How women in rural India turned courage into capital | Chetna Gala Sinha

翻译人员: jacks peng 校对人员: Charon Zheng

I'm here to tell you not just my story

我在这里不只是讲述我的故事，

but stories of exceptional women from India whom I've met.

还有我遇到过的 杰出印度女性的故事。

They continue to inspire me,

她们启发我，

teach me, guide me in my journey of my life.

教育我，引导我的人生旅程。

These are incredible women.

她们都是不可思议的女性。

They never had an opportunity to go to school,

她们没有机会上学，

they had no degrees,

她们没有任何学历，

no travel, no exposure.

没有旅行过，没有曝光过。

Ordinary women who did extraordinary things

做不平凡事情的平凡的女性，

with the greatest of their courage,

以她们的伟大勇气，

wisdom and humility.

智慧和谦逊。

These are my teachers.

她们是我的老师。

For the last three decades,

在过去30年里，

I've been working, staying and living in India

我工作，居留和生活在印度，

and working with women in rural India.

并与印度农村的妇女一起工作。

I was born and brought up in Mumbai.

我在孟买出生和长大。

When I was in college,

我在大学时，

I met Jayaprakash Narayan,

我遇到了贾亚普拉卡什·纳拉扬,

famous Gandhian leader

著名的甘地主义领袖，

who inspired youth to work in rural India.

他鼓舞年轻人到印度农村工作。

I went into the villages to work in rural India.

我下乡来到印度农村工作。

I was part of land rights movement,

我是土地权利运动、

farmers' movement

农民运动

and women's movement.

和女性运动的一份子。

On the same line,

与此同时，

I ended up in a very small village,

我最后来到一个很小的村庄，

fell in love with a young, handsome, dynamic young farmer-leader

与一个年轻，英俊，充满活力的 农民领袖相爱，

who was not very educated,

他受的教育不多，

but he could pull the crowd.

但他能带动群众。

And so in the passion of youth,

在年轻的热恋之中，

I married him

我嫁给了他

and left Mumbai,

并离开了孟买，

and went to a small village which did not have running water

去了一个没有自来水没有厕所的

and no toilet.

村庄。

Honestly, my family and friends were horrified.

老实说，我家人和朋友都吓坏了。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

I was staying with my family,

我与我的家人呆在一起，

with my three children in the village,

与我三个小孩生活在乡下。

and one day,

有天，

a few years later one day,

几年后的某天，

a woman called Kantabai came to me.

一个名叫坎塔白的妇女找到我。

Kantabai said, "I want to open a saving account.

坎塔白说：“我想要开个储蓄账户，

I want to save."

我想要存钱.”

I asked Kantabai:

我问坎塔白：

"You are doing business of blacksmith.

“你在做铁匠的生意。

Do you have enough money to save?

你有足够的钱去存吗？

You are staying on the street.

你住在大街上。

Can you save?"

你能存钱吗？”

Kantabai was insistent.

坎塔白仍然坚持。

She said, "I want to save because I want to buy a plastic sheet

她说：“我想要存钱 是因为我想在季风来临前

before the monsoons arrive.

买塑料薄帆。

I want to save my family from rain."

我不想家人被雨淋。”

I went with Kantabai to the bank.

我跟坎塔白来到银行。

Kantabai wanted to save 10 rupees a day --

坎塔白想一天存10卢比，

less than 15 cents.

这还不到15美分。

Bank manager refused to open the account of Kantabai.

银行管理员拒绝为她开户。

He said Kantabai's amount is too small

他说坎塔白的钱太少了，

and it's not worth his time.

不值得浪费他的时间。

Kantabai was not asking any loan from the bank.

坎塔白都没向银行借钱。

She was not asking any subsidy or grant from the government.

她没有要求政府提供 任何补贴或补助。

What she was asking was to have a safe place

她只是想要一个安全的地方

to save her hard-earned money.

去存她辛苦赚来的钱。

And that was her right.

而那是她的权利。

And I went --

于是我——

I said if banks are not opening the account of Kantabai,

我说如果银行不为坎塔白开户，

why not start the bank

为什么不开个银行

which will give an opportunity for women like Kantabai to save?

为坎塔白这样的女性提供存钱的机会呢？

And I applied for the banking license to Reserve Bank of India.

于是我向印度储备银行申请银行牌照。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

No, it was not an easy task.

不，这并不是件轻松的事。

Our license was rejected --

我们的牌照被拒绝了。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

on the grounds --

理由是——

Reserve Bank said that we cannot issue a license

储备银行说他们不会给

to the bank whose promoting members who are nonliterate.

那些客户是文盲的银行颁发牌照。

I was terrified.

我真是被吓到了。

I was crying.

我哭了。

And by coming back home,

回到家后，

I was continuously crying.

我仍然止不住哭。

I told Kantabai and other women

我告诉坎塔白和其他妇女，

that we couldn't get the license because our women are nonliterate.

因为我们女性不识字， 所以我们拿不到牌照。

Our women said, "Stop crying.

她们说：“别哭了，

We will learn to read and write

我们会学习读和写，

and apply again, so what?"

再去申请一样，那又怎样？“

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

We started our literacy classes.

我们开始了我们的扫盲课程。

Every day our women would come.

每天，妇女都来参加。

They were so determined that after working the whole day,

在已经工作一整天后， 她们目标坚定地

they would come to the class and learn to read and write.

来上课，学习阅读和书写。

After five months,

五个月后，

we applied again,

我们再次进行申请，

but this time I didn't go alone.

但这次我不是一个人去。

Fifteen women accompanied me to Reserve Bank of India.

15位女性跟我一起来到印度储备银行。

Our women told the officer of Reserve Bank,

她们告诉储备银行的官员：

"You rejected the license because we cannot read and write.

“因为我们不会读和写， 你们拒绝发牌照。

You rejected the license because we are nonliterate."

你拒绝牌照是因为我们是文盲。”

But they said, "There were no schools when we were growing,

但她们接着说： “我们小时候没有学校，

so we are not responsible for our noneducation."

所以没有受教育又不是我们的错。”

And they said, "We cannot read and write,

她们接着说：“我们不能读写，

but we can count."

但我们可以算。”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

And they challenged the officer.

她们挑战官员。

"Then tell us to calculate the interest of any principal amount."

“那么让我们计算任何本金的利息。”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

"If we are unable to do it,

“如果我们算不出来，

don't give us license.

不要给我们发牌照。

Tell your officers to do it without a calculator

让你的官员不要用计算器，

and see who can calculate faster."

看谁算得更快。”

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

Needless to say,

不用说，

we got the banking license.

我们拿到了银行牌照。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

Today, more than 100,000 women are banking with us

今天，有10万名女性 在我们银行开了账户，

and we have more than 20 million dollars of capital.

我们拥有了超过2千万美金的资本。

This is all women's savings,

这些全是女人的储蓄，

women capital,

女人的资金，

no outside investors asking for a business plan.

没有外部投资者 要求提供商业计划书。

No.

没有。

It's our own rural women's savings.

这是我们农村女性的储蓄。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

I also want to say that yes,

我也想要说是的，

after we got the license,

在我们获得银行牌照后，

today Kantabai has her own house

如今坎塔白已经有了她自己的房子，

and is staying with her family

正在跟她的家人住在一起，

in her own house for herself and her family.

在她自己的房子里。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

When we started our banking operations,

当我们刚开始运营时，

I could see that our women were not able to come to the bank

我发现很多我们的女性 并没有时间来银行，

because they used to lose the working day.

因为她们白天忙得不可开交。

I thought if women are not coming to the bank,

我想如果女性不能够来银行，

bank will go to them,

银行可以去找她们，

and we started doorstep banking.

于是我们开始了上门银行服务。

Recently, we starting digital banking.

最近，我们开始了电子银行。

Digital banking required to remember a PIN number.

电子银行要求人们记住一个密码。

Our women said, "We don't want a PIN number.

我们的女性用户说： “我们不要密码。

That's not a good idea."

这不是个好主意。”

And we tried to explain to them

我们试图给她们解释

that maybe you should remember the PIN number;

你们应该要有个密码；

we will help you to remember the PIN number.

我们也会帮你记住你的密码。

They were firm.

她们仍然坚持。

They said, "suggest something else,"

她们说：“想想别的方法，”

and they --

她们——

(Laughter)

（笑声）

and they said, "What about thumb?"

她们说：“拇指怎样？”

I thought that's a great idea.

我觉得这个是个好主意。

We'll link that digital banking with biometric,

我们将把电子银行跟生物识别技术 联系起来，

and now women use the digital financial transaction

现在女性可以通过指纹进行

by using the thumb.

电子金融交易。

And you know what they said?

你们知道她们怎么说吗？

They said, "Anybody can steal my PIN number

她们说：“任何人都可以偷我的密码，

and take away my hard-earned money,

拿走我辛苦赚的钱，

but nobody can steal my thumb."

但没人能偷走我的手指。”

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

That reinforced the teaching which I have always learned from women:

这强化了我从女性身上学到的认识：

never provide poor solutions to poor people.

不要为穷人提供糟糕的解决方案。

They are smart.

她们是聪明人。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

A few months later,

几个月后，

another woman came to the bank --

另一位女性来到银行——

Kerabai.

喀拉白。

She mortgaged her gold and took the loan.

她抵押她的金条贷了款。

I asked Kerabai, "Why are you mortgaging your precious jewelry

我问喀拉白： “你为什么要抵押你的珍贵珠宝

and taking a loan?"

贷款？”

Kerabai said, "Don't you realize that it's a terrible drought?

喀拉白说：“你没意识到现在的干旱 很可怕吗？

There's no food or fodder for the animals.

动物没有食物和饲料了。

No water.

没有水了。

I'm mortgaging gold to buy food and fodder for my animals."

我抵押金条来为我的家畜 购买食物和饲料。”

And then she asks me, "Can I mortgage gold and get water?"

然后她问我：“我能抵押金条 来获取水吗？”

I had no answer.

我答不上来。

Kerabai challenged me: "You're working in the village

喀拉白问我我： “你在这个村庄

with women and finance,

与女性和金融一起工作，

but what if one day there's no water?

但如果有一天这里没水了呢？

If you leave this village,

如果你离开这个村庄，

with whom are you going to do banking?"

你打算和谁一起做金融业务呢？”

Kerabai had a valid question,

喀拉白问了这个实实在在的问题，

so in this drought,

所以在这场大旱中，

we decided to start the cattle camp in the area.

我们决定在这个地区 开设养牛的营地。

It's where farmers can bring their animals to one place

在那里，农民可以把她们的牲畜带来

and get fodder and water.

获得饲料和水。

It didn't rain.

天没有下雨。

Cattle camp was extended for 18 months.

养牛营延长到了18个月。

Kerabai used to move around in the cattle camp

喀拉白过去常常在牛营中到处走动，

and sing the songs of encouragement.

唱着鼓励的歌谣。

Kerabai became very popular.

喀拉白变得非常受欢迎。

It rained and cattle camp was ended,

终于下雨了， 而养牛营也结束了，

but after cattle camp ended,

但在养牛营结束后，

Kerabai came to our radio --

喀拉白来到我们的电台——

we have community radio

我们有社区电台，

which has more than 100,000 listeners.

拥有超过10万名听众。

She said, "I want to have a regular show on the radio."

她说：“我想要在电台上 做常规节目。”

Our radio manager said, "Kerabai, you cannot read and write.

我们的电台主管说： “喀拉白，你不会读和写。

How will you write the script?"

你怎么写稿子？”

You know what she replied?

你知道她怎么回复吗？

"I cannot read and write,

“我不能读写，

but I can sing.

但我会唱。

What's the big deal?"

有什么大不了？”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And today,

今天，

Kerabai is doing a regular radio program,

喀拉白正在做一个常规的广播节目，

and not only that,

不仅如此，

she's become a famous radio jockey

她成为了著名的广播节目主持人，

and she has been invited by all of the radios,

被所有的电台邀请过，

even from Mumbai.

甚至有孟买的电台。

She gets the invitation and she does the show.

她应邀去做了节目。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

Kerabai has become a local celebrity.

喀拉白已经成为当地的名人。

One day I asked Kerabai,

一天，我问喀拉白。

"How did you end up singing?"

“你是怎么学会唱歌的？”

She said, "Shall I tell you the real fact?

她说：“我可以告诉你真相吗？

When I was pregnant with my first child,

当我怀着我的第一个孩子时，

I was always hungry.

我总是很饿。

I did not have enough food to eat.

我没有足够的东西吃。

I did not have enough money to buy food,

我不够钱买食物，

and so to forget my hunger, I started singing."

于是为了忘记我的饥饿， 我开始唱歌。”

So strong and wise, no?

多么坚强和聪明，不是吗？

I always think that our women overcome so many obstacles --

我总在想我们的女性 克服了如此多的障碍——

cultural, social, financial --

来自文化，社会，财务——

and they find out their ways.

她们找到了自己的方法。

I would like to share another story:

我想要分享另一个故事：

Sunita Kamble.

萨尼塔·坎波。

She has taken a course in a business school,

她在商学院学习了一门课程，

and she has become a veterinary doctor.

她已经成为了一名兽医。

She's Dalit;

她是达利特；

she comes from an untouchable caste,

她来自一个贱民阶层，

but she does artificial insemination in goats.

但她能对山羊做人工授精。

It is a very male-dominated profession

这本是一个男性主导的职业，

and it is all the more difficult for Sunita

对萨尼塔而言就更难了，

because Sunita comes from an untouchable caste.

因为她来自贱民阶层。

But she worked very hard.

但她工作非常努力。

She did successful goat deliveries in the region

她在该地区成功地进行了 山羊的分娩，

and she became a famous goat doctor.

并成为了一位非常知名的山羊医生。

Recently, she got a national award.

最近她获得了国家大奖。

I went to Sunita's house to celebrate --

我前往萨尼塔家中庆祝，

to congratulate her.

去祝贺她。

When I entered the village,

当我来到村庄，

I saw a big cutout of Sunita.

我看到一个萨尼塔的画报模型。

Sunita was smiling on that picture.

萨尼塔在画中微笑着。

I was really surprised to see an untouchable,

我非常的惊讶， 当看到一个来自

coming from the village,

山村的贱民阶层的人，

having a big cutout at the entrance of the village.

可以在村庄的入口有一副大的剪贴画。

When I went to her house,

当我来到她家，

I was even more amazed

我更加惊奇地看到

because upper caste leaders --

因为高级种姓的领导人们，

men -- were sitting in the house, in her house,

男人们——正坐在她家中，

and having chai and water,

喝茶喝水，

which is very rare in India.

这在印度非常少见。

Upper caste leaders do not go to an untouchable's house

高种姓领导一般不会去贱民家中

and have chai or water.

喝茶喝水。

And they were requesting her

他们在邀请她

to come and address the gathering of the village.

去参加村庄的聚会。

Sunita broke centuries-old caste conditioning in India.

萨尼塔打破了印度几个世纪来的 种姓制度。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

Let me come to what the younger generations do.

让我们看看年轻一代在做什么。

As I'm standing here --

我站在这里——

I'm so proud as I stand here,

我非常自豪我能站在这里，

from Mhaswad to Vancouver.

从姆哈斯瓦德到温哥华。

Back home, Sarita Bhise --

在家乡，萨里塔·博伊西 ——

she's not even 16 years old.

她还不到16岁。

She's preparing herself --

她正在——

she's a part of our sports program,

她是我们体育项目的一份子，

Champions' program.

准备冠军比赛。

She's preparing herself to represent India in field hockey.

她正在准备代表印度 参加曲棍球比赛。

And you know where she's going?

你知道她要去哪吗？

She's going to represent in 2020 Olympics, Tokyo.

她要去参加2020年东京奥运会。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

Sarita comes from a very poor shepherd community.

萨里塔来自非常贫穷的牧羊人社区。

I am just -- I couldn't be more proud of her.

我真是，最为她感到骄傲。

There are millions of women like Sarita, Kerabai, Sunita,

像萨里塔、喀拉白和萨尼塔 这样的女性有成千上万，

who can be around you also.

她们可能就在你身旁。

They can be all over the world,

她们可能分布于全球各地，

but at first glance you may think that they do not have anything to say,

第一眼， 你会觉得她们没啥好说的，

they do not have anything to share.

她们没啥好分享的。

You would be so wrong.

你就大错特错了。

I am so lucky that I'm working with these women.

我很幸运能和这些女性一起工作。

They are sharing their stories with me,

她们一直跟我分享她们的故事，

they are sharing their wisdom with me,

她们与我一直分享智慧，

and I'm just lucky to be with them.

我真是如此幸运能够跟她们一起。

20 years before --

20年前，

and I'm so proud --

我非常自豪，

we went to Reserve Bank of India

我们来到印度储备银行

and we set up the first rural women's bank.

开设了第一家农村妇女银行。

Today they are pushing me to go to National Stock Exchange

如今，她们推动我 来到印度国家证券交易所

to set up the first fund dedicated to micro rural women entrepreneurs.

设立首个专门针对 农村妇女企业家的基金。

They are pushing me to set up

她们推动我去设立

the first small finance women's bank in the world.

世界上首个女性小型金融银行。

And as one of them said,

正如其中一位说的，

"My courage is my capital."

“我的勇气就是我的资本。”

And I say here,

我在这里说，

their courage is my capital.

她们的勇气是我的资本。

And if you want,

如果你们想，

it can be yours also.

也可以是你的资本。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）