R.A. Mashelkar: Breakthrough designs for ultra-low-cost products

45,934 views ・ 2010-10-27

TED


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譯者: Spencer Shu 審譯者: Leonard Lin
00:15
The big residual
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可以遺留下來的東西
00:17
is always value for money.
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總是有價值的
00:19
All the time we are trying to get value for money.
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我們總是試著去獲取金錢的價值
00:22
What we don't look for
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而在我們創造金錢價值的時候
00:24
is value for many,
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我們所沒有做到的
00:26
while we are generating value for money.
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是追求大眾的價值
00:29
Do we care about those four billion people
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我們是否曾關心
00:31
whose income levels are less than two dollars a day,
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那些每天收入不到2元美金的40億人口
00:33
the so-called bottom of the pyramid?
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也就是所謂的金字塔底層的人們?
00:36
What are the challenges in getting value for money
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在我們獲取金錢的價值,也同時去爭取大眾價值的時候
00:39
as well as value for many?
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其中所產生的挑戰是什麼?
00:41
We have described here
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在此
00:43
in terms of the performance
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我們將以性能和價格的角度
00:45
and the price.
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來闡述這個議題
00:47
If you have money, of course, you can get the value.
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如果你擁有金錢,理所當然你可以獲得價值
00:50
You can get a Mercedes
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你可以用很高的價錢
00:52
for a very high price,
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去買一部賓士車
00:54
very high performance.
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它有非常優異的性能
00:56
But if you don't have money, what happens?
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但是如果你沒有錢的話,那會怎樣?
00:59
Well, you are to ride a bicycle,
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那你就必須騎著腳踏車
01:01
carrying your own weight and also some other weight,
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承載你自己的重量,加上其他物品的重量
01:04
so that you can earn the bread for the day.
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這樣你才可以賺取日常所需的麵包
01:07
Well, poor do not remain poor;
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儘管貧窮不會永遠保持貧窮
01:09
they become lower-middle-class.
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他們可以變成中低階層
01:11
And if they do so,
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如果真的可以這樣
01:13
then, of course, the conditions improve,
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那生活的條件就得以改善
01:15
and they start riding on scooters.
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然後他們就開始騎摩托車
01:18
But the challenge is, again, they don't get much value,
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然而同樣地,其中的挑戰是他們並沒有獲得太多的價值
01:21
because they can't afford anything more than the scooter.
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因為他們無法負擔其他價錢超過摩托車的東西
01:25
The issue is, at that price,
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問題是,在這個價格之下
01:27
can you give them some extra value?
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你是否可以給予他們額外的價值?
01:30
A super value,
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那是一種超級的價值
01:32
in terms of their ability to ride in a car,
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讓他們可以藉由開車
01:34
to get that dignity, to get that safety,
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而獲得尊嚴、獲得安全
01:37
looks practically impossible, isn't it.
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這看起來在實務上並不可行,不是嗎?
01:40
Now, this is something
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接下來
01:42
that we see on Indian streets
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這就是我們在印度的街頭上
01:44
all the time.
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常常可以看到的景象
01:46
But many people see the same thing
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但是許多人看到同樣的事情之後
01:48
and think things differently,
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然後產生有不同的想法
01:51
and one of them is here, Ratan Tata.
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其中之一便是Ratan Tata
01:56
The great thing about our leaders
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我們的領導人有一件為大的事蹟
01:58
is that, should they not only have passion in their belly,
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就是他們不只要有滿腹的熱情
02:02
which practically all of them have,
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實際上他們都是這樣做
02:04
they're also very innovative.
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另一方面, 他們還非常有創造性
02:06
An innovator is one who does not know it cannot be done.
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所謂創造者就是那些不知道事情無法完成的人
02:09
They believe that things can be done.
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他們相信事情可以完成
02:11
But great leaders like Ratan
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但是像Ratan這樣的偉大領導人
02:13
have compassion.
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懷抱著熱情
02:15
And what you said, Lakshmi, is absolutely true:
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豐盛女神Lakshmi,您所說的話是百分之百正確的
02:17
it's not just Ratan Tata,
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不只是 Ratan Tata
02:19
it's the house of Tatas over time.
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還有整個Tatas之家
02:21
Let me confirm what she said.
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讓我們來看一下她說過的話
02:23
Yes, I went barefoot
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直到12歲以前
02:26
until I was 12.
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我都是光著赤腳
02:28
I struggled to [unclear] day
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我每天都要和環境對抗
02:30
was a huge issue.
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對我來說那是一件很大的事情
02:32
And when I finished my SSC, the eleventh standard,
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後來當我完成SSC,第11等級的時候
02:35
I stood eleventh among 125,000 students.
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我在12萬5千名學生中排名第11
02:38
But I was about to leave the school,
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但是我卻必須離開學校
02:40
because my poor mother couldn't afford schooling.
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因為貧窮的母親無法負擔讓我繼續上學的費用
02:42
And it was [unclear] Tata Trust, which gave me six rupees per month,
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後來是Tata 信託每個月提供給我6盧比
02:45
almost a dollar per month for six years.
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那幾乎是每個月1元美金,連續提供6年
02:48
That's how I'm standing before you.
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那也是我今天可以站在大家面前的原因
02:50
So that is the House of Tata.
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這就是Tata之家
02:52
(Applause)
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鼓掌
02:55
Innovation, compassion and passion.
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創新,憐憫與熱情
02:57
They combine all that.
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他們將這些結合起來
02:59
And it was that compassion which bothered them,
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然而憐憫, 卻也造成他們的困擾
03:02
because when he saw -- in fact, he told me about eight or nine years ago
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因為當他看到-- 事實上, 他在大概在8,9年前跟我提起
03:05
how he was driving his own car --
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他那時開著自己的車
03:08
he drives his own car by the way --
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在路上開著車
03:11
and he saw in the rain,
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然後他看到
03:13
a family like the one that I showed to you
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有一家子的人, 就像我剛剛給各位看的
03:15
getting drenched with an infant.
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在傾盆大雨中全身濕透, 其中還包括一個小嬰兒
03:17
And then he said, "Well, I must give them a car that they can afford,
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他那時想, "嗯, 我一定要給他們一部他們負擔得起的車子"
03:20
one lakh car, $2,000 car."
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一部價錢10萬盧筆的車子,換算後是2000美元
03:23
Of course, as soon as you say something like this
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想當然爾, 當你談到這種事情時
03:25
people say it is impossible,
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人們會立刻說, 這是不可能達成的
03:27
and that's what was said by Suzuki.
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Suzuki當時就這樣講的
03:29
He said, oh, probably he is going to build a three-wheeler
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他說, 喔, 他們大概是要
03:32
with stepney.
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建造一輛三輪摩托車吧!
03:34
And you can see the cartoon here.
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我們來看看這部卡通
03:36
Well they didn't build that. They built a proper car. Nano.
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他們並沒有建造一輛三輪摩托車!他們做了一台適合的汽車,名為Nano.
03:40
And mind you, I'm six feet half an inch,
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提醒你們, 我的身高有6英尺半英吋
03:42
Ratan is taller than me,
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而Ratan則比我還高
03:44
and we have ample space in the front
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當我們在這輛特別的車裡的時候
03:47
and ample space in the back in this particular car.
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我們的頭頂還有很充裕的空間,背後也有充裕的空間
03:50
And incredible car.
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這是一部很棒的車
03:52
And of course, nothing succeeds like success;
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當然, 沒有什麼事情比成功更加成功
03:55
the cynics then turned around,
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接著諷刺者出現了
03:58
and one after the other
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一個接著一個
04:00
they also started saying, "Yes, we also want to make a car in the Nano Segment.
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他們開始說"是的,我們也要在Nano的市場區隔裡做一輛車
04:03
We'll manufacture a car in the Nano Segment."
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我們也要在Nano的市場區隔裡生產一輛車""
04:06
How did this great story unfold,
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在這個這個偉大的故事裡
04:09
the making of Nano?
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他們是如何呈現Nano的製作過程?
04:11
Let me tell you a bit about it.
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讓我來稍微透露一點端倪
04:13
For example, how we started:
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例如說,這一切是如開始的
04:16
Ratan just began with a five-engineer team,
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起初Ratan跟一個5人工程師團隊
04:19
young people in their mid-twenties.
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大概25歲左右的年輕人
04:22
And he said,
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他說
04:24
"Well, I won't define the vehicle for you,
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我將不會給你們車子的定義
04:26
but I will define the cost for you.
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但我會界定出成本
04:28
It is one lakh, 100,000 rupees,
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成本是10萬盧比
04:30
and you are to make it within that."
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而你們必須在這個成本之內做出車子來
04:32
And he told them,
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他也告訴他們
04:34
"Question the unquestionable.
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去質疑原本不容質疑的事情
04:36
Stretch the envelope."
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去延伸極限
04:38
And at a point in time,
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在某個時間點上
04:40
he got so engrossed in the whole challenge,
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他全神貫注地去面對所有的挑戰
04:42
that he himself became a member of the team.
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以致於他自己也變成了團隊中的一員
04:44
Can you believe it?
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你能相信嗎?
04:46
I still am told about this story
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到現在他仍在告訴我有關
04:48
of that single wiper design in which he participated.
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他參與了其中一個刮水器設計的故事
04:51
Until midnight, he'd be thinking.
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他徹夜思考
04:53
Early morning he'll be coming back with sort of solutions.
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隔天一早他就會帶著答案回來
04:56
But who was the team leader?
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但誰是這個團隊的領導者呢?
04:58
The team leader was Girish Wagh,
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團隊的領導者是Girish Wagh
05:00
a 34 year-old boy in [unclear].
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一個34歲的男生
05:02
And the Nano team average age
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而這個Nano團隊的平均年齡
05:04
was just 27 years.
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是27歲
05:06
And they did innovation in design and beyond.
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由他們從事設計及其他的創新
05:10
Broke many norms of the standard conventions for the first time.
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這是有史以來第一次打破傳統的標準規範
05:13
For example, that a two-cylinder gas engine
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例如, 裝置在平衡軸上的
05:16
was used in a car with a single balancer shaft.
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雙汽缸的汽油引擎
05:19
Adhesives were replacing the rivets.
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用黏著劑代替鉚釘
05:22
There was a co-creation, a huge co-creation,
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那是一個賣家和供應商之間
05:25
with vendors and suppliers.
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的一種共同創造, 一個龐大的共同創造
05:27
All ideas on board were welcome.
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歡迎所有被提出來的點子
05:29
100 vendors were co-located adjacent to the plant,
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100個供應商在工廠裡共同努力
05:32
and innovative business models for automobile dealerships were developed.
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另一方面,也發展了創新的汽車經銷模式
05:35
Imagine that a fellow
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想像一下
05:37
who sells cloth, for example, will be selling Nano.
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有一個人原本在賣衣服,現在要轉行銷售Nano
05:40
I mean, it was incredible innovation.
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我的意思是, 這是一個很棒的創舉
05:43
Seeking solutions for non-auto sectors.
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為非汽車產業的人尋找答案
05:46
It was an open innovation,
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這是一個開放性的創新
05:48
ideas from all over were welcome.
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歡迎所有的點子
05:50
The mechanism of helicopters seats and windows was used, by the way,
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對了, 連直昇機的座位和窗戶設計也用上了
05:53
as well as a dashboard
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另外還有儀表板
05:55
that was inspired by two-wheelers.
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這個靈感是來自於兩輪車
05:57
The fuel lines and lamps
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我們用的燃料管線及燈座
05:59
were as in two-wheelers.
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與兩輪車使用的一樣
06:02
And the crux of the matter was, however,
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然而,事情的關鍵是
06:04
getting more from less.
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從"較少"的基礎上去獲得更多東西
06:07
All the time, you have been given an envelope.
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一直以來, 我們一直處在既定的限制下
06:09
You can't cross that envelope,
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我們無法跨越限制
06:11
which is 100,000 rupees, 2,000 dollars.
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那就是10萬盧比,也就是2000美元
06:14
And therefore, each component
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因此,每一個零件
06:16
had to have a dual functionality.
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都必須有雙重的功能
06:19
And the seat riser, for example,
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以座位升降器來說
06:21
serving as a mounting for the seat
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除了可以用來固定座椅
06:23
as well as a structural part
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它本身也是
06:25
of the functional rigidity.
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功能結構的一部份
06:27
Half the number of parts
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相較於傳統的客車
06:29
are contained in Nano
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Nano涵蓋了
06:31
in comparison to a typical passenger car.
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半數的零件
06:34
The length is smaller by eight percent by the way.
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但車子的長度卻少了8%
06:36
But the current entry-level cars
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相較於市面上的入門款汽車
06:38
in comparison to that is eight percent less,
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它的長度少8%
06:40
but 21 percent more inside space.
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卻多了21%的車內空間
06:45
And what happened
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這就是所謂的
06:47
was that -- more from less --
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從"較少"的基礎上去獲得更多東西
06:49
you can see how much more for how much less.
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你可以發現因為減少而可以增加多少東西
06:52
When the Model T was launched --
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當福特的Model T剛推出的時候
06:54
and this is, by the way, all the figures
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如果把數字
06:56
that are adjusted to 2007 dollar prices --
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調整成2007年的價格水準
06:59
Model T was 19,700 by Ford.
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價格是1萬9千7百元
07:02
Volkswagon was 11,333.
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福斯是1萬1千3百3十3元
07:05
And British Motor was around 11,000.
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British Motor大概是1萬1千元
07:08
And Nano was, bang, 2,000 dollars.
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而Nano, 只有2千元
07:12
This is why
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這就是為什麼
07:14
you started
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我們開啟了
07:16
actually a new paradigm shift,
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一個新的典範移轉
07:19
where the same people
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在其中
07:22
who could not dream of sitting in a car,
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原本不敢夢想可以坐在車子裡的人們
07:24
who were carrying their entire family in a scooter,
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原本必須在摩托車上擠著全家人的人們
07:26
started dreaming of being in a car.
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開始可以想著坐在車子裡的景象
07:29
And those dreams are getting fulfilled.
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這些夢想已經開始實現了
07:32
This is a photograph
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在這張照片裡
07:34
of a house and a driver and a car
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是在我家附近的
07:36
near my own home.
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一間房子, 一位駕駛者和一輛車
07:38
The driver's name is Naran.
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駕駛的名字是Naran
07:40
He has bought his own Nano.
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他買了屬於他自己的Nano
07:42
And you can see, there is a physical space
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我們可以看到,
07:44
that has been created for him,
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他擁有一個為他創造的實體空間
07:46
parking that car, along with the owner's car,
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和擁有者的著車子一樣去把那輛車停好
07:49
but more importantly, they've created
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但更重要的是
07:52
a space in their mind that
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在他們心裡的一個空間
07:54
"Yes, my chauffeur is going to come in his own car and park it."
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"我的司機將要進到車子裡然後去停車"
07:57
And that's why I call it a transformational innovation.
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這就是為什麼我稱它為一種轉變性的創新
08:01
It is not just technological,
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這不只是技術上的
08:04
it is social innovation that we talk about.
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我們在講的是一種社會性的創新
08:07
And that is where, ladies and gentlemen,
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女士先生們,
08:10
this famous theme
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這就是從"較少"的基礎上去獲得更多東西
08:12
of getting more from less for more
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這個著名的主題
08:15
becomes important.
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變得重要的原因
08:17
I remember talking about this for the first time in Australia,
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我記得當我在澳洲第一次談論這個主題的時候
08:20
about one and a half years ago,
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那大概是1年半以前
08:22
when their academy honored me with a fellowship.
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當他們給我學術研究金的榮耀時
08:25
And unbelievably, in 40 years,
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難以置信的是,40年以來
08:27
I was the first Indian to be honored.
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我是第一位接受這份榮耀的印度人
08:29
And the title of my talk
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我演講的標題
08:31
was therefore "Indian innovation
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是"印度式的創新,
08:33
from Gandhi to Gandhian engineering."
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從甘地到甘地主義工程"
08:36
And I titled this more from less for more and more people
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我把這個標題"從較少的基礎上去獲得更多東西"
08:39
as Gandhian engineering.
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定義為甘地主義工程
08:41
And Gandhian engineering, in my judgment,
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甘地主義工程, 在我的判斷裡
08:43
is the one which is going to take the world forward,
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是一種引領世界向前走
08:46
is going to make a difference,
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然後去創造差異
08:48
not just for a few, but for everyone.
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不是為了少數人, 而是為了每一個人
08:50
Let me move from mobility in a car to individual mobility
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讓我從車子的移動跳到那些
08:53
for those unfortunates
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失去雙腳而不幸的人
08:55
who have lost their legs.
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他們的個人移動問題
08:57
Here is an American citizen and his son
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這是一位美國人
09:00
having an artificial foot.
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以及他那裝義肢的兒子
09:02
What is its price? 20,000 dollars.
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價錢是多少呢? 2萬美金
09:05
And of course, these feet are so designed
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這些義肢經過特殊的設計
09:08
that they can walk only on
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他們只能行走在
09:11
such perfect pavement or roads.
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非常平整的路面或道路上
09:13
Unfortunately, that's not the case in India.
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不幸的是, 印度的道路並非如此
09:16
You can see him walk barefoot
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可以看到他赤腳
09:18
on an awkward land, sometimes in a marshy land,
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走在荊棘的道路上, 有時候是在沼澤地
09:20
and so on and so forth.
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諸如此類
09:22
More importantly,
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更重要的是
09:24
they not only walk far to work,
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他們不只是走路去上班
09:26
and not only do they cycle to work,
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騎腳踏車也是一樣
09:28
but they cycle for work, as you can see here.
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就像我們可以看到的,他們騎腳踏車是為了工作
09:31
And they climb up for their work.
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他們為了工作而努力往上爬
09:34
You have to design an artificial foot for such conditions.
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為了因應這種狀況,我們必須設計人工義肢
09:37
A challenge, of course.
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當然,這是一項挑戰
09:39
Four billion people, their incomes are less then two dollars a day.
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有40億的人口, 他們的每日收入少於2元美金
09:42
And if you talk about a 20,000-dollar shoe,
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如果是每一個價值2萬美元的鞋子
09:44
you're talking about 10,000 days of income.
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那就是1萬天的工作收入
09:47
You just don't have it.
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根本無法負擔
09:49
And therefore, you ought to look at alternatives.
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因此我們必須思考其他的替代方案
09:51
And that is how Jaipur Foot was created in India.
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這也是印度Jaipur義肢的由來
09:54
It had a revolutionary prosthetic fitment and delivery system,
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它具備了革命性的義肢裝置及傳達系統
09:58
a quick molding and modular components,
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配件的模具可以快速製造,
10:01
enabling custom-made, on-the-spot limb fitments.
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一種可以客製化, 立即裝置的肢體裝備
10:05
You could feel it actually in an hour, by the way,
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事實上,我們可以在一小時之內完成
10:07
whereas the equivalent other feet
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而其他同等級的義肢
10:09
took something like a day, as so on.
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卻要花上一天以上的時間
10:11
Outer socket made by using heated high-density polyethylene pipes,
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外部的底座是用加熱過的高密度聚乙烯管子所打造的
10:15
rather than using heated sheets.
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而非使用一般加熱過的薄板
10:18
And unique high-ankle design and human-like looks,
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另外還有獨特的高腳踝設計, 以及和人體看起來一樣的外觀
10:21
[unclear] and functions.
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以及其他功能
10:23
And I like to show how it looks
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我想展示一下它的外觀
10:25
and how it works.
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以及它是如何使用的
10:33
(Music)
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音樂
10:37
See, he jumps. You can see what stress it must have.
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這個人跳了起來, 可以見得它足以承受壓力
10:40
(Text: ... any person with a below the knee limb could do this.
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任何裝上這個人工膝蓋的人都可以做到
10:42
... above the limb, yes, it would be difficult ...
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在這個義肢上面, 顯得有點困難
10:45
"Did it hurt?"
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容易受傷嗎?
10:47
"No ... not at all."
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一點都不會
10:58
... he can run a kilometer in four minutes and 30 seconds ...)
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他可以在4分30秒之內跑完1公里
11:00
One kilometer in four minutes and 30 seconds.
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4分30秒之內跑完1公里
11:02
(Applause)
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鼓掌
11:15
So that's what it is all about.
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這就是它的故事
11:17
And therefore Time took notice
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因此基本上, 時間注意到了
11:19
of this 28-dollar foot, basically.
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這個28元美金的義肢
11:21
(Applause)
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鼓掌
11:24
An incredible story.
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這是一個了不起的故事
11:27
Let's move on to something else.
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讓我們來看看別的東西
11:29
I've been talking about getting more from less for more.
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我剛剛談到從"較少"的基礎上去獲得更多東西,然後帶給更多的人
11:31
Let's move to health.
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接下來讓我們來談健康議題
11:33
We've talked about mobility and the rest of it, let's talk about health.
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我們談到移動性以及相關的議題,讓我們套用在健康上
11:36
What's happening in the area of health?
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在健康的領域上發生什麼事呢?
11:38
You know, you have new diseases that require new drugs.
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我們會新的疾病出現,這時就需要有新的藥物
11:41
And if you look at the drug development 10 years ago and now,
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如果我們觀察10年前和現在對於藥物的研發
11:43
what has happened?
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可以有什麼發現呢?
11:45
10 years ago, it used to cost about a quarter billion.
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10年前, 通常得花上2.5億美元
11:47
Today it costs 1.5 billion dollars.
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現在要15億美元
11:51
Time taken for moving a molecule to marketplace,
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要把化學分子帶到市場上, 需要花費一點時間
11:54
after all the human and animal testing,
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要經過人體和動物的測試
11:57
was 10 years, now it is 15 years.
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過去是10年,現在要等上15年
12:00
Are you getting more drugs because you are spending more time and more money?
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因為要花更多的時間和金錢,所以才會需要更多的藥物嗎?
12:03
No, I'm sorry.
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不是的
12:05
We used to have 40, now they have come down to 30.
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以前需要40種,現在減少為30種
12:08
So actually we are getting less from more
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所以事實上, 我們是"較多"的基礎上去獲得較少東西,
12:10
for less and less people.
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給越來越少的人使用
12:12
Why less and less people? Because it is so expensive,
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為什麼說是越來越少的人呢? 因為價錢很昂貴
12:14
so very few will be able to basically afford that.
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所以只有少數人買得起
12:18
Let us just take an example.
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我來舉一個例子
12:20
Psoriasis is very dreadful
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人們非常害怕牛皮癬
12:22
disease of the skin.
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它一種皮膚病
12:24
The cost of treatment, 20,000 dollars.
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治療的成本需要2萬元美金
12:26
1,000-dollar antibody injections under the skin, by the way,
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在皮下注射抗體需要1千元
12:29
and 20 of them.
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總共需要20次
12:31
Time for development -- it took around 10 years
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開發的時間-- 大概花費10年的時間
12:33
and 700 million dollars.
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以及7億美元
12:35
Let's start in the spirit
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讓我們從精神開始談起
12:37
of more from less and more for more
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"較少"的基礎上去獲得更多東西, 然後散佈更多的人
12:39
and start putting some targets.
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以及開始設定目標
12:42
For example, we don't want 20,000 dollars; we don't have it.
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例如,我們不要2萬元美金, 因為我們根本沒有那麼多錢
12:45
Can we do it [for] 100 dollars?
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那我們可以用100元的標準來製造嗎?
12:47
Time for development, not 10 years.
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至於開發的時間, 無法有10年那麼長
12:49
We are in a hurry. Five years.
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我們的時間緊迫, 只能有5年
12:51
Cost of development -- 300 million dollars.
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開發的成本-- 3億美元
12:53
Sorry. I can't spend more than 10 million dollars.
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很抱歉! 我無法花超過1千萬美金
12:55
Looks absolutely audacious.
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這樣的論點看起來相當大膽
12:57
Looks absolutely ridiculous.
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相當的荒謬
12:59
You know something? This has been achieved in India.
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但是你們知道嗎?在印度我們已經做到了
13:02
These targets have been achieved in India.
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這些目標我們已經在印度達成了
13:04
And how they have been achieved ...
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是如何達成呢?
13:06
Sir Francis Bacon once said,
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Francis Bacon先生曾經說過
13:08
"When you wish to achieve results
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當你想要達成
13:10
that have not been achieved before,
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過往未曾達成的目標時
13:12
it is an unwise fancy to think
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如果你以為繼續使用過往的老方法
13:14
that they can be achieved by using methods
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就可以做到的話
13:16
that have been used before."
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那是非常不智的想法
13:18
And therefore, the standard process,
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因此, 以前的標準程序
13:20
where you develop a molecule, put it into mice, into men,
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開發一種化學分子,然後在老鼠、人體上做測試
13:22
are not yielding those results --
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將無法產生那些新的結果
13:24
the billions of dollars that have been spent.
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徒然花費數十億美元
13:26
The Indian cleverness
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印度人聰明地
13:28
was using its traditional knowledge,
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使用他們傳統的知識
13:31
however, scientifically validating it
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然而仍須科學上的驗證
13:33
and making that journey from men to mice to men,
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把過程變成從人體,到老鼠,再到人體
13:36
not molecule to mice to men, you know.
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而非傳統上從老鼠到人體
13:38
And that is how this difference has come.
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這就是差異的所在
13:40
And you can see this blending
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這個過程混合了
13:42
of traditional medicine, modern medicine, modern science.
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傳統醫學,現代醫學以及現代科學
13:44
I launched a big program
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在九年前
13:46
[unclear] CSIR about nine years ago.
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我發動了一個名為CSIR的計畫
13:49
He is giving us not just for Psoriasis,
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不只是牛皮癬
13:51
for cancer and a whole range of things, changing the whole paradigm.
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還有癌症,和其他的東西, 因而改變了整個典範
13:54
And you can see this Indian Psoriasis breakthrough
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我們可以看到在印度牛皮癬爆發後
13:56
obtained by this reverse form of [unclear]
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我們藉由不同的作法
13:58
by doing things differently.
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透過這個反向的程序而控制病情
14:00
You can see before treatment and after treatment.
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我們可以看到治療前後差異
14:03
This is really getting more from less for more and more people,
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這就是從"較少"的基礎上去獲得更多東西,然後帶給更多的人
14:06
because these are all affordable treatments now.
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因為這些東西現在都是人們可以負擔得起的
14:09
Let me just remind you
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我想提醒一下各位
14:12
of what Mahatma Gandhi had said.
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聖雄甘地曾經說過的話
14:14
He had said, "Earth provides enough
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他說"地球所提供的資源足以滿足每個人都需求,
14:17
to satisfy every man's need, but not every man's greed."
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但無法滿足每個人的貪婪"
14:20
So the message he was giving us
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所以他傳達給我們的訊息是
14:22
was you must get more from less and less and less
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我們必須在較少的基礎上去獲取更多
14:25
so that you can share it for more and more people,
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所以我們可以分享給越來越多的人
14:27
not only the current generation,
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並非僅限於這一個世代
14:29
but the future generations.
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還要包括未來的世世代代
14:31
And he also said, "I would prize every invention of science
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他也曾說
14:34
made for the benefit for all."
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我要讚美每一個帶給人們福祉的科學發明
14:36
So he was giving you the message that you must have it for more and more people,
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所以他給我們的訊息是,我們必須把福祉傳播給更多的人
14:39
not just a few people.
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而非少數特定的人
14:41
And therefore, ladies and gentlemen,
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因此, 女士先生們
14:43
this is the theme, getting more
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就是這個主題
14:45
from less for more.
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"較少"的基礎上去獲得更多東西, 然後散佈更多的人
14:47
And mind you,
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我必須提醒
14:49
it is not getting just a little more for just a little less.
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這不是在講一點點
14:52
It's not about low cost.
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這不是在講低成本
14:54
It's about ultra-low cost.
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這是在講超低成本
14:56
You cannot say it's a mere treatment 10,000 dollars,
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不能說這種治療只需要1萬美元
14:58
but because you are poor I'll give it for 9,000.
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但是因為貧窮, 我只能付出9千美元
15:01
Sorry, it doesn't work. You have to give it for 100 dollars, 200 dollars.
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很抱歉,這種方式無效! 我們必須設定在100或200美元
15:04
Is it possible? It has been made possible, by the way,
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這種事情可能發生嗎?
15:07
for certain other different reasons.
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因為幾項不同的原因, 我已經讓它變成可能了
15:10
So you are not talking about low cost, you are talking about ultra-low cost.
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這不是在講低成本,這是在講超低成本
15:13
You are not talking about affordability,
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這不只要讓人負擔得起
15:15
you are talking about extreme affordability.
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而是要讓人們輕易就可以的到他們需要的東西
15:17
Because of the four billion people whose income is under two dollars a day.
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因為有40億的人口,他們的每日收入不及2美元
15:21
You're not talking exclusive innovation.
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這不是一種獨佔的創新
15:24
You're talking about inclusive innovation.
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這是一種普遍化的創新
15:27
And therefore, you're not talking about incremental innovation,
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因此,這不是一種漸進式的創新
15:29
you're talking about disruptive innovation.
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而是一種快速的破壞性創新
15:31
The ideas have to be such
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想法必須很新穎
15:33
that you think in completely different terms.
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所以我們得用完全不同的角度去思考
15:36
And I would also add,
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我想再補充一點
15:38
it is not only getting more from less for more
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這不只是從"較少"的基礎上去獲得更多東西, 然後散佈更多的人
15:40
by more and more people, the whole world working for it.
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而且要有越來越多的人來參與這個活動,整個世界都應該來努力
15:43
I was very touched when I saw a breakthrough the other day.
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有一天,我看到一個突破而非常地感動
15:46
You know, incubators for infants, for example.
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例如嬰兒保溫箱
15:48
They're not available in Africa.
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在非洲並沒有這種東西
15:50
They're not available in Indian villages.
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在印度的偏遠村落裡你也找不到
15:52
And infants die.
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許多嬰兒因此夭折
15:54
And incubator costs 2,000 dollars.
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而一個保溫箱要價2千美元
15:57
And there's a 25-dollar incubator
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然後有一種要價僅25美元的保溫箱
15:59
giving that performance that had been created.
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也具備所有的功能
16:01
And by whom?
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誰發明的呢?
16:03
By young students from Standford University
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來自一群史丹福大學的年輕學生
16:06
on an extreme affordability project that they had, basically.
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在他們所參與的一個計畫中所發明的
16:09
Their heart is in the right place, like Ratan Tata.
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像Ratan Tata一樣,他們的心處於正確的位置
16:12
It's not just innovation, compassion and passion --
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這不僅是創新,執著和熱情的表現
16:15
compassion in the heart and passion in the belly.
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還有慈悲心和滿腹的熱情
16:17
That's the new world that we want to create.
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那是一個我們想要創造的新世界
16:20
And that is why the message is that of Gandhian engineering.
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也是甘地主義工程想要傳達的訊息
16:22
Ladies and gentlemen, I'd like to end before time.
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女士先生們,在時間用完前我必須結束演講
16:25
I was also afraid of those 18 minutes.
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我擔心會超過18分鐘
16:27
I've still one and a half to go.
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現在還剩下1分半鐘
16:29
The message, the final message, is this:
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最後我想講的是
16:32
India gave a great gift to the world.
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印度給了這個世界一個美好的禮物
16:35
What was that?
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是什麼呢?
16:37
[In the] 20th century, we gave Gandhi to the world.
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20在世紀時,我們有甘地
16:40
The 21st century gift,
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而21世紀的禮物
16:42
which is very, very important for the whole world,
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對於世界來說是非常重要的
16:44
whether it is global economic meltdown,
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不論是全球經濟的崩潰
16:46
whether it is climate change --
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還是氣候的變遷
16:48
any problem that you talk about
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或任何我們討論的問題
16:50
is gaining more from less for more and more --
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"較少"的基礎上去獲得更多東西, 然後散佈更多的人
16:52
not only the current generations,
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不只為了現在的這一個世代
16:54
for the future generations.
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也為了未來的世世代代
16:56
And that can come only from Gandhian engineering.
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這個訊息只來自甘地主義工程
16:58
So ladies and gentlemen, I'm very happy to announce,
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所以,女士先生們,我很高興的宣布
17:01
this gift of the 21st century
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印度在21世界
17:03
to the world from India,
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帶給世界的禮物
17:05
Gandhian engineering.
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就是甘地主義工程
17:07
(Applause)
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鼓掌
17:15
Lakshmi Pratury: Thank you, Dr. Mashelkar. (R.A. Mashelkar: Thank you very much.)
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Lakshmi Pratury:謝謝你, Mashelkar博士
17:18
LP: A quick question for you.
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LP:問你一個小問題
17:20
Now, when you were a young boy in this school,
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當你是一個學校裡的小朋友
17:23
what were your thoughts, like what did you think you could become?
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你在思考什麼?你想變成什麼樣子的人?
17:26
What do you think that drove you?
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是什麼樣的想法驅使你?
17:28
Was there a vision you had? What is it that drove you?
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是某個願景驅使你前進的嗎?
17:31
RAM: I'll tell you a story that drove me, that transformed my life.
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RAM: 我要告訴你一個驅動我的故事, 那件事也改變我的一生
17:34
I remember, I went to a poor school,
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我記得, 我上的學校非常貧困
17:37
because my mother could not gather the 21 rupees,
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因為我的母親無法在規定的時間裡
17:40
that half a dollar that was required
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準備好21盧比
17:42
within the stipulated time.
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也就是0.5美元
17:44
It was [unclear] high school.
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那是一所高中
17:47
But it was a poor school with rich teachers, honestly.
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坦白說,學校很貧窮, 裡面的老師卻很富有
17:50
And one of them was [unclear] who taught us physics.
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其中有一位教我物理學的老師
17:53
One day he took us out into the sun
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有一天他帶著我們
17:55
and tried to show us how to find
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教導我們如何
17:57
the focal length of a convex lens.
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找出凸透鏡的焦距
18:00
The lens was here. The piece of paper was there. He moved it up and down.
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這裡是凸透鏡. 那裡是紙張. 他上下移動著
18:03
And there was a bright spot up there.
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然後產生的一個光亮的點
18:06
And then he said, "This is the focal length."
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接著他說,這就是焦距
18:08
But then he held it for a little while, Lakshmi.
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接著他保持不動一會兒
18:11
And then the paper burned.
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那張紙就燃燒起來
18:13
When the paper burned, for some reason he turned to me,
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當那張紙燃燒起來的時候, 他回頭看我
18:15
and he said, "Mashelkar, like this,
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然後說, "Mashelkar, 就像這張紙一樣
18:18
if you do not diffuse your energies,
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如果你可以不讓你的能量分散
18:20
if you focus your energies,
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而專注在你的能量上面
18:22
you can achieve anything in the world."
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你就可以完成世界上所有的事情"
18:25
That gave me a great message: focus and you can achieve.
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這件事情給我一個很重要的訊息:專注就可以達成目標
18:28
I said, "Whoa, science is so wonderful,
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我說"哇!科學是如此美好
18:30
I have to become a scientist."
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我想要成為科學家"
18:32
But more importantly, focus and you can achieve.
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但更重要的是,專注就可以達成目標
18:35
And that message, very frankly,
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坦白說,那個訊息
18:37
is valuable for society today.
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對於現今的社會來說是非常可貴的
18:39
What does that focal length do?
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焦距是用來做什麼的呢?
18:42
It has parallel lines, which are sun rays.
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它擁有平行的光線
18:45
And the property of parallel lines
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而平行線的特性是
18:47
is that they never meet.
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它們永不交會
18:49
What does that convex lens do?
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凸透鏡是用來做什麼的呢?
18:51
It makes them meet.
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它可以讓平行線交會
18:53
This is convex lens leadership.
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這就是凸透鏡式領導
18:55
You know what today's leadership is doing? Concave length.
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你知道現在的領導在做些什麼嗎?凹透鏡!
18:58
They divide them farther.
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他們將光線分得更開更遠
19:01
So I learned the lesson
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我從這件事情
19:03
of convex lens leadership from that.
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學習到凸透鏡式領導
19:05
And when I was at National Chemical Laboratory [unclear].
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當我在國家實驗室的時候
19:08
When I was at Council of Scientific Industry Research --
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當我在科學產業研究委員會的時候
19:10
40 laboratories -- when two laboratories were not talking to each other,
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共有40個實驗室,其中有兩個實驗室彼此不相往來
19:12
I would [unclear].
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我..(不明)
19:15
And currently I'm president of Global Research Alliance,
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現在我是全球研究聯盟的主席
19:17
60,000 scientists in nine counties, right from India to the U.S.
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從印度到美國,總共有6萬位科學家分佈在九個國家裡
19:20
I'm trying to build a global team,
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我常試著去建立起一支全球性的團隊
19:23
which will look at the global grand challenges that the world is facing.
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將焦點聚集在現今全球所面臨的重大挑戰
19:26
That was the lesson. That was the inspirational moment.
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這是我們要學習的地方,也是一個振奮人心的時刻
19:28
LP: Thank you very much. (RAM: Thank you.)
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謝謝大家
19:31
(Applause)
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鼓掌
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