Romulus Whitaker: The real danger lurking in the water

60,235 views ใƒป 2010-01-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Oren Szekatch ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
I want you to put off your preconceptions,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืฉืชื—ืจืจื• ืžื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
00:18
your preconceived fears and thoughts about reptiles.
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ืžื”ืคื—ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืฉื’ื•ื‘ืฉื• ืžืจืืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื.
00:23
Because that is the only way I'm going to get my story across to you.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืืœื™ื›ื.
00:26
And by the way, if I come across as a sort of
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืื ืื ื™ ื ืชืคืก ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
00:29
rabid, hippie conservationist,
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ืคืขื™ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืคื™, ื ืœื”ื‘,
00:31
it's purely a figment of your imagination.
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ื–ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ื ื›ื.
00:34
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:39
Okay. We are actually the first species on Earth
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
00:42
to be so prolific to actually threaten our own survival.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคื•ืจื” ืขื“ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืขืฆืžื•
00:47
And I know we've all seen images enough to make us numb,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื™ื ื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ
00:50
of the tragedies that we're perpetrating on the planet.
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ื—ืกืจื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉื”, ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:55
We're kind of like greedy kids, using it all up, aren't we?
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื—ืžื“ื ื™ื, ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืœ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:57
And today is a time for me to talk to you about water.
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœ ืžื™ื.
01:03
It's not only because we like to drink lots of it,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื,
01:06
and its marvelous derivatives, beer, wine, etc.
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ื•ืžื”ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคืœืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื- ื‘ื™ืจื”, ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•'.
01:11
And, of course, watch it fall from the sky
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื
01:13
and flow in our wonderful rivers,
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ื•ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคืœืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
01:16
but for several other reasons as well.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
01:18
When I was a kid, growing up in New York,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ ื•ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
01:20
I was smitten by snakes, the same way most kids are
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ืงืกื ืžื ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืฉืจื•ื‘
01:22
smitten by tops, marbles, cars, trains, cricket balls.
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื•ืงืกืžื™ื ืžื’ื•ืœื•ืช, ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ืงืจื™ืงื˜.
01:27
And my mother, brave lady,
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ื•ืืžื ืฉืœื™, ืื™ืฉื” ืืžื™ืฆื”,
01:29
was partly to blame,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืฉืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช,
01:31
taking me to the New York Natural History Museum,
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ื”ื™ื ืœืงื—ื” ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ืžื“ืข ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
01:33
buying me books on snakes,
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ืงื ืชื” ืœื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ื ื—ืฉื™ื,
01:35
and then starting this infamous career of mine,
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ื ืชืขื‘ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœื™,
01:39
which has culminated in
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ืื”,
01:41
of course, arriving in India 60 years ago,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ืœืคื ื™ 60 ืฉื ื”,
01:45
brought by my mother, Doris Norden,
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ืืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื‘ืืชื™ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื™ ืืžื ืฉืœื™, ื“ื•ืจื™ืก ื ื•ืจื“ืŸ,
01:47
and my stepfather, Rama Chattopadhyaya.
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ื•ืื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจื’, ืจืื”ืžื” ืฆ'ืื˜ื•ืคืื“ื™ื™ื”.
01:49
It's been a roller coaster ride.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืจื™ื.
01:53
Two animals, two iconic reptiles
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ืฉืชื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื ื™ ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื,
01:55
really captivated me very early on.
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ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืงื“ื.
01:58
One of them was the remarkable gharial.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ืื‘ื™ืืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื.
02:01
This crocodile, which grows to almost 20 feet long
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ื”ืชื ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื’ื“ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 6 ืžื˜ืจื™ื
02:03
in the northern rivers,
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ื‘ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื,
02:05
and this charismatic snake, the king cobra.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™, ื”ืงื•ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
02:10
What my purpose of the talk today really is,
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช
02:12
is to sort of indelibly scar your minds
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ืžืขื™ืŸ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืจื•ื‘ ืœืชืžื™ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื
02:15
with these charismatic and majestic creatures.
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ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื›ื.
02:18
Because this is what you will take away from here,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืืชื ืชื™ืงื—ื• ืืชื›ื ืžื›ืืŸ,
02:21
a reconnection with nature, I hope.
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ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื”.
02:26
The king cobra is quite remarkable for several reasons.
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ื”ืงื•ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืžื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
02:29
What you're seeing here is very recently shot images
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืืœื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
02:32
in a forest nearby here,
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ื‘ื™ืขืจ ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื›ืืŸ,
02:34
of a female king cobra making her nest.
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ืฉืœ ื ืงื‘ืช ืงื•ื‘ืจื” ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื ื” ืืช ืงื™ื ื”.
02:36
Here is a limbless animal, capable of gathering a huge mound of leaves,
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ื”ื ื” ืœื›ื ื—ื™ื” ื—ืกืจืช ื’ืคื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืชืœ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื,
02:40
and then laying her eggs inside,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ื™ืœื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื,
02:42
to withstand 5 to 10 [meters of rainfall],
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื ื’ื“ 5 ืขื“ 10 ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืฉืžื™ื,
02:46
in order that the eggs can incubate over the next 90 days,
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœื ื” ืœื“ื’ื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืš 90 ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื,
02:49
and hatch into little baby king cobras.
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ื•ืœื‘ืงื•ืข ื•ืžื”ื ื™ื™ืฆืื• ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ืจื” ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
02:51
So, she protects her eggs,
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ืื–, ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื”,
02:53
and after three months,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:56
the babies finally do hatch out.
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ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ืกื•ืฃ ืื›ืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืขื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
02:58
A majority of them will die, of course. There is very high mortality
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืžื•ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ. ื™ืฉื ื” ืชืžื•ืชื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“
03:01
in little baby reptiles who are just 10 to 12 inches long.
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ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›- 25 ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ .
03:06
My first experience with king cobras was in '72
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ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ืขื ืงื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1972
03:08
at a magical place called Agumbe,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืงืกื•ื ื”ื ืงืจื ืื’ื•ืžื‘ื”,
03:11
in Karnataka, this state.
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืงืืจื ืื˜ืงื”.
03:14
And it is a marvelous rain forest.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื™ืขืจ ื’ืฉื ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
03:17
This first encounter
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ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
03:19
was kind of like the
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ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื•
03:21
Maasai boy who kills the lion to become a warrior.
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ื ืขืจ ื”ืžืืกืื™ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืืจื™ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืœื•ื—ื.
03:25
It really changed my life totally.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
03:27
And it brought me straight into the conservation fray.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
03:30
I ended up starting this research
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
03:32
and education station in Agumbe,
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ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืื’ื•ืžื‘ื”,
03:34
which you are all of course invited to visit.
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ืืœื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื‘ืงืจ.
03:37
This is basically a base wherein
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ื–ื”ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ื•ื‘ื•
03:39
we are trying to gather and learn
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืœืงื˜ ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“
03:41
virtually everything about the biodiversity
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
03:43
of this incredibly complex forest system,
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ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ืกื‘ื•ื›ื” ื”ื–ื•,
03:46
and try to hang on to what's there,
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ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ืฉื,
03:48
make sure the water sources are protected and kept clean,
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ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื•ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื,
03:51
and of course, having a good time too.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื’ื ืžื‘ืœื™ื.
03:54
You can almost hear the drums
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ืืชื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ืจืขื
03:56
throbbing back in that little cottage where we stay when we're there.
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ื”ืชื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื’' ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืฉื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื.
04:01
It was very important for us to get through to the people.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
04:05
And through the children is usually the way to go.
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ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
04:08
They are fascinated with snakes. They haven't got
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ื”ื ืžื•ืงืกืžื™ื ืžื ื—ืฉื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื
04:10
that steely thing that you end up
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ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืžืชื›ืชื™ืช ืฉืืฆืœื›ื ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช
04:13
either fearing or hating or despising or loathing them in some way.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืืชื ืื• ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืื• ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืื• ื ื’ืขืœื™ื ืื• ืžืชืขื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
04:17
They are interested.
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ื”ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
04:19
And it really works to start with them.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืชื.
04:21
This gives you an idea of the size of some of these snakes.
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื.
04:23
This is an average size king cobra, about 12 feet long.
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืจื” ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช, ื‘ืขืจืš 3.5 ืžื˜ืจ.
04:26
And it actually crawled into somebody's bathroom,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื—ืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
04:28
and was hanging around there for two or three days.
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ื•ื ืฉืืจื” ืฉื ืœื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื”.
04:30
The people of this part of India
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•
04:32
worship the king cobra.
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ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
04:34
And they didn't kill it. They called us to catch it.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื”ืจื’ื• ืื•ืชื”. ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื ื• ืฉื ืœื›ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื”.
04:36
Now we've caught more than 100 king cobras
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื›ื“ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžืื” ืงื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช
04:38
over the last three years,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
04:40
and relocated them in nearby forests.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื™ืขืจื•ืช ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื.
04:43
But in order to find out the real secrets of these creatures
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ืืš ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
04:46
[it was necessary] for us to actually insert
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืœืฉืชื•ืœ
04:49
a small radio transmitter inside [each] snake.
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ืžืฉื“ืจ ืจื“ื™ื• ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ื ื—ืฉ.
04:52
Now we are able to follow them and find out their secrets,
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ื›ืขืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื,
04:56
where the babies go after they hatch,
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ืœื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ืงืขื™ื,
04:59
and remarkable things like this you're about to see.
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช.
05:03
This was just a few days ago in Agumbe.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื’ื•ืžื‘ื”.
05:05
I had the pleasure of being close to this large king cobra
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงื•ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื•
05:10
who had caught a venomous pit viper.
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ืืฉืจ ืชืคืกื” ืฆืคืข ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืืจืกื™.
05:12
And it does it in such a way that it doesn't get bitten itself.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ื–ื• ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ื ื• ื ื ืฉืš.
05:15
And king cobras feed only on snakes.
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ื•ื”ืงื•ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืื•ื›ืœืช ืืš ื•ืจืง ื ื—ืฉื™ื.
05:19
This [little snake] was kind of a tid-bit for it,
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ื”ื ื—ืฉ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื”,
05:21
what we'd call a "vadai" or a donut or something like that.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• "ื•ืื“ืื˜ื™" ืื• ืกื•ืคื’ื ื™ื” ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
05:23
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:26
Usually they eat something a bit larger.
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:28
In this case a rather strange and inexplicable
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื–ืจ ื•ืœื ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ
05:32
activity happened over the last breeding season,
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ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
05:35
wherein a large male king cobra actually grabbed a female king cobra,
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ืงื•ื‘ืจื” ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื›ืจ ืชืคืกื” ืงื•ื‘ืจื” ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื ืงื‘ื™ืช,
05:39
didn't mate with it, actually killed it and swallowed it.
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ืœื ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ ืื™ืชื”, ืืœื ื”ืจื’ ืื•ืชื” ื•ื‘ืœืข ืื•ืชื”.
05:42
We're still trying to explain and come to terms with
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
05:44
what is the evolutionary advantage of this.
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ืžื” ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื–ื”.
05:49
But they do also a lot of other remarkable things.
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ืืš ื”ื ื’ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
05:52
This is again, something [we were able to see] by virtue of the fact
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื•ื‘, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
05:54
that we had a radio transmitter in one of the snakes.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžืฉื“ืจ ืจื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื,
05:57
This male snake, 12 feet long, met another male king cobra.
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ื”ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ ื”ื–ื”,3.5 ืžื˜ืจ ืื•ืจืš, ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืจื” ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื–ื›ืจื™ืช ืื—ืจืช.
06:00
And they did this incredible ritual combat dance.
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ื•ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื—ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
06:04
It's very much like the rutting of mammals, including humans,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืžื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
06:06
you know, sorting out our differences, but gentler, no biting allowed.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžื‘ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืช.
06:10
It's just a wresting match,
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ื–ื”ื• ืจืง ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ืื‘ืงื•ืช,
06:12
but a remarkable activity.
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ืื‘ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
06:14
Now, what are we doing with all this information?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”?
06:16
What's the point of all this?
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ืžื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื”?
06:18
Well, the king cobra is literally
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืงื•ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”
06:20
a keystone species in these rainforests.
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ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื‘ืŸ ืจืืฉื” ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื ื”ืืœื”.
06:23
And our job is to convince the authorities
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช
06:27
that these forests have to be protected.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
06:29
And this is one of the ways we do it,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
06:31
by learning as much as we can
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื,
06:33
about something so remarkable and so iconic in the rainforests there,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื•ื›ื” ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื ืฉื,
06:37
in order to help protect trees, animals
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื, ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช
06:40
and of course the water sources.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื.
06:42
You've all heard, perhaps, of Project Tiger
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืฉืžืขืชื, ืื•ืœื™, ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื˜ื™ื’ืจื™ืก
06:44
which started back in the early '70s,
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ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื,
06:47
which was, in fact, a very dynamic time for conservation.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
06:51
We were piloted, I could say,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ื˜ืกื ื•, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ,
06:54
by a highly autocratic stateswoman,
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช,
06:56
but who also had an incredible passion for environment.
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ืฉื’ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
07:00
And this is the time when Project Tiger emerged.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื˜ื™ื’ืจื™ืก ื™ืฆื ืœืคื•ืขืœ.
07:03
And, just like Project Tiger,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื˜ื™ื’ืจื™ืก,
07:06
our activities with the king cobra
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ืžื˜ืจืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ื• ืขื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช
07:08
is to look at a species of animal
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ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
07:10
so that we protect its habitat and everything within it.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื• ื•ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
07:13
So, the tiger is the icon.
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ืื–, ื”ื˜ื™ื’ืจื™ืก ื”ื•ื ืื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ.
07:15
And now the king cobra is a new one.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
07:19
All the major rivers in south India
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ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
07:21
are sourced in the Western Ghats,
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ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื’ื”ื˜ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื,
07:23
the chain of hills running along the west coast of India.
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ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื—ื•ืคื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•.
07:27
It pours out millions of gallons every hour,
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ื”ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื’ืœื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉืขื”,
07:30
and supplies drinking water to at least 300 million people,
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ื•ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื,
07:34
and washes many, many babies,
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ื•ืจื•ื—ืฆื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช,
07:37
and of course feeds many, many animals,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื,
07:40
both domestic and wild,
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ื’ื ืžื‘ื•ื™ืชื™ื ื•ื’ื ืคืจืื™ื™ื,
07:42
produces thousands of tons of rice.
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ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืืœืคื™ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื–.
07:44
And what do we do? How do we respond to this?
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ื•ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื ืื™ืชื?
07:46
Well, basically, we dam it, we pollute it,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืกืžื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื,
07:48
we pour in pesticides, weedicides, fungicides.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืฉื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื”, ืงื•ื˜ืœื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ืงื•ื˜ืœื™ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
07:51
You drink it in peril of your life.
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ืืชื ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืฉื•ืชื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
07:54
And the thing is, it's not just big industry.
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ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
07:57
It's not misguided river engineers
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ืืœื• ืœื ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ื ื”ืจ ื˜ื•ืขื™ื
07:59
who are doing all this; it's us.
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ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”; ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื•.
08:01
It seems that our citizens find the best way to dispose of garbage
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ื ื“ืžื” ื›ื™ ืืœื• ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื–ืจื™ืงืช ื–ื‘ืœ ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช
08:05
are in water sources.
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ืžื™ื ื›ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:07
Okay. Now we're going north, very far north.
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ืื•ืงื™. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื”, ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง.
08:10
North central India, the Chambal River
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ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื‘ื ื”ืจ ื”ืฆ'ืืžื‘ืืœ
08:12
is where we have our base.
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ื ืžืฆื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœื ื•.
08:14
This is the home of the gharial, this incredible crocodile.
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื‘ื™ืืœ, ื”ืชื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
08:18
It is an animal which has been on the Earth
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ
08:21
for just about 100 million years.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื›- 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
08:24
It survived even during the time that the dinosaurs died off.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื“ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื•.
08:28
It has remarkable features.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช.
08:30
Even though it grows to 20 feet long,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 6 ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
08:32
since it eats only fish it's not dangerous to human beings.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ ืจืง ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
08:35
It does have big teeth, however,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
08:37
and it's kind of hard to convince people
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื ืฉื™ื
08:39
if an animal has big teeth, that it's a harmless creature.
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ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื–ื™ืง.
08:42
But we, actually, back in the early '70s,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื•, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื,
08:46
did surveys,
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืกืงืจื™ื,
08:48
and found that gharial were extremely rare.
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื’ืื‘ื™ืืœ ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ื ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืื•ื“.
08:52
In fact, if you see the map,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื”
08:54
the range of their original habitat
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ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื”ื
08:56
was all the way from the Indus in Pakistan
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ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืžื ื”ืจ ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืฉื‘ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ
08:59
to the Irrawaddy in Burma.
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ืขื“ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืจืื•ื•ืื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืžื”.
09:01
And now it's just limited to a couple of spots
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
09:03
in Nepal and India.
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ื‘ื ืคืืœ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
09:05
So, in fact at this point
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ืื– ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•
09:08
there are only 200 breeding gharial left in the wild.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืจืง 200 ื’ืื‘ื™ืืœื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
09:12
So, starting in the mid-'70s
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ืื–, ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื,
09:14
when conservation was at the fore,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช,
09:17
we were actually able to start projects which were
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื
09:20
basically government supported
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ืฉื ืชืžื›ื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”
09:22
to collect eggs from the wild from the few remaining nests
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ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืžืžืขื˜ ื”ืงื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข
09:25
and release 5,000 baby gharial
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ื•ืœืฉื—ืจืจ 5,000 ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืื‘ื™ื’ืืœื™ื
09:27
back to the wild.
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ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
09:29
And pretty soon we were seeing sights like this.
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ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืจืื™ื ื• ืžืจืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”.
09:32
I mean, just incredible to see bunches of gharial
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืื‘ื™ืืœื™ื
09:35
basking on the river again.
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ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืฉืชื–ืคื™ื ืœื”ื ืืชื ืขืœ ื’ื“ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ.
09:37
But complacency does have a tendency to breed contempt.
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ืืš ืœืฉืื ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื•ื–.
09:41
And, sure enough, with all the other pressures on the river,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืขื ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ,
09:44
like sand mining, for example,
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ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœ,
09:47
very, very heavy cultivation all the way down to the river's edge,
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ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื“ ืฉืคืช ื”ื ื”ืจ,
09:51
not allowing the animals to breed anymore,
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ืื™ื ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:53
we're looking at
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™
09:56
even more problems building up for the gharial,
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ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื’ืื‘ื™ืืœ,
09:59
despite the early good intentions.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
10:01
Their nests hatching along the riverside
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ื”ืงื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ
10:05
producing hundreds of hatchlings. It's just an amazing sight.
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ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžืื•ืช ื•ืœื“ื•ืช. ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื—ื–ื” ืžื”ืžื.
10:08
This was actually just taken last year.
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ื–ื” ืฆื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื”.
10:10
But then the monsoon arrives,
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ืืš ืื– ื”ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข,
10:14
and unfortunately downriver there is always a dam or
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ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื ื”ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉื ื• ืื™ื–ื” ืกื›ืจ
10:16
there is always a barrage,
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ืื• ืžื—ืกื•ื,
10:18
and, shoop, they get washed down to their doom.
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ื•ืฉื•ื•ืค, ื”ื ื ืฉื˜ืคื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื ื”ืจ ืืœ ืกื•ืคื.
10:22
Luckily there is still a lot of interest.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ ื™ืฉื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘.
10:24
My pals in the Crocodile Specialist Group of the IUCN,
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื”ืชื ื™ื ื™ื ืžื” - IUCN,
10:27
the [Madras Crocodile Bank], an NGO,
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ื‘ื ืง ืžืื“ืจืืก ืœืชื ื™ื ื™ื, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™,
10:29
the World Wildlife Fund,
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ืงืจืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™,
10:31
the Wildlife Institute of India, State Forest Departments,
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ืงืจืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช,
10:34
and the Ministry of Environment, we all work together on stuff.
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ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
10:37
But it's possibly, and definitely not enough.
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ืืš ื–ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง.
10:41
For example, in the winter of 2007 and 2008,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 2007 ื•ืฉื ืช 2008,
10:46
there was this incredible die-off of gharial, in the Chambal River.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืžื•ืชื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื‘ื™ืืœ, ื‘ื ื”ืจ ื”ืฆ'ืืžื‘ืืœ.
10:50
Suddenly dozens of gharial appearing on the river, dead.
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ืœืคืชืข ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื’ืื‘ื™ืืœื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ื ื”ืจ, ืžืชื™ื.
10:52
Why? How could it happen?
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ืœืžื”? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืงืจื”?
10:54
This is a relatively clean river.
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ื–ื”ื• ื ื”ืจ ื ืงื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช.
10:56
The Chambal, if you look at it, has clear water.
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ื”ืฆ'ืืžื‘ืืœ, ืื ืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ื•, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืžื™ื ืฆืœื•ืœื™ื.
10:59
People scoop water out of the Chambal and drink it,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืžื™ื ืžื”ืฆ'ืืžื‘ืืœ ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื ืื•ืชื,
11:01
something you wouldn't do in most north Indian rivers.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
11:04
So, in order to try to find out the answer to this,
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ืื–, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
11:07
we got veterinarians from all over the world
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ื”ื‘ืื ื• ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
11:09
working with Indian vets to try to figure out what was happening.
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ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืขื ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ืจืจื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
11:12
I was there for a lot of the necropsies on the riverside.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ.
11:16
And we actually looked through
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ
11:18
all their organs and tried to figure out what was going on.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื‘ืจืจ ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืงืจื”.
11:21
And it came down to something called gout,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืงืจื ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ืŸ,
11:24
which, as a result of kidney breakdown
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ืฉืขืงื‘ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืื™ ืกืคื™ืงืช ื›ืœื™ื•ืช
11:27
is actually uric acid crystals throughout the body,
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
11:30
and worse in the joints,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืคืจืงื™ื,
11:33
which made the gharial unable to swim.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื’ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื’ืื‘ื™ืืœ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื—ื•ืช.
11:36
And it's a horribly painful death.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ื•ืช ื›ื•ืื‘ ื•ื ื•ืจืื™.
11:38
Just downriver from the Chambal is the
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ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื ื”ืจ ืžื”ืฆ'ืืžื‘ืืœ ื ืžืฆื
11:40
filthy Yamuna river, the sacred Yamuna river.
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ื”ื ื”ืจ ื™ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื, ื”ื ื”ืจ ื™ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ.
11:43
And I hate to be so ironic and sarcastic about it
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฉื•ื ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื” ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ืฆื™ื ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”
11:47
but it's the truth. It's just one of the filthiest cesspools you can imagine.
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ืืš ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืืžืช. ื–ื”ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
11:50
It flows down through Delhi, Mathura, Agra,
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ืจื ื“ืจืš ื“ืœื”ื™, ืžืื˜ื•ืจื”, ืื’ืจื”,
11:54
and gets just about every bit of effluent you can imagine.
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ื•ืืœื™ื• ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉืคื›ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
11:57
So, it seemed that the toxin that was killing the gharial
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ืื–, ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืจืขืœืŸ ืฉื”ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื’ืื‘ื™ืืœ
12:01
was something in the food chain,
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
12:03
something in the fish they were eating.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืื›ืœื•.
12:05
And, you know, once a toxin is in the food chain
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืจืขืœืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
12:07
everything is affected, including us.
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ื”ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฉืคืข, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื•ืชื ื•.
12:10
Because these rivers are the lifeblood of people all along their course.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื.
12:14
In order to try to answer some of these questions,
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
12:16
we again turn to technology,
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ืฉื•ื‘ ืคื ื™ื ื• ืืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
12:18
to biological technology, in this case,
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ืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”,
12:21
again, telemetry, putting radios on 10 gharial,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืœืžื˜ืจื™ื”, ืœืฉื™ื ืžืฉื“ืจื™ ืจื“ื™ื• ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื” ื’ืื‘ื™ืืœื™ื,
12:25
and actually following their movements. They're being watched
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืชื ื•ืขืชื. ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”ื
12:27
everyday as we speak, to try to find out
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืชื”, ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืจ
12:29
what this mysterious toxin is.
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ืžื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ืจืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืกืชื•ืจื™.
12:32
The Chambal river is an absolutely incredible place.
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ื ื”ืจ ื”ืฆ'ืืžื‘ืืœ ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืงื•ื ืงืกื•ื.
12:36
It's a place that's famous to a lot of you who know
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ื ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
12:39
about the bandits, the dacoits
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ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ื“ื™ื˜ื™ื, ื”ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ื
12:42
who used to work up there. And there still are quite a few around.
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ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื. ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื ืœื ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
12:45
But Poolan Devi was one [of them]. Which actually Shekhar Kapur
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ืืš ืคื•ืœืืŸ ื“ืื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื. ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉืงืืจ ืงืืคื•ืจ
12:48
made an incredible movie, "The Bandit Queen," which I urge you to see.
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ืขืฉื” ืกืจื˜ ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ืžืœื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ื“ื™ื˜ื™ื, ืฉืื ื™ ืžืคืฆื™ืจ ื‘ื›ื ืœืจืื•ืชื•.
12:51
You'll get to see the incredible [Chambal] landscape as well.
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ื™ื™ืฆื ืœื›ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืืžื‘ืœ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
12:54
But, again, heavy fishing pressures.
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ืืš, ืฉื•ื‘, ื“ื™ื’ ื›ื‘ื“ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืฆื™ื.
12:58
This is one of the last repositories of the
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ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืื’ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื
13:01
Ganges river dolphin,
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ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืื ื’ืืก,
13:03
various species of turtles,
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ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื™ื,
13:05
thousands of migratory birds,
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ืืœืคื™ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช,
13:07
and fishing is causing problems like this.
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ื•ื“ื™ื’ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
13:10
And now [these] new elements of human intolerance
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ื•ื›ืขืช, ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช
13:15
for river creatures like the gharial
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ืื‘ื™ืืœ
13:18
means that if they don't drown in the net,
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ืžืฉืžืขื• ืฉืื ื”ื ืœื ื™ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื‘ืจืฉืช,
13:21
then they simply cut their beaks off.
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ืื– ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื›ืจืชื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื—ื•ื˜ืžื.
13:23
Animals like the Ganges river dolphin
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืื ื’ืืก
13:25
which is just down to a few left,
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ืฉืจืง ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืชืจื• ืžืžื ื•,
13:27
and it is also critically endangered.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”.
13:29
So, who is next? Us?
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ืื–, ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ? ืื ื—ื ื•?
13:31
Because we are all dependent on these water sources.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
13:34
So, we all know about the Narmada river,
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ืื–, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื ืจืžืื“ื”,
13:36
the tragedies of dams, the tragedies of huge projects
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ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื›ืจ, ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ ืขื ืง
13:39
which displace people and wreck river systems
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ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืงืจื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืชื ื•ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ
13:42
without providing livelihoods.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืคืจื ืกื”.
13:44
And development just basically going berserk,
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ื•ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืฉืชื’ืข,
13:47
for a double figure growth index, basically.
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ืขื“ ืœื”ื›ืคืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื“ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”.
13:50
So, we're not sure where this story is going to end,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืกืชื™ื™ื,
13:55
whether it's got a happy or sad ending.
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืžื— ืื• ืขืฆื•ื‘.
13:57
And climate change is certainly going
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื•ืœืš
13:59
to turn all of our theories and predictions on their heads.
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉืŸ.
14:02
We're still working hard at it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ืงืฉื”.
14:04
We've got a lot of a good team of people working up there.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืฉื.
14:07
And the thing is, you know, the decision makers,
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ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช
14:10
the folks in power,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—,
14:12
they're up in their bungalows and so on in Delhi,
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ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงืชื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืื• ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืœื”ื™,
14:14
in the city capitals. They are all supplied with plenty of water. It's cool.
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”. ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื™ื. ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
14:17
But out on the rivers there are still millions of people
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ืืš ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื
14:20
who are in really bad shape.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื’ืจื•ืข ืžืื•ื“.
14:23
And it's a bleak future for them.
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ื•ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื ืจืื” ืขื’ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
14:25
So, we have our Ganges and Yamuna cleanup project.
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ืื–, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืœื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ื’ืื ื’ืืก ื•ื”ื™ืืžื•ื ื”.
14:28
We've spent hundreds of millions of dollars on it,
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ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื ื• ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
14:30
and nothing to show for it. Incredible.
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืฆื ืžื–ื”. ืœื ื™ืื•ืžืŸ.
14:33
So, people talk about political will.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™.
14:36
During the die-off of the gharial we did galvanize a lot of action.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื‘ื™ืืœ ืื›ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืงื“ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
14:39
Government cut through all the red tape,
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืงืคื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื,
14:41
we got foreign vets on it. It was great.
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ื”ื‘ืื ื• ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืจื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืคืœื.
14:43
So, we can do it.
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ืื–, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
14:45
But if you stroll down to the Yamuna
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ืืš ืื ืชื˜ื™ื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื™ืืžื•ื ื”
14:47
or to the Gomati in Lucknow,
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ืื• ื‘ื’ื•ืžื˜ื™ ื‘ืœืืงื ืื•,
14:49
or to the Adyar river in Chennai,
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ืื• ืœื ื”ืจ ื”ืื“ื™ื™ืืจ ื‘ืฆ'ื ืื™ื™,
14:52
or the Mula-Mutha river in Pune,
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ืื• ืœื ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืœื”-ืžื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืคื•ื ื”,
14:55
just see what we're capable of doing to a river. It's sad.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื ื”ืจื•ืช. ื–ื” ืขืฆื•ื‘.
14:59
But I think the final note really is
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ืืš ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื
15:02
that we can do it.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
15:05
The corporates, the artists, the wildlife nuts,
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ืืžื ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
15:08
the good old everyday folks
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ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
15:10
can actually bring these rivers back.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืœืงื“ืžื•ืชื.
15:13
And the final word is
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ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื•
15:15
that there is a king cobra looking over our shoulders.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืงื•ื‘ืจื” ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื™ ื›ืชืคื™ื ื•.
15:19
And there is a gharial looking at us from the river.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ืื‘ื™ืืœ ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื ื”ืจ.
15:22
And these are powerful water totems.
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ื•ื”ื ื˜ื•ื˜ืžื™ ืžื™ื ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื™ื.
15:24
And they are going to disturb our dreams until we do the right thing.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื ื• ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
15:28
Namaste.
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ื ืžืกื˜ื”.
15:30
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:36
Chris Anderson: Thanks, Rom. Thanks a lot.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื•ื, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
15:39
You know, most people are terrified of snakes.
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžื ื—ืฉื™ื.
15:42
And there might be quite a few people here who would be
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ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื”
15:44
very glad to see the last king cobra bite the dust.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžืชื”.
15:47
Do you have those conversations with people?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื?
15:50
How do you really get them to care?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื ืœืื™ื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช?
15:52
Romulus Whitaker: I take the sort of humble approach,
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ืจื•ืžื•ืœื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืงืจ: ืื ื™ ื ื•ืงื˜ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืฆื ื•ืขื”
15:57
I guess you could say. I don't say that snakes are huggable exactly.
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉืขืจ. ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื—ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื—ื‘ื™ืงื™ื.
16:01
It's not like the teddy bear.
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ื”ื ืœื ื›ืžื• ื“ื•ื‘ื™.
16:04
But I sort of -- there is an innocence in these animals.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš -- ื™ืฉื ื” ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
16:08
And when the average person looks at a cobra
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืจื”
16:10
going "Ssssss!" like that, they say, "My god,
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ื”ืขื•ืฉื” "ืกืกืกืกืกืก!", ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ,
16:12
look at that angry, dangerous creature."
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ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืขืก ื•ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื–ื”."
16:14
I look at it as a creature who is totally frightened
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ืื ื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืขืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืคื•ื—ื“ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
16:17
of something so dangerous as a human being.
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ืžืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
16:20
And that is the truth. And that's what I try to get out.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืืžืช. ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืขื•ืœื.
16:23
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:27
CA: Now, incredible footage you showed of the viper being killed.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ื”ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืจืืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืคืข ื ื”ืจื’ืช.
16:29
You were saying that that hasn't been filmed before.
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ืืชื” ืืžืจืช ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืฆื•ืœื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
16:32
RW: Yes, this is actually the first time anyone of us knew about it, for one thing.
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ืจื•ืžื•ืœื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืงืจ: ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืžื™ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
16:35
As I said, it's just like a little snack for him, you know?
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื–ื” ืจืง ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ืงื˜ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข?
16:38
Usually they eat larger snakes like rat snakes,
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื›ืจื›ื ื™ื,
16:40
or even cobras.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื•ื‘ืจื•ืช.
16:42
But this guy who we're following right now is in the deep jungle.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ื ืžืฆื ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ.
16:45
Whereas other king cobras
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืงื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
16:47
very often come into the human interface,
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ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
16:49
you know, the plantations, to find big rat snakes and stuff.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœืžื˜ืขื™ื, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืจื›ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
16:52
This guy specializes in pit vipers.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืฆืคืขื™ ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช.
16:55
And the guy who is working there with them,
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ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื™ืชื ืฉื,
16:57
he's from Maharashtra, he said, "I think he's after the nusha."
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ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืจืืฉื˜ื”, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื ืืฉื”."
17:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
17:02
Now, the nusha means the high.
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ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื ืืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืกื˜ืœื”.
17:04
Whenever he eats the pit viper he gets this little venom rush.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ ืฆืคืข ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืกื˜ืœืช ืจืขืœ ืงื˜ื ื”.
17:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
17:09
CA: Thanks Rom. Thank you.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื•ื. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
17:11
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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