inclusive innovation.
362
924260
3000
ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™ืช.
15:27
And therefore, you're not talking about incremental innovation,
363
927260
2000
ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช,
15:29
you're talking about disruptive innovation.
364
929260
2000
ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช.
15:31
The ideas have to be such
365
931260
2000
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš
15:33
that you think in completely different terms.
366
933260
3000
ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
15:36
And I would also add,
367
936260
2000
ื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ืกื™ืฃ,
15:38
it is not only getting more from less for more
368
938260
2000
ื›ื™ ืœื ืจืง ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื
15:40
by more and more people, the whole world working for it.
369
940260
3000
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืš.
15:43
I was very touched when I saw a breakthrough the other day.
370
943260
3000
ืžืื•ื“ ื ื’ืข ืœืœื™ื‘ื™ ื›ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
15:46
You know, incubators for infants, for example.
371
946260
2000
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื™ื ืงื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืขื•ื˜ื™ื
15:48
They're not available in Africa.
372
948260
2000
ืœื ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
15:50
They're not available in Indian villages.
373
950260
2000
ืœื ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
15:52
And infants die.
374
952260
2000
ื•ืคืขื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืชื™ื.
15:54
And incubator costs 2,000 dollars.
375
954260
3000
ืื™ื ืงื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื” ืืœืคื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืœืจ.
15:57
And there's a 25-dollar incubator
376
957260
2000
ื•ืคื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ืงื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื“ื•ืœืจ
15:59
giving that performance that had been created.
377
959260
2000
ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฆืจ
16:01
And by whom?
378
961260
2000
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™?
16:03
By young students from Standford University
379
963260
3000
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“
16:06
on an extreme affordability project that they had, basically.
380
966260
3000
ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™-ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
16:09
Their heart is in the right place, like Ratan Tata.
381
969260
3000
ืœื™ื‘ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืจืื˜ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ื.
16:12
It's not just innovation, compassion and passion --
382
972260
3000
ืœื ืจืง ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ื—ืžืœื” ื•ืชืฉื•ืงื” -
16:15
compassion in the heart and passion in the belly.
383
975260
2000
ื—ืžืœื” ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ื•ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืฉื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ.
16:17
That's the new world that we want to create.
384
977260
3000
ื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ.
16:20
And that is why the message is that of Gandhian engineering.
385
980260
2000
ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื“ื™ืช.
16:22
Ladies and gentlemen, I'd like to end before time.
386
982260
3000
ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™ ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™, ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
16:25
I was also afraid of those 18 minutes.
387
985260
2000
ื’ื ืื ื™ ืคื—ื“ืชื™ ืžืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
16:27
I've still one and a half to go.
388
987260
2000
ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ื“ืงื” ื•ื—ืฆื™.
16:29
The message, the final message, is this:
389
989260
3000
ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื:
16:32
India gave a great gift to the world.
390
992260
3000
ื”ื•ื“ื• ื ืชืŸ ืžืชื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื.
16:35
What was that?
391
995260
2000
ืžื” ื”ื™ื?
16:37
[In the] 20th century, we gave Gandhi to the world.
392
997260
3000
ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ื ืชื ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืืช ื’ื ื“ื™.
16:40
The 21st century gift,
393
1000260
2000
ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช, ื”ืžืชื ื” ื”ื™ื
16:42
which is very, very important for the whole world,
394
1002260
2000
ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•,
16:44
whether it is global economic meltdown,
395
1004260
2000
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™,
16:46
whether it is climate change --
396
1006260
2000
ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช -
16:48
any problem that you talk about
397
1008260
2000
ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืขื•ืœื”
16:50
is gaining more from less for more and more --
398
1010260
2000
ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื -
16:52
not only the current generations,
399
1012260
2000
ืœื ืจืง ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื,
16:54
for the future generations.
400
1014260
2000
ืืœื ื’ื ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
16:56
And that can come only from Gandhian engineering.
401
1016260
2000
ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืจืง ืžื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื“ื™ืช.
16:58
So ladies and gentlemen, I'm very happy to announce,
402
1018260
3000
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™, ื”ื ื ื™ ืžืชื›ื‘ื“ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข
17:01
this gift of the 21st century
403
1021260
2000
ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช
17:03
to the world from India,
404
1023260
2000
ืœืขื•ืœื ืžื”ื•ื“ื•
17:05
Gandhian engineering.
405
1025260
2000
ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื“ื™ืช.
17:07
(Applause)
406
1027260
8000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:15
Lakshmi Pratury: Thank you, Dr. Mashelkar. (R.A. Mashelkar: Thank you very much.)
407
1035260
3000
ืœืงืฉืžื™ ืคืจื˜ื•ืจื™: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”ืœืš, ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืžืฉืœืงืืจ (ืจ.ื. ืžืงืœืงืืจ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.)
17:18
LP: A quick question for you.
408
1038260
2000
ืœ.ืค: ืฉืืœื” ืงืฆืจื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš.
17:20
Now, when you were a young boy in this school,
409
1040260
3000
ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ
17:23
what were your thoughts, like what did you think you could become?
410
1043260
3000
ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ืš, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื” ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช?
17:26
What do you think that drove you?
411
1046260
2000
ืžื” ื”ื ื™ืข ืื•ืชืš, ืœื“ืขืชืš?
17:28
Was there a vision you had? What is it that drove you?
412
1048260
3000
ื”ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื—ื–ื•ืŸ? ืžื” ื”ื ื™ืข ืื•ืชืš?
17:31
RAM: I'll tell you a story that drove me, that transformed my life.
413
1051260
3000
ืจืื: ืืกืคืจ ืœืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื™, ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™.
17:34
I remember, I went to a poor school,
414
1054260
3000
ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืขื ื™,
17:37
because my mother could not gather the 21 rupees,
415
1057260
3000
ื›ื™ ืืžื ืฉืœื™ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืจื•ืคื™,
17:40
that half a dollar that was required
416
1060260
2000
ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ื ื“ืจืฉ
17:42
within the stipulated time.
417
1062260
2000
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข.
17:44
It was [unclear] high school.
418
1064260
3000
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
17:47
But it was a poor school with rich teachers, honestly.
419
1067260
3000
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืขื ื™ ืขื ืžื•ืจื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
17:50
And one of them was [unclear] who taught us physics.
420
1070260
3000
ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
17:53
One day he took us out into the sun
421
1073260
2000
ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžืฉ
17:55
and tried to show us how to find
422
1075260
2000
ื•ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื ื• ืื™ืš ืœืžืฆื•ื
17:57
the focal length of a convex lens.
423
1077260
3000
ืื•ืจืš ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืขื“ืฉื” ืงืžื•ืจื”.
18:00
The lens was here. The piece of paper was there. He moved it up and down.
424
1080260
3000
ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืคื”. ืคื™ืกืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื. ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื– ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื”.
18:03
And there was a bright spot up there.
425
1083260
3000
ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืื•ืจ ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”.
18:06
And then he said, "This is the focal length."
426
1086260
2000
ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื–ื” ืื•ืจืš ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“".
18:08
But then he held it for a little while, Lakshmi.
427
1088260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”, ืœืงืฉืžื™,
18:11
And then the paper burned.
428
1091260
2000
ื•ืื– ืคื™ืกืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื ืฉืจืคื”.
18:13
When the paper burned, for some reason he turned to me,
429
1093260
2000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื ืฉืจืฃ, ืžืฉื•ื ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืคื ื” ืืœื™ื™,
18:15
and he said, "Mashelkar, like this,
430
1095260
3000
ืืžืจ ืœื™, "ืžืฉืœืงืืจ, ื›ืš,
18:18
if you do not diffuse your energies,
431
1098260
2000
ืืœ ืชืคื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš,
18:20
if you focus your energies,
432
1100260
2000
ืื ืชืžืงื“ ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš,
18:22
you can achieve anything in the world."
433
1102260
3000
ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื."
18:25
That gave me a great message: focus and you can achieve.
434
1105260
3000
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืจ ืื“ื™ืจ: ืชืชืžืงื“ ื•ืชืฉื™ื’ ื”ื›ืœ.
18:28
I said, "Whoa, science is so wonderful,
435
1108260
2000
ื•ืื– ืืžืจืชื™, "ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื ื›ื” ื ืคืœืื™ื,
18:30
I have to become a scientist."
436
1110260
2000
ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขืŸ."
18:32
But more importantly, focus and you can achieve.
437
1112260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื•ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ื›ืœ.
18:35
And that message, very frankly,
438
1115260
2000
ื•ืžืกืจ ื–ื”, ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช,
18:37
is valuable for society today.
439
1117260
2000
ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
18:39
What does that focal length do?
440
1119260
3000
ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืจืš ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“?
18:42
It has parallel lines, which are sun rays.
441
1122260
3000
ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื, ืฉื”ื ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
18:45
And the property of parallel lines
442
1125260
2000
ื•ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื
18:47
is that they never meet.
443
1127260
2000
ื”ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื.
18:49
What does that convex lens do?
444
1129260
2000
ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื“ืฉื” ืงืžื•ืจื”?
18:51
It makes them meet.
445
1131260
2000
ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ.
18:53
This is convex lens leadership.
446
1133260
2000
ื–ื• ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ื”ืงืžื•ืจื”.
18:55
You know what today's leadership is doing? Concave length.
447
1135260
3000
ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื? ืขื“ืฉื” ืงืขื•ืจื”.
18:58
They divide them farther.
448
1138260
3000
ืžืคื–ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
19:01
So I learned the lesson
449
1141260
2000
ืื– ืื ื™ ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืœืงื—
19:03
of convex lens leadership from that.
450
1143260
2000
ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื“ืฉื” ืงืžื•ืจื” ืžืฉื.
19:05
And when I was at National Chemical Laboratory [unclear].
451
1145260
3000
ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
19:08
When I was at Council of Scientific Industry Research --
452
1148260
2000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืข -
19:10
40 laboratories -- when two laboratories were not talking to each other,
453
1150260
2000
ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช - ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืชื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื–ื• ืขื ื–ื•,
19:12
I would [unclear].
454
1152260
3000
ืื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืชื™ ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื”.
19:15
And currently I'm president of Global Research Alliance,
455
1155260
2000
ื•ื›ืจื’ืข ืื ื™ ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™,
19:17
60,000 scientists in nine counties, right from India to the U.S.
456
1157260
3000
ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืืœืฃ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืชืฉืข ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืžื”ื•ื“ื• ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
19:20
I'm trying to build a global team,
457
1160260
3000
ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™,
19:23
which will look at the global grand challenges that the world is facing.
458
1163260
3000
ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืขื•ืœื.
19:26
That was the lesson. That was the inspirational moment.
459
1166260
2000
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืœืงื—. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื”ืฉืจืืชื™.
19:28
LP: Thank you very much. (RAM: Thank you.)
460
1168260
3000
ืœ.ืค: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš. (ืจืื: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.)
19:31
(Applause)
461
1171260
3000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7