Romulus Whitaker: The real danger lurking in the water

60,194 views ・ 2010-01-07

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Yi Wang 校对人员: Xu Jiang
00:15
I want you to put off your preconceptions,
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我首先希望你们能够
00:18
your preconceived fears and thoughts about reptiles.
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消除对爬行动物的恐惧感,
00:23
Because that is the only way I'm going to get my story across to you.
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因为只有这样我才能把讯息传达给你们。
00:26
And by the way, if I come across as a sort of
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另外,如果你们觉得
00:29
rabid, hippie conservationist,
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我是一个疯狂的嬉皮自然保护主义者,
00:31
it's purely a figment of your imagination.
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那只不过你们自己的幻想罢了。
00:34
(Laughter)
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(观众笑)
00:39
Okay. We are actually the first species on Earth
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事实上,我们是地球上
00:42
to be so prolific to actually threaten our own survival.
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第一个威胁到自己生存的物种。
00:47
And I know we've all seen images enough to make us numb,
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我们看到过很多关于地球生态遭到破坏的图片,
00:50
of the tragedies that we're perpetrating on the planet.
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多到足以使我们麻木。
00:55
We're kind of like greedy kids, using it all up, aren't we?
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我们就像贪婪的孩子,耗尽所有一切,不是吗?
00:57
And today is a time for me to talk to you about water.
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今天我要和大家讲一下水。
01:03
It's not only because we like to drink lots of it,
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这不仅仅是因为我们喜欢喝水,
01:06
and its marvelous derivatives, beer, wine, etc.
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还有那些奇妙的衍生品,比如啤酒,红酒等等;
01:11
And, of course, watch it fall from the sky
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当然我们也喜欢看着它从空中降落,
01:13
and flow in our wonderful rivers,
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在河流中流淌,
01:16
but for several other reasons as well.
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也会有一些其他原因。
01:18
When I was a kid, growing up in New York,
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当我在纽约,还是个孩子的时候,
01:20
I was smitten by snakes, the same way most kids are
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我对蛇十分着迷,
01:22
smitten by tops, marbles, cars, trains, cricket balls.
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就好像很多孩子着迷于陀螺、弹珠、汽车、火车和板球。
01:27
And my mother, brave lady,
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我的母亲,一位很有勇气的女士,
01:29
was partly to blame,
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对此也算负有责任吧。
01:31
taking me to the New York Natural History Museum,
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是她带我去纽约自然历史博物馆,
01:33
buying me books on snakes,
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给我买关于蛇的书,
01:35
and then starting this infamous career of mine,
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使我踏上了这条职业道路,
01:39
which has culminated in
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后来甚至
01:41
of course, arriving in India 60 years ago,
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把我带到印度,那是在60年前,
01:45
brought by my mother, Doris Norden,
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这就是我的母亲,多丽·丝诺登,
01:47
and my stepfather, Rama Chattopadhyaya.
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和继父,拉玛·查托帕迪亚雅。
01:49
It's been a roller coaster ride.
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这是一趟充满刺激的旅程。
01:53
Two animals, two iconic reptiles
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两种标志性的爬行动物
01:55
really captivated me very early on.
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从一开始就深深地吸引了我。
01:58
One of them was the remarkable gharial.
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一个是非比寻常的长吻鄂。
02:01
This crocodile, which grows to almost 20 feet long
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这种生长在北部河流中的鳄鱼
02:03
in the northern rivers,
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可以长到近20英尺长;
02:05
and this charismatic snake, the king cobra.
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另一个是气度非凡的眼镜王蛇。
02:10
What my purpose of the talk today really is,
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我今天的演讲实际上
02:12
is to sort of indelibly scar your minds
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是想要用这些魅力十足而威严的生物
02:15
with these charismatic and majestic creatures.
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在你们的脑海中留下一个永久的印记。
02:18
Because this is what you will take away from here,
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因为这就是我希望你们能从今天的演讲中所得到的,
02:21
a reconnection with nature, I hope.
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一次和自然的亲密接触。
02:26
The king cobra is quite remarkable for several reasons.
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眼镜王蛇的非凡有它的道理。
02:29
What you're seeing here is very recently shot images
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你们现在看到的是最近
02:32
in a forest nearby here,
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在附近森林里拍到的一些影像。
02:34
of a female king cobra making her nest.
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一条雌性眼镜王蛇正在筑巢,
02:36
Here is a limbless animal, capable of gathering a huge mound of leaves,
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没有四肢的动物,居然可以把这么多树叶聚集起来,
02:40
and then laying her eggs inside,
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并在里面产蛋。
02:42
to withstand 5 to 10 [meters of rainfall],
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这个巢能够承受5到10米的降雨量,
02:46
in order that the eggs can incubate over the next 90 days,
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而蛋将在未来90天内孵化,
02:49
and hatch into little baby king cobras.
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最终孵出小眼镜王蛇。
02:51
So, she protects her eggs,
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这条母蛇保护她的蛋,
02:53
and after three months,
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3个月后,
02:56
the babies finally do hatch out.
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小蛇就孵出来了。
02:58
A majority of them will die, of course. There is very high mortality
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它们当中的大部分都会死掉,这是当然的,
03:01
in little baby reptiles who are just 10 to 12 inches long.
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10到12英寸长的小蛇死亡率是很高的。
03:06
My first experience with king cobras was in '72
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我第一次接触眼镜王蛇是在72年,
03:08
at a magical place called Agumbe,
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在一个叫阿古比的神奇地方,
03:11
in Karnataka, this state.
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位于卡纳塔克邦境内。
03:14
And it is a marvelous rain forest.
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这是一片神奇的雨林。
03:17
This first encounter
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这次邂逅
03:19
was kind of like the
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就好像
03:21
Maasai boy who kills the lion to become a warrior.
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马赛传说中男孩杀死狮子成为勇士的故事,
03:25
It really changed my life totally.
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它彻底改变了我的生活,
03:27
And it brought me straight into the conservation fray.
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把我带入了关于自然保护的争论中,
03:30
I ended up starting this research
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我于是开始了这个研究项目,
03:32
and education station in Agumbe,
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并在阿古比建立了教育站,
03:34
which you are all of course invited to visit.
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我很欢迎你们来参观。
03:37
This is basically a base wherein
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基本上这算是一个
03:39
we are trying to gather and learn
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我们用来收集和研究
03:41
virtually everything about the biodiversity
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这片不可思议的森林的
03:43
of this incredibly complex forest system,
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生物多样性的基地。
03:46
and try to hang on to what's there,
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我们努力保持它的原貌,
03:48
make sure the water sources are protected and kept clean,
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确保水源得到保护,
03:51
and of course, having a good time too.
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当然,我们在这里过得很愉快。
03:54
You can almost hear the drums
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你甚至能听到
03:56
throbbing back in that little cottage where we stay when we're there.
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从我们住的小木屋里传出击鼓声。
04:01
It was very important for us to get through to the people.
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和民众建立联系对我们来说很重要,
04:05
And through the children is usually the way to go.
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尤其是和孩子们。
04:08
They are fascinated with snakes. They haven't got
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他们被蛇深深吸引,
04:10
that steely thing that you end up
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并不像成年人那样,
04:13
either fearing or hating or despising or loathing them in some way.
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对蛇不是害怕就是厌恶。
04:17
They are interested.
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他们对蛇很感兴趣,
04:19
And it really works to start with them.
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教育他们很有效果。
04:21
This gives you an idea of the size of some of these snakes.
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这张图能给你一个眼镜王蛇大小的大致概念。
04:23
This is an average size king cobra, about 12 feet long.
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这是一条平常大小的眼镜王蛇,12英尺长,
04:26
And it actually crawled into somebody's bathroom,
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它爬到了某户人家的浴室里,
04:28
and was hanging around there for two or three days.
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在那里呆了两三天。
04:30
The people of this part of India
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这一地区的印度人
04:32
worship the king cobra.
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崇拜眼镜王蛇。
04:34
And they didn't kill it. They called us to catch it.
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他们不杀蛇,而是找到我们去抓住它。
04:36
Now we've caught more than 100 king cobras
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我们在过去3年内
04:38
over the last three years,
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已经抓了100多条眼镜王蛇,
04:40
and relocated them in nearby forests.
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并把它们在附近森林里放生。
04:43
But in order to find out the real secrets of these creatures
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但是为了发掘它们的秘密,
04:46
[it was necessary] for us to actually insert
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我们必须在它们身上
04:49
a small radio transmitter inside [each] snake.
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植入微型无线发射器,
04:52
Now we are able to follow them and find out their secrets,
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这样我们就能够跟踪它们,并发现它们的秘密,
04:56
where the babies go after they hatch,
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比如小蛇孵化之后会去哪里,
04:59
and remarkable things like this you're about to see.
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还有你们即将看到的不可思议的画面。
05:03
This was just a few days ago in Agumbe.
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这是在阿古比,就在几天前。
05:05
I had the pleasure of being close to this large king cobra
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我很高兴能够靠近这条巨大的眼镜王蛇,
05:10
who had caught a venomous pit viper.
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它抓到了一条剧毒的蝮蛇,
05:12
And it does it in such a way that it doesn't get bitten itself.
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身手如此敏捷,自己毫发未伤。
05:15
And king cobras feed only on snakes.
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眼镜王蛇只吃蛇,
05:19
This [little snake] was kind of a tid-bit for it,
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这算是它的点心,
05:21
what we'd call a "vadai" or a donut or something like that.
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就好像是我们的甜甜圈。
05:23
(Laughter)
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(观众笑)
05:26
Usually they eat something a bit larger.
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它们的猎物通常比这个大一些。
05:28
In this case a rather strange and inexplicable
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接下来看到的难以解释场景
05:32
activity happened over the last breeding season,
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发生在去年的繁殖期,
05:35
wherein a large male king cobra actually grabbed a female king cobra,
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一条雄性眼镜王蛇抓住了一条母蛇,
05:39
didn't mate with it, actually killed it and swallowed it.
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但它并没有和母蛇交配,而是吞了它。
05:42
We're still trying to explain and come to terms with
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我们仍然在试图
05:44
what is the evolutionary advantage of this.
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从进化的角度解释这种现象。
05:49
But they do also a lot of other remarkable things.
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它们还有很多其他惊人的行为。
05:52
This is again, something [we were able to see] by virtue of the fact
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这一次,
05:54
that we had a radio transmitter in one of the snakes.
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借助在一条蛇身上植入的无线放射器,
05:57
This male snake, 12 feet long, met another male king cobra.
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我们看到这条12英尺长的公蛇遇到了另一条公蛇,
06:00
And they did this incredible ritual combat dance.
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它们进行了一场难以置信的仪式舞蹈,
06:04
It's very much like the rutting of mammals, including humans,
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就像哺乳动物发情,
06:06
you know, sorting out our differences, but gentler, no biting allowed.
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只是更加温柔,没有撕咬。
06:10
It's just a wresting match,
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这是一场摔跤比赛,
06:12
but a remarkable activity.
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但是与众不同。
06:14
Now, what are we doing with all this information?
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那么,我们用这些信息做什么呢?
06:16
What's the point of all this?
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我们所做的一切是为了什么?
06:18
Well, the king cobra is literally
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眼镜王蛇实际上是
06:20
a keystone species in these rainforests.
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这些森林中最重要的物种。
06:23
And our job is to convince the authorities
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我们的工作是说服权威部门
06:27
that these forests have to be protected.
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来保护这些森林。
06:29
And this is one of the ways we do it,
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我们所采取的一种方式,
06:31
by learning as much as we can
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就是通过
06:33
about something so remarkable and so iconic in the rainforests there,
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学习和研究森林中这些标志性的生物,
06:37
in order to help protect trees, animals
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来保护森林和动物,
06:40
and of course the water sources.
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当然还有水资源。
06:42
You've all heard, perhaps, of Project Tiger
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你们可能听说过“拯救老虎计划”,
06:44
which started back in the early '70s,
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该计划始于70年代,
06:47
which was, in fact, a very dynamic time for conservation.
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在一个保护自然理论非常盛行的时代。
06:51
We were piloted, I could say,
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我们由
06:54
by a highly autocratic stateswoman,
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一位专制的女政客领导,
06:56
but who also had an incredible passion for environment.
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她对自然有着难以置信的热情。
07:00
And this is the time when Project Tiger emerged.
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这就是“拯救老虎计划”浮出水面的时候。
07:03
And, just like Project Tiger,
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和这个计划一样,
07:06
our activities with the king cobra
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针对眼镜王蛇,
07:08
is to look at a species of animal
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我们致力于
07:10
so that we protect its habitat and everything within it.
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保护它们的栖息地和里面所有的一切。
07:13
So, the tiger is the icon.
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老虎是个标志,
07:15
And now the king cobra is a new one.
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现在眼镜王蛇成了新标志。
07:19
All the major rivers in south India
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印度南部的主要河流
07:21
are sourced in the Western Ghats,
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都起源于印度西海岸的
07:23
the chain of hills running along the west coast of India.
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西高止山脉。
07:27
It pours out millions of gallons every hour,
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每小时有上百万加仑的水从山上流下,
07:30
and supplies drinking water to at least 300 million people,
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可以供至少3亿人饮用,
07:34
and washes many, many babies,
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给很多婴儿洗澡,
07:37
and of course feeds many, many animals,
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给很多家养
07:40
both domestic and wild,
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和野生的动物们喝,
07:42
produces thousands of tons of rice.
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用来生产上千吨的大米。
07:44
And what do we do? How do we respond to this?
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而我们做了什么?我们怎么回报的?
07:46
Well, basically, we dam it, we pollute it,
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基本上,我们建造大坝,污染河流,
07:48
we pour in pesticides, weedicides, fungicides.
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倾倒各种杀虫剂和除草剂。
07:51
You drink it in peril of your life.
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你们其实是在冒着生命危险喝水。
07:54
And the thing is, it's not just big industry.
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更重要的是,
07:57
It's not misguided river engineers
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不仅仅是大型工业和被误导了的河流工程师在污染河流,
07:59
who are doing all this; it's us.
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我们也是其中一分子。
08:01
It seems that our citizens find the best way to dispose of garbage
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人们似乎觉得处理垃圾最好的方法
08:05
are in water sources.
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就是往水里丢。
08:07
Okay. Now we're going north, very far north.
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现在我们再来看看北部,
08:10
North central India, the Chambal River
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北部的昌巴尔河,
08:12
is where we have our base.
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我们在那里建有基地。
08:14
This is the home of the gharial, this incredible crocodile.
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也是长吻鄂的家乡。
08:18
It is an animal which has been on the Earth
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长吻鄂在地球上生存已有
08:21
for just about 100 million years.
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1亿多年了。
08:24
It survived even during the time that the dinosaurs died off.
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恐龙灭绝了,它们却存活了下来。
08:28
It has remarkable features.
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它们的身上有很多惊人的地方。
08:30
Even though it grows to 20 feet long,
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尽管它们可以长到20英尺长,
08:32
since it eats only fish it's not dangerous to human beings.
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但由于它们只吃鱼,因而对人类没有威胁。
08:35
It does have big teeth, however,
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它们有巨大的牙齿,
08:37
and it's kind of hard to convince people
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人们似乎很难信服,
08:39
if an animal has big teeth, that it's a harmless creature.
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长有硕大牙齿的动物却是没有威胁的。
08:42
But we, actually, back in the early '70s,
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在70年代的时候,
08:46
did surveys,
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我们做过调查,
08:48
and found that gharial were extremely rare.
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发现长吻鄂已经十分稀有。
08:52
In fact, if you see the map,
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如果你查看地图。
08:54
the range of their original habitat
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它们的原本栖息地
08:56
was all the way from the Indus in Pakistan
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从巴基斯坦境内的印度河
08:59
to the Irrawaddy in Burma.
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一直延伸到缅甸的伊洛瓦底江。
09:01
And now it's just limited to a couple of spots
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而现在只剩下
09:03
in Nepal and India.
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在尼泊尔和印度的几个栖息点。
09:05
So, in fact at this point
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事实上,
09:08
there are only 200 breeding gharial left in the wild.
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目前世界上仅有200多条成年长吻鄂。
09:12
So, starting in the mid-'70s
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在70年代,
09:14
when conservation was at the fore,
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当自然保护运动刚刚兴起的时候,
09:17
we were actually able to start projects which were
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我们得到政府的支持,
09:20
basically government supported
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展开了一个项目,
09:22
to collect eggs from the wild from the few remaining nests
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从野外仅有的几个栖息地收集鳄鱼蛋,
09:25
and release 5,000 baby gharial
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成功孵化了5000条小长吻鄂,
09:27
back to the wild.
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并把它们放归自然。
09:29
And pretty soon we were seeing sights like this.
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没过多久我们就能看到这样的场景了。
09:32
I mean, just incredible to see bunches of gharial
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看到成群的长吻鄂在河边晒日光浴,
09:35
basking on the river again.
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感觉真是太棒了。
09:37
But complacency does have a tendency to breed contempt.
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但自满使我们忽视了很多问题。
09:41
And, sure enough, with all the other pressures on the river,
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河岸边的众多活动,
09:44
like sand mining, for example,
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如采砂作业、大量的耕作
09:47
very, very heavy cultivation all the way down to the river's edge,
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给河流带来很大压力,
09:51
not allowing the animals to breed anymore,
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使得野生动物无法正常繁殖。
09:53
we're looking at
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我们看到
09:56
even more problems building up for the gharial,
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还有更多的问题在威胁长吻鄂,
09:59
despite the early good intentions.
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光有最初的努力是不够的。
10:01
Their nests hatching along the riverside
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成百条小鳄鱼从河边的巢中孵化出来,
10:05
producing hundreds of hatchlings. It's just an amazing sight.
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这场景令人赞叹。
10:08
This was actually just taken last year.
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这张照片是去年拍的。
10:10
But then the monsoon arrives,
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但是,
10:14
and unfortunately downriver there is always a dam or
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下游总是会有水坝或者堰堤,
10:16
there is always a barrage,
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当季风来临,
10:18
and, shoop, they get washed down to their doom.
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它们就被冲向灭亡。
10:22
Luckily there is still a lot of interest.
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幸好大家还是十分热忱。
10:24
My pals in the Crocodile Specialist Group of the IUCN,
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我和那些在鳄鱼自然保护联盟专家小组、
10:27
the [Madras Crocodile Bank], an NGO,
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马德拉斯鳄鱼银行——一个非政府组织、
10:29
the World Wildlife Fund,
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世界野生动物基金会、
10:31
the Wildlife Institute of India, State Forest Departments,
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印度野生动物研究所、国家林业部
10:34
and the Ministry of Environment, we all work together on stuff.
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和环境部的朋友们,一起合作。
10:37
But it's possibly, and definitely not enough.
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但仅仅这样是不够的。
10:41
For example, in the winter of 2007 and 2008,
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举个例子,在2007和2008年冬天,
10:46
there was this incredible die-off of gharial, in the Chambal River.
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昌巴尔河里的长吻鄂惊人地大批死亡,
10:50
Suddenly dozens of gharial appearing on the river, dead.
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突然间河面上出现了很多死鳄鱼。
10:52
Why? How could it happen?
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为什么?发生什么问题了?
10:54
This is a relatively clean river.
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这条河相对干净,
10:56
The Chambal, if you look at it, has clear water.
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水是清的。
10:59
People scoop water out of the Chambal and drink it,
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人们直接从河里舀水喝,
11:01
something you wouldn't do in most north Indian rivers.
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大多数印度北部的河不可能是这样的。
11:04
So, in order to try to find out the answer to this,
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为了找出原因,
11:07
we got veterinarians from all over the world
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我们从世界各地找来兽医,
11:09
working with Indian vets to try to figure out what was happening.
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和印度本地的兽医一起寻找真相。
11:12
I was there for a lot of the necropsies on the riverside.
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我也在河边验尸。
11:16
And we actually looked through
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我们检查它们的内脏,
11:18
all their organs and tried to figure out what was going on.
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试图找出原因。
11:21
And it came down to something called gout,
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最后我们发现祸根是痛风病,
11:24
which, as a result of kidney breakdown
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由于肾功能衰竭,
11:27
is actually uric acid crystals throughout the body,
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体内尿酸结晶,
11:30
and worse in the joints,
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尤其是在关节处,
11:33
which made the gharial unable to swim.
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最终导致长吻鄂不能游泳。
11:36
And it's a horribly painful death.
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死得很痛苦。
11:38
Just downriver from the Chambal is the
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昌巴尔河的下游
11:40
filthy Yamuna river, the sacred Yamuna river.
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是神圣但却肮脏的亚穆纳河。
11:43
And I hate to be so ironic and sarcastic about it
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我不想讽刺什么,
11:47
but it's the truth. It's just one of the filthiest cesspools you can imagine.
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但这是事实。这是你能想象的最脏的河了。
11:50
It flows down through Delhi, Mathura, Agra,
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它流经德里,马图拉和阿格拉,
11:54
and gets just about every bit of effluent you can imagine.
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受到各种污水的污染。
11:57
So, it seemed that the toxin that was killing the gharial
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杀死长吻鄂的毒素
12:01
was something in the food chain,
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似乎来自于食物链,
12:03
something in the fish they were eating.
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来自一种它们猎食的鱼。
12:05
And, you know, once a toxin is in the food chain
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大家都知道,一旦毒素进入食物链,
12:07
everything is affected, including us.
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所有生物都会受到影响,包括我们。
12:10
Because these rivers are the lifeblood of people all along their course.
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这些河流无疑是当地人的生命线。
12:14
In order to try to answer some of these questions,
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为了解答这些疑问,
12:16
we again turn to technology,
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我们再次借助科技,
12:18
to biological technology, in this case,
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这次是生物科技。
12:21
again, telemetry, putting radios on 10 gharial,
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我们在10条长吻鄂装上身上遥测无线电,
12:25
and actually following their movements. They're being watched
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记录它们的行踪。
12:27
everyday as we speak, to try to find out
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我们监视它们来找出
12:29
what this mysterious toxin is.
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这些毒素的真面目。
12:32
The Chambal river is an absolutely incredible place.
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昌巴尔河是个不可思议的地方,
12:36
It's a place that's famous to a lot of you who know
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这个地方很出名,
12:39
about the bandits, the dacoits
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因为曾经有强盗和土匪在这一带出没,
12:42
who used to work up there. And there still are quite a few around.
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直到今天还有一些。
12:45
But Poolan Devi was one [of them]. Which actually Shekhar Kapur
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普兰·黛维就曾是其中一员,
12:48
made an incredible movie, "The Bandit Queen," which I urge you to see.
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她的故事被谢加·卡普尔拍成电影——《土匪女皇》,我强烈建议你们去看一下。
12:51
You'll get to see the incredible [Chambal] landscape as well.
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你们能在电影里看到昌巴尔河极美的风景。
12:54
But, again, heavy fishing pressures.
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但是,渔业使它不堪重负。
12:58
This is one of the last repositories of the
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这里已是
13:01
Ganges river dolphin,
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恒河海豚、
13:03
various species of turtles,
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各种乌龟,
13:05
thousands of migratory birds,
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和无数候鸟最后的家园了,
13:07
and fishing is causing problems like this.
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但是渔业带来了众多问题。
13:10
And now [these] new elements of human intolerance
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人类对长吻鄂这类河流生物的不宽容
13:15
for river creatures like the gharial
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导致了
13:18
means that if they don't drown in the net,
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它们不是被困死在渔网内
13:21
then they simply cut their beaks off.
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就是被砍去嘴巴。
13:23
Animals like the Ganges river dolphin
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恒河海豚
13:25
which is just down to a few left,
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现在所剩无几,
13:27
and it is also critically endangered.
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已经濒临灭绝。
13:29
So, who is next? Us?
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下一个会是谁?我们?
13:31
Because we are all dependent on these water sources.
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人类依赖水资源。
13:34
So, we all know about the Narmada river,
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我们知道纳尔默达河水坝的悲剧,
13:36
the tragedies of dams, the tragedies of huge projects
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人类工程项目的悲剧
13:39
which displace people and wreck river systems
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导致了河流生态系统的严重破坏,
13:42
without providing livelihoods.
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再也不能滋养生命。
13:44
And development just basically going berserk,
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人类发展已近疯狂,
13:47
for a double figure growth index, basically.
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增长指数成了两位数。
13:50
So, we're not sure where this story is going to end,
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但我们不知道最终会走向哪里,
13:55
whether it's got a happy or sad ending.
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是喜是悲。
13:57
And climate change is certainly going
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气候剧变显然会
13:59
to turn all of our theories and predictions on their heads.
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颠覆我们的理论和预测。
14:02
We're still working hard at it.
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我们仍在努力工作,
14:04
We've got a lot of a good team of people working up there.
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我们有很多很好的团队在为此努力。
14:07
And the thing is, you know, the decision makers,
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但是,那些决策者,
14:10
the folks in power,
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有权力的人,
14:12
they're up in their bungalows and so on in Delhi,
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他们呆在德里的别墅里,
14:14
in the city capitals. They are all supplied with plenty of water. It's cool.
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不用愁没水喝,生活很棒。
14:17
But out on the rivers there are still millions of people
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但是在外头有数百万人
14:20
who are in really bad shape.
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身陷困境。
14:23
And it's a bleak future for them.
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他们的未来是惨淡的。
14:25
So, we have our Ganges and Yamuna cleanup project.
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所以我们要清理恒河与亚穆纳河。
14:28
We've spent hundreds of millions of dollars on it,
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我们在这个项目上花费了上亿的经费,
14:30
and nothing to show for it. Incredible.
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但却效果甚微,真不敢相信。
14:33
So, people talk about political will.
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于是大家想到了政治因素。
14:36
During the die-off of the gharial we did galvanize a lot of action.
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在长吻鄂大批死亡期间,我们采取了很多行动。
14:39
Government cut through all the red tape,
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政府削减所有的繁文缛节,
14:41
we got foreign vets on it. It was great.
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请来了国外兽医。这很重要,
14:43
So, we can do it.
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这样我们才能够成功。
14:45
But if you stroll down to the Yamuna
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但你若是沿着亚穆纳河,
14:47
or to the Gomati in Lucknow,
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一直走到勒克瑙的戈马蒂,
14:49
or to the Adyar river in Chennai,
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或者到钦奈的阿达亚河,
14:52
or the Mula-Mutha river in Pune,
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或者是浦那的木拉穆塔河,
14:55
just see what we're capable of doing to a river. It's sad.
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去看看我们能够为这条河所作的,真的是少得可怜。
14:59
But I think the final note really is
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不过我还是坚信
15:02
that we can do it.
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我们终会成功。
15:05
The corporates, the artists, the wildlife nuts,
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企业,艺术家,野生动物迷,
15:08
the good old everyday folks
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和民众,
15:10
can actually bring these rivers back.
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可以把河流带回原来的样子。
15:13
And the final word is
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我最后想说的是,
15:15
that there is a king cobra looking over our shoulders.
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这里有一条眼镜王蛇
15:19
And there is a gharial looking at us from the river.
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和一条长吻鄂在看着我们,
15:22
And these are powerful water totems.
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它们是强大的图腾,
15:24
And they are going to disturb our dreams until we do the right thing.
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它们将一直骚扰我们,除非我们善待它们。
15:28
Namaste.
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谢谢。
15:30
(Applause)
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(观众鼓掌)
15:36
Chris Anderson: Thanks, Rom. Thanks a lot.
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克里斯·安德森:谢谢罗穆,十分感谢。
15:39
You know, most people are terrified of snakes.
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很多人害怕蛇,
15:42
And there might be quite a few people here who would be
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甚至可能有人会希望
15:44
very glad to see the last king cobra bite the dust.
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看到眼镜王蛇灭绝。
15:47
Do you have those conversations with people?
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你有没有与这样的人交谈过?
15:50
How do you really get them to care?
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你是怎样让他们转变的?
15:52
Romulus Whitaker: I take the sort of humble approach,
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罗穆卢斯·惠特克:我采取一种谦虚的态度。
15:57
I guess you could say. I don't say that snakes are huggable exactly.
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我不会说蛇是可爱的动物,
16:01
It's not like the teddy bear.
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他们不是泰迪熊。
16:04
But I sort of -- there is an innocence in these animals.
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但是,它们身上也有一种纯真。
16:08
And when the average person looks at a cobra
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当人们看到眼镜王蛇发出“嘶嘶”声时,
16:10
going "Ssssss!" like that, they say, "My god,
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他们会说,“哦天呐,
16:12
look at that angry, dangerous creature."
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看那个危险的家伙。”
16:14
I look at it as a creature who is totally frightened
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但在我看来,
16:17
of something so dangerous as a human being.
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它们不过是被人类吓到了。
16:20
And that is the truth. And that's what I try to get out.
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这是事实。也是我想告诉大家的。
16:23
(Applause)
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(观众鼓掌)
16:27
CA: Now, incredible footage you showed of the viper being killed.
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安德森:那么,关于那个毒蛇被吃掉的视频,
16:29
You were saying that that hasn't been filmed before.
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你说以前从拍摄到过这样的场景。
16:32
RW: Yes, this is actually the first time anyone of us knew about it, for one thing.
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惠特克:是的,这是第一次人们知道这样的事。
16:35
As I said, it's just like a little snack for him, you know?
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就像我说过的,毒蛇不过是它的点心。
16:38
Usually they eat larger snakes like rat snakes,
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通常它们吃更大的蛇,比如食鼠蛇,
16:40
or even cobras.
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甚至是眼镜蛇。
16:42
But this guy who we're following right now is in the deep jungle.
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但是我们追踪的这家伙现在正在丛林深处,
16:45
Whereas other king cobras
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而其他眼镜王蛇
16:47
very often come into the human interface,
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经常出没在人类聚居地,
16:49
you know, the plantations, to find big rat snakes and stuff.
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它们可以在农场里找到大的食鼠蛇。
16:52
This guy specializes in pit vipers.
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这家伙专吃蝮蛇,
16:55
And the guy who is working there with them,
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一位来自马哈拉施特拉的,专门研究眼镜王蛇的同事说:
16:57
he's from Maharashtra, he said, "I think he's after the nusha."
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“它一定是追求‘纳莎’。”
17:00
(Laughter)
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(观众笑)
17:02
Now, the nusha means the high.
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“纳莎”就是亢奋的意思
17:04
Whenever he eats the pit viper he gets this little venom rush.
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每当它捕食蝮蛇的时候,它就过一把蛇毒瘾。
17:07
(Laughter)
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(观众笑)
17:09
CA: Thanks Rom. Thank you.
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安德森:谢谢你。
17:11
(Applause)
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(观众鼓掌)
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