Amanda Bennett: We need a heroic narrative for death

191,040 views ・ 2013-10-15

TED


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翻译人员: Zhi Yin Wang 校对人员: Ho Man Li
00:12
So I'd like you to come back with me
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首先,我想带大家一起
00:15
just for a few minutes
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回到一个
00:17
to a dark night in China,
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在中国的夜晚
00:19
the night I met my husband.
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那个与我丈夫初遇的夜晚
00:22
It was a city so long ago that it was still called
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那是挺久以前了, 北京还被称作
00:26
Peking.
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Peking (北京的英文旧称)
00:28
So I went to a party.
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我当时参加一个聚会
00:30
I sat down next to a stout, middle-aged man
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坐在一个戴着猫头鹰眼镜打着领结的
00:34
with owl glasses and a bow tie,
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壮硕中年男人旁边
00:37
and he turned out to be a Fulbright scholar,
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他原来是一名富布赖特学者
00:40
there in China specifically to study
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在中国从事
00:44
Sino-Soviet relations.
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对中苏关系的研究
00:46
What a gift it was to the eager,
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对我这个年轻而急切的外国记者来说
00:48
young foreign correspondent that I was then.
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这真是一个美好的礼物
00:51
I'd pump him for information,
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我从他这里获得了很多信息
00:53
I'm mentally scribbling notes
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心里开始起草
00:55
for the stories I plan to write.
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我准备写的故事
00:57
I talk to him for hours.
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那天我跟他聊了几个小时
00:59
Only months later,
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几个月之后
01:03
I discover who he really was.
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我发现了他的真实身份
01:05
He was the China representative
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他是美国大豆协会
01:08
for the American Soybean Association.
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驻中国代表
01:12
"I don't understand. Soybeans?
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“我不理解,大豆?
01:16
You told me you were a Fulbright scholar."
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你告诉我你是个富布赖特学者。”
01:18
"Well, how long would you have talked to me
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“可是,如果我告诉你我是大豆协会的
01:20
if I told you we're in soybeans?"
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你会跟我聊多久呢?”
01:22
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
01:25
I said, "You jerk."
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我说“混蛋”
01:28
Only jerk wasn't the word I used.
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不过我当时不是用的混蛋这个词
01:32
I said, "You could've gotten me fired."
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我说,“你会让我被解雇的”
01:36
And he said, "Let's get married."
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他说,“我们结婚吧”
01:39
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
01:41
"Travel the world and have lots of kids."
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“带着很多孩子周游世界。”
01:44
So we did.
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于是我们结婚了
01:46
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
01:48
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
01:53
And what an alive man Terence Bryan Foley
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特伦斯是一个
01:57
turned out to be.
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非常有活力的人
01:58
He was a Chinese scholar
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他是一个中文学者
02:00
who later, in his 60s,
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在他60几岁的时候
02:02
got a Ph.D. in Chinese history.
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还获得了中国历史的博士学位
02:04
He spoke six languages,
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他会六种语言
02:07
he played 15 musical instruments,
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15种乐器
02:09
he was a licensed pilot,
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他有飞行员执照
02:11
he had once been a San Francisco cable car operator,
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他做过旧金山缆车的司机
02:14
he was an expert in swine nutrition,
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他在猪营养学,奶牛,
02:17
dairy cattle, Dixieland jazz, film noir,
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南方爵士,黑色电影方面都是专家
02:21
and we did travel the country, and the world,
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我们也一起周游了世界
02:25
and we did have a lot of kids.
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生了很多孩子
02:27
We followed my job, and it seemed like
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我们做了很多,似乎
02:29
there was nothing that we couldn't do.
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没有什么是我们做不到的
02:33
So when we found the cancer,
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当他被诊断出癌症
02:36
it doesn't seem strange to us at all
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对我们来说
02:39
that without saying a word to each other,
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这感觉一点也不陌生
02:41
we believed that,
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我们相信
02:44
if we were smart enough
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如果我们够聪明
02:46
and strong enough and brave enough,
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够坚强和勇敢
02:51
and we worked hard enough,
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并且努力奋斗
02:53
we could keep him from dying ever.
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那他一定可以永远活下去
02:58
And for years, it seemed like we were succeeding.
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在好几年里,我们似乎获得了成功
03:02
The surgeon emerged from the surgery.
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他接受过多次手术
03:05
What'd he say? He said what surgeons always say:
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他怎么说?就如外科医生总说的那样
03:07
"We got it all."
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“全部干净了”
03:09
Then there was a setback when the pathologists
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然后当医生仔细地检查过他的肾癌后
03:12
looked at the kidney cancer closely.
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却又充满挫败
03:14
It turned out to be a rare,
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他被发现得的是一种
03:16
exceedingly aggressive type,
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罕见且激进的癌症
03:18
with a diagnosis that was almost universally fatal
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一般来说这样的患者
03:21
in several weeks at most.
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最多只能活几周
03:23
And yet, he did not die.
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但是,他还没有死
03:27
Mysteriously, he lived on.
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他神奇地活了下去
03:30
He coached Little League for our son.
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他为儿子做棒球教练
03:33
He built a playhouse for our daughter.
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为女儿建了玩耍的房子
03:35
And meanwhile, I'm burying myself in the Internet
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同时,我把自己埋在互联网里
03:38
looking for specialists.
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寻找相关的专家
03:40
I'm looking for a cure.
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寻找治疗方案
03:42
So a year goes by
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就这样时间又过了一年
03:44
before the cancer, as cancers do,
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癌症预料中地
03:48
reappears,
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又重新出现
03:50
and with it comes another death sentence,
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随之而来的是又一份死亡判决
03:52
this time nine months.
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这次是九个月
03:54
So we try another treatment, aggressive, nasty.
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我们尝试了另外一种治疗方法,激进而讨厌
03:58
It makes him so sick, he has to quit it,
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这让他非常难受,只好放弃
04:00
yet still he lives on.
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但是他还活着
04:03
Then another year goes by.
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又过了一年
04:05
Two years go by.
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两年
04:06
More specialists.
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为了接受更多专家的治疗
04:08
We take the kids to Italy.
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我们带着孩子去意大利
04:10
We take the kids to Australia.
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去澳大利亚
04:12
And then more years pass,
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更多年过去了
04:15
and the cancer begins to grow.
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癌细胞又开始生长
04:17
This time, there's new treatments on the horizon.
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这次,又有新的治疗方法进入视线
04:20
They're exotic. They're experimental.
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诡异,而且还在试验中
04:22
They're going to attack the cancer in new ways.
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这是一种新的消灭癌症的方法
04:25
So he enters a clinical trial, and it works.
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他参与了这次临床试验,并且成功了
04:29
The cancer begins to shrink,
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癌细胞开始萎缩
04:31
and for the third time,
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第三次
04:33
we've dodged death.
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我们躲过了死亡
04:37
So now I ask you,
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我现在问你
04:40
how do I feel
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我当时是什么感受
04:42
when the time finally comes
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当最后时刻来临的时候
04:45
and there's another dark night,
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在那个
04:48
sometime between midnight and 2 a.m.?
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深夜两点的黑夜里
04:50
This time it's on the intensive care ward
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这次是在重症病房里
04:53
when a twentysomething resident
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一个20多岁的
04:55
that I've never met before
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我从未见过的医生
04:57
tells me that Terence is dying,
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告诉我特伦斯就要不行了
05:00
perhaps tonight.
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可能就在今晚
05:02
So what do I say when he says,
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当他问我,“我能为你做些什么?”
05:05
"What do you want me to do?"
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我说了什么?
05:07
There's another drug out there.
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当时有一种新药
05:09
It's newer. It's more powerful.
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更新,更强
05:11
He started it just two weeks ago.
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他两周前开始服用
05:14
Perhaps there's still hope ahead.
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可能还有希望
05:17
So what do I say?
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我说了什么?
05:19
I say, "Keep him alive if you can."
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我说,“让他活着,如果可以的话。”
05:22
And Terence died six days later.
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特伦斯死于六天之后
05:26
So we fought, we struggled, we triumphed.
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我们战斗过,挣扎过,也胜利过
05:30
It was an exhilarating fight,
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这是一场令人振奋的战斗
05:31
and I'd repeat the fight today
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我会毫不犹豫地
05:33
without a moment's hesitation.
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将战斗继续直至今天
05:36
We fought together, we lived together.
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我们一起战斗,一起生活
05:39
It turned what could have been
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这原本是我们生命中
05:41
seven of the grimmest years of our life
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最严峻的七年,我们把它变成了
05:44
into seven of the most glorious.
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最辉煌的七年
05:47
It was also an expensive fight.
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这是一场昂贵的战斗
05:50
It was the kind of fight and the kind of choices
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这是一种我们每个人
05:52
that everyone here agrees
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都会赞成的
05:54
pump up the cost of end-of-life care,
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大量增加晚年健康支出的
05:56
and of healthcare for all of us.
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战斗和选择
05:58
And for me, for us,
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对于我,对于我们
06:01
we pushed the fight right over the edge,
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我们战斗到了最后一刻
06:03
and I never got the chance to say to him
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我从来没有机会跟他说
06:07
what I say to him now almost every day:
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这句我现在每天重复的话
06:10
"Hey, buddy, it was a hell of a ride."
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“嘿,这真是刺激的过程。”
06:13
We never got the chance to say goodbye.
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我们没有机会互相道别
06:16
We never thought it was the end.
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我们没有想过那就是终结
06:18
We always had hope.
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我们总是充满希望
06:23
So what do we make of all of this?
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我们所做的这一切是为了什么?
06:27
Being a journalist, after Terence died,
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作为一个记者,在特伦斯逝世后
06:31
I wrote a book, "The Cost Of Hope."
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我写了一本书,“希望的代价”
06:34
I wrote it because I wanted to know
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我写这本书是因为我想知道
06:36
why I did what I did,
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我为什么会这么做
06:38
why he did what he did,
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他为什么会这么做
06:40
why everyone around us did what they did.
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我们每一个人为什么会这么做
06:42
And what did I discover?
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那么我发现了什么?
06:44
Well, one of the things I discovered is that
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其中一个便是
06:45
experts think that one answer to
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医生认为能解答
06:48
what I did at the end was a piece of paper,
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我在最后做了的事是一张纸
06:51
the advance directive,
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“预先医疗指示”
06:53
to help families get past the seemingly irrational choices.
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以帮助家人做出这一看似不合理的选择
06:58
Yet I had that piece of paper.
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我们得到了这张纸
07:02
We both did.
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我们都有
07:04
And they were readily available.
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它们很容易获得
07:05
I had them right at hand.
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我正把它们拿在手中
07:07
Both of them said the same thing:
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上面是同样一句话
07:10
Do nothing if there is no further hope.
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如果没有希望,就不要再做什么了
07:14
I knew Terence's wishes
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我清楚地知道特伦斯的愿望
07:16
as clearly and as surely as I knew my own.
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就如同我自己的一样
07:20
Yet we never got to no further hope.
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我们从来没有完全失去希望
07:25
Even with that clear-cut paper in our hands,
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哪怕拿着这张意思明确的纸片
07:28
we just kept redefining hope.
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我们一直重新定义希望
07:32
I believed I could keep him from dying,
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我相信我能阻止他的死亡
07:37
and I'd be embarrassed to say that if I hadn't seen
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这么说我会不好意思,如果我
07:40
so many people and have talked to so many people
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没有见过那么多,跟那么多有着相同情况的人
07:42
who have felt exactly the same way.
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交谈过的话
07:44
Right up until days before his death,
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直到他走的前一天
07:48
I felt strongly
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我仍然坚信
07:52
and powerfully, and, you might say, irrationally,
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你可能觉得是不可理喻
07:56
that I could keep him from dying ever.
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但我坚信我能够阻止他的死亡
08:01
Now, what do the experts call this?
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现在,专家们怎么称呼这种心态?
08:04
They say it's denial.
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他们说这叫拒绝现实
08:07
It's a strong word, isn't it?
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一个很强烈的词,是不是?
08:09
Yet I will tell you that denial
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我告诉你们
08:11
isn't even close to a strong enough word
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这个词远远不够强烈
08:16
to describe what those of us
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完全不能描述我们这种
08:19
facing the death of our loved ones go through.
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面对爱人死亡时的人的心情
08:23
And I hear the medical professionals say,
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我听医生们会这么说,
08:25
"Well, we'd like to do such-and-such,
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“我们想做什么什么,
08:27
but the family's in denial.
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但是被病人的家人拒绝。
08:29
The family won't listen to reason.
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他们听不进任何理由,
08:32
They're in denial.
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他们只会拒绝现实。
08:34
How can they insist on this treatment at the end?
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他们怎么能到了最后还坚持这种治疗呢?
08:36
It's so clear, yet they're in denial."
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很明显,他们拒绝接受现实。”
08:39
Now, I think this maybe isn't
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我想这并不是
08:41
a very useful way of thinking.
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一个有效的思维方式
08:44
It's not just families either.
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不仅仅是家人
08:47
The medical professionals too,
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你作为医生
08:49
you out there, you're in denial too.
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也是在拒绝现实
08:52
You want to help. You want to fix.
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你想帮助,你想治疗
08:55
You want to do.
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你想做一些事情
08:57
You've succeeded in everything you've done,
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你取得过很多成功
09:00
and having a patient die,
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但是现在你的病人要死了
09:02
well, that must feel like failure.
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一定感觉非常失败
09:05
I saw it firsthand.
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我理解这种挫折
09:07
Just days before Terence died,
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就在特伦斯走的前几天
09:10
his oncologist said,
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他的肿瘤医生说,
09:12
"Tell Terence that better days are just ahead."
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“告诉特伦斯,过些天会好些的。”
09:15
Days before he died.
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就在去世的前几天
09:17
Yet Ira Byock,
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达特茅斯学院缓和医疗部的
09:19
the director of palliative medicine at Dartmouth
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主管伊拉·比约克
09:21
said, "You know, the best doctor in the world
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说过,“最优秀的医生
09:24
has never succeeded in making anyone immortal."
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也无法使人长生不死。”
09:29
So what the experts call "denial," I call "hope,"
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医生们所说的“拒绝现实”,我说的“希望”
09:35
and I'd like to borrow a phrase
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然后我想借用
09:38
from my friends in software design.
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一个做软件界的朋友的一句话
09:41
You just redefine denial and hope,
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你重新定义拒绝现实和希望
09:44
and it becomes a feature of being human.
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这是作为人类的一个功能
09:48
It's not a bug.
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而不是一个漏洞
09:49
It's a feature.
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这是一个功能
09:52
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
09:55
So we need to think more constructively
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所以我们需要更具建设性地
09:59
about this very common, very profound
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去思考这一常见,深远
10:03
and very powerful human emotion.
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有力的人类情绪
10:07
It's part of the human condition,
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这是一种人类状态
10:09
and yet our system and our thinking
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但是我们的系统和我们的思维
10:12
isn't built to accommodate it.
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并没有去接受并包容它
10:15
So Terence told me a story on that long-ago night,
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当特伦斯在那个遥远的夜晚给我说了一个故事
10:18
and I believed it.
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我相信了
10:20
Maybe I wanted to believe it.
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也许我只是愿意去相信
10:23
And during Terence's illness, I, we,
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在特伦斯生病期间
10:28
we wanted to believe the story
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我们也同样愿意去相信
10:30
of our fight together too.
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我们一起战斗的故事
10:33
Giving up the fight -- for that's how it felt,
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放弃战斗,这种放弃的感觉
10:36
it felt like giving up --
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不止意味着
10:38
meant giving up not only his life
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放弃他的生命
10:41
but also our story,
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同样意味着
10:45
our story of us as fighters,
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放弃我们一起战斗的故事
10:47
the story of us as invincible,
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放弃我们不可战胜的故事
10:50
and for the doctors, the story of themselves
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放弃医生作为拯救者的
10:52
as healers.
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故事
10:55
So what do we need?
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那我们需要的是什么?
10:57
Maybe we don't need a new piece of paper.
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我们可能不需要一张新的纸片
11:00
Maybe we need a new story,
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而是需要一个新的故事
11:03
not a story about giving up the fight
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不是一个因为没有希望
11:07
or of hopelessness,
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而放弃战斗的故事
11:09
but rather a story of victory and triumph,
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而是一个关于胜利
11:13
of a valiant battle and, eventually,
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关于勇敢战斗
11:18
a graceful retreat,
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和优雅撤退的故事
11:20
a story that acknowledges
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一个承认
11:23
that not even the greatest general defeats every foe,
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最优秀的将军也不能战胜每个敌人
11:27
that no doctor has ever succeeded
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最优秀的医生
11:29
in making anyone immortal,
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也不能使人长生不死
11:32
and that no wife, no matter how hard she tried,
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一个再努力的妻子
11:38
has ever stopped even the bravest,
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也不能阻止
11:42
wittiest and most maddeningly lovable husband
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最勇敢可爱的丈夫
11:47
from dying when it was his time to go.
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死亡的故事
11:51
People did mention hospice,
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有人跟我提过临终关怀
11:53
but I wouldn't listen.
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不过我没有听
11:56
Hospice was for people who were dying,
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临终关怀是给将死之人的
12:00
and Terence wasn't dying.
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但特伦斯并没有将要去世
12:03
As a result, he spent just four days in hospice,
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最后,他只经历了四天的临终关怀
12:06
which I'm sure, as you all know,
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我确信,就像你们所知道的的
12:08
is a pretty typical outcome,
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这是一个典型的结果
12:10
and we never said goodbye
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我们从来没有说再见
12:11
because we were unprepared for the end.
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因为我们从没有准备好面对结束
12:14
We have a noble path to curing the disease,
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我们有高贵的治疗方式
12:18
patients and doctors alike,
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病人和医生都有
12:21
but there doesn't seem to be
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但是我们并没有
12:23
a noble path to dying.
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高贵的死亡方式
12:25
Dying is seen as failing,
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死亡被认为是失败
12:28
and we had a heroic narrative
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我们有一个共同战斗的
12:31
for fighting together,
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英雄故事
12:33
but we didn't have a heroic narrative for letting go.
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却没有一个放手面对死亡的英雄故事
12:38
So maybe we need a narrative
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我们也许需要一个
12:42
for acknowledging the end, and for saying goodbye,
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承认结束,说再见的故事
12:46
and maybe our new story will be
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也许我们新的故事
12:48
about a hero's fight, and a hero's goodbye.
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是关于一个英雄的战斗和离世
12:53
Terence loved poetry,
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特伦斯喜爱诗作,
12:55
and the Greek poet Constantine Cavafy
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而希腊诗人康斯坦丁诺斯·卡瓦菲斯
12:59
is one of my favorite poets.
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则是我的最爱的诗人之一。
13:01
So I'll give you a couple lines from him.
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这里我会引述他的几句诗
13:04
This is a poem about Mark Antony.
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这首诗是关于马克·安东尼的。
13:06
You know Mark Antony, the conquering hero,
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马克·安东尼是个无坚不摧的英雄
13:09
Cleopatra's guy?
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她是埃及女王的男人
13:11
Actually, one of Cleopatra's guys.
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埃及女王的男人之一
13:13
And he's been a pretty good general.
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他是个不错的将军
13:16
He's won all the fights,
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他赢了所有的战斗
13:17
he's eluded all the people that are out to get him,
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他躲开了所有人的追捕
13:19
and yet this time, finally,
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这一次,他最终
13:21
he's come to the city of Alexandria
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来到了亚历山大城
13:23
and realized he's lost.
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发现自己迷失了
13:24
The people are leaving. They're playing instruments.
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人们正在离开
13:26
They're singing.
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边奏乐,边唱歌
13:27
And suddenly he knows he's been defeated.
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他在一瞬间知道自己被打败了
13:30
And he suddenly knows
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他瞬间知道
13:32
he's been deserted by the gods,
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自己被上帝抛弃
13:35
and it's time to let go.
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是时候选择离开了
13:37
And the poet tells him what to do.
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这首诗告诉他如何去做
13:39
He tells him how to say a noble goodbye,
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告诉他如何说一声高贵的再见
13:42
a goodbye that's fit for a hero.
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一个符合英雄身份的再见
13:46
"As if long-prepared,
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“如同长期准备着,
13:48
as if courageous,
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仿佛勇敢面对着,
13:51
as it becomes you
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它成为你
13:54
who were worthy of such a city,
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值得战斗的城市,
13:56
approach the window with a firm step,
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迈着坚实的步伐与情感,
13:58
and with emotion,
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靠近窗口,
14:01
but not with the entreaties
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而不是一个懦夫的诉求
14:03
or the complaints of a coward,
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或抱怨,
14:06
as a last enjoyment,
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作为最后的享受,
14:08
listen to the sounds,
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听着那声音,
14:10
the exquisite instruments of the musical troops,
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那精湛的演奏组成的乐队,
14:13
and bid her farewell,
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与她告别,
14:16
the Alexandria you are losing."
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你正在迷失的亚历山大。“
14:20
That's a goodbye for a man who was larger than life,
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这是一个比生命更伟大男人的道别
14:24
a goodbye for a man
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对于一个
14:26
for whom anything,
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所有事
14:28
well, almost anything,
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几乎所有事都能做的
14:31
was possible,
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男人的道别
14:33
a goodbye for a man who kept hope alive.
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一个保留了希望的男人的道别
14:36
And isn't that what we're missing?
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这正不是我们所缺失的吗?
14:38
How can we learn that people's decisions
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我们如何才能理解
14:40
about their loved ones
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人们面对爱人做出的决定
14:42
are often based strongly, powerfully,
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不正是往往来自于强烈的,有力的
14:45
many times irrationally,
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很多时候并不理智的
14:48
on the slimmest of hopes?
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微薄的希望吗?
14:51
The overwhelming presence of hope
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紧紧抱住一点点希望
14:54
isn't denial.
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不是拒绝现实
14:55
It's part of our DNA as humans,
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而是人类基因的一部分
14:58
and maybe it's time our healthcare system --
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也许我们的医疗系统
15:00
doctors, patients, insurance companies, us,
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医生,病人,保险公司以及我们
15:05
started accounting for the power of that hope.
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是时候开始计算希望的力量了
15:09
Hope isn't a bug.
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希望不是一个漏洞
15:11
It's a feature.
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而是是一个功能
15:13
Thank you.
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谢谢
15:16
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
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