Amanda Bennett: We need a heroic narrative for death

190,924 views ・ 2013-10-15

TED


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譯者: E Fan 審譯者: Willy Feng
00:12
So I'd like you to come back with me
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首先我想帶大家跟我一起
00:15
just for a few minutes
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用幾分鐘回憶
00:17
to a dark night in China,
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那個在中國的深夜
00:19
the night I met my husband.
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那個我初遇我先夫的夜晚
00:22
It was a city so long ago that it was still called
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那是個歷史悠久的城市,而它至今仍被稱作
00:26
Peking.
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北京
00:28
So I went to a party.
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那晚我參加了一個派對
00:30
I sat down next to a stout, middle-aged man
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我在一個矮胖的中年男子身旁坐下
00:34
with owl glasses and a bow tie,
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他戴著一副圓眼鏡,打了一個領結
00:37
and he turned out to be a Fulbright scholar,
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他自稱是「傅爾布萊特計畫」的學者
00:40
there in China specifically to study
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到中國來研究
00:44
Sino-Soviet relations.
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中國和蘇聯的關係
00:46
What a gift it was to the eager,
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對那時候是年輕駐外記者的我
00:48
young foreign correspondent that I was then.
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是一個多麼及時的禮物
00:51
I'd pump him for information,
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我撲向他汲取信息
00:53
I'm mentally scribbling notes
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我用心記下筆記
00:55
for the stories I plan to write.
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為我將要寫的故事做準備
00:57
I talk to him for hours.
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我跟他交流了幾小時
00:59
Only months later,
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僅僅在幾個月之後,
01:03
I discover who he really was.
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我才發現他到底是誰
01:05
He was the China representative
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他是美國豆類協會
01:08
for the American Soybean Association.
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在中國的代表
01:12
"I don't understand. Soybeans?
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“我不理解,大豆?
01:16
You told me you were a Fulbright scholar."
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你告訴我的,你是「傅爾布萊特計畫」學者。”
01:18
"Well, how long would you have talked to me
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“好吧,如果我告訴你我是做大豆的,
01:20
if I told you we're in soybeans?"
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你會跟我聊多久呢?”
01:22
(Laughter)
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(笑)
01:25
I said, "You jerk."
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我說,“你這個混蛋。”
01:28
Only jerk wasn't the word I used.
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當然 “混蛋” 不是當時我用的詞
01:32
I said, "You could've gotten me fired."
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我說,“你可能會害我被開除。”
01:36
And he said, "Let's get married."
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然後他說,“我們結婚吧。”
01:39
(Laughter)
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(笑)
01:41
"Travel the world and have lots of kids."
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“環遊世界,生一堆孩子。”
01:44
So we did.
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所以,我們結婚了。
01:46
(Laughter)
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(笑)
01:48
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
01:53
And what an alive man Terence Bryan Foley
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結果,特倫斯.布茉恩.佛利
01:57
turned out to be.
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是多麼有趣的人
01:58
He was a Chinese scholar
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他曾是研究中國的學者
02:00
who later, in his 60s,
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之後在他60多歲時
02:02
got a Ph.D. in Chinese history.
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取得了中國歷史博士學位
02:04
He spoke six languages,
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他說六種語言
02:07
he played 15 musical instruments,
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他會演奏15種樂器
02:09
he was a licensed pilot,
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他是認證的飛行員
02:11
he had once been a San Francisco cable car operator,
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他曾經是一名舊金山的纜車操作員
02:14
he was an expert in swine nutrition,
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他曾專精於乳豬的飼養
02:17
dairy cattle, Dixieland jazz, film noir,
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產小牛,迪克西蘭 (Dixieland) 爵士樂,黑色電影
02:21
and we did travel the country, and the world,
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我們遊遍中國,和世界各地
02:25
and we did have a lot of kids.
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我們的確有了很多小孩
02:27
We followed my job, and it seemed like
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我們隨我的工作周遊,而且一切看上去
02:29
there was nothing that we couldn't do.
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似乎沒有什麼是不可能的
02:33
So when we found the cancer,
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所以,當我們發現癌症時
02:36
it doesn't seem strange to us at all
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我們也不覺得怪異
02:39
that without saying a word to each other,
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也沒有相互說些什麼
02:41
we believed that,
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我們曾相信,
02:44
if we were smart enough
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只要我們夠聰明
02:46
and strong enough and brave enough,
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夠堅強、勇敢
02:51
and we worked hard enough,
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夠努力
02:53
we could keep him from dying ever.
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我們就能永遠讓他遠離死亡
02:58
And for years, it seemed like we were succeeding.
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剛開始,我們似乎成功了
03:02
The surgeon emerged from the surgery.
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手術後,外科醫生走出來
03:05
What'd he say? He said what surgeons always say:
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他說了什麼?他說了外科醫生都會說的話:
03:07
"We got it all."
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“一切在我們掌控中。”
03:09
Then there was a setback when the pathologists
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然後,當病理學醫師仔細研究腎癌之後
03:12
looked at the kidney cancer closely.
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他帶來了失望的消息
03:14
It turned out to be a rare,
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它是一種很罕見的
03:16
exceedingly aggressive type,
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極其惡性的類型
03:18
with a diagnosis that was almost universally fatal
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並很有可能
03:21
in several weeks at most.
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幾週內就會死亡。
03:23
And yet, he did not die.
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然而,他沒有過世
03:27
Mysteriously, he lived on.
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奇蹟般地活了下來
03:30
He coached Little League for our son.
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他是我們的兒子 “小聯盟” 的教練
03:33
He built a playhouse for our daughter.
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他為我們的女兒建了遊戲屋
03:35
And meanwhile, I'm burying myself in the Internet
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同時,我埋頭在網路上
03:38
looking for specialists.
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尋找專家
03:40
I'm looking for a cure.
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尋找治療的方法
03:42
So a year goes by
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在癌症復發之前
03:44
before the cancer, as cancers do,
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一年過去了
03:48
reappears,
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癌又回來了
03:50
and with it comes another death sentence,
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另一個死刑出現了
03:52
this time nine months.
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這次只有九個月
03:54
So we try another treatment, aggressive, nasty.
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所以我們嘗試了另外一種治療方案,激進,艱險,
03:58
It makes him so sick, he has to quit it,
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它讓他羸弱到他必須放棄治療,
04:00
yet still he lives on.
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然而,他依舊活了下來
04:03
Then another year goes by.
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一年又過去了
04:05
Two years go by.
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兩年過去了
04:06
More specialists.
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更多的專家
04:08
We take the kids to Italy.
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我們帶著孩子去義大利
04:10
We take the kids to Australia.
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我們帶著孩子去澳大利亞
04:12
And then more years pass,
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很多年過去了
04:15
and the cancer begins to grow.
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癌症又復發了
04:17
This time, there's new treatments on the horizon.
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這次,一種新的治療方法剛剛出現
04:20
They're exotic. They're experimental.
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它們異乎尋常,它們是實驗性的。
04:22
They're going to attack the cancer in new ways.
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它們用一種新方式攻擊癌症
04:25
So he enters a clinical trial, and it works.
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他接受了實驗治療,發揮了效用
04:29
The cancer begins to shrink,
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癌症開始減少
04:31
and for the third time,
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這是我們第三次
04:33
we've dodged death.
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迴避了死亡
04:37
So now I ask you,
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所以,現在我問你
04:40
how do I feel
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我是作何感想
04:42
when the time finally comes
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當那一刻終於到來
04:45
and there's another dark night,
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在另外一個漆黑的深夜
04:48
sometime between midnight and 2 a.m.?
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大概在午夜和半夜兩點之間?
04:50
This time it's on the intensive care ward
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這次是在重症看護病房
04:53
when a twentysomething resident
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一個二十多歲的住院醫生
04:55
that I've never met before
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我從來沒見過的
04:57
tells me that Terence is dying,
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告訴我,特倫斯將要死去
05:00
perhaps tonight.
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也許就在今晚
05:02
So what do I say when he says,
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當他說 “妳希望我為妳做什麽?”
05:05
"What do you want me to do?"
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我說了什麼?
05:07
There's another drug out there.
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現在有另外一種藥物
05:09
It's newer. It's more powerful.
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它更新穎,更有療效
05:11
He started it just two weeks ago.
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他兩週前才開始服用它
05:14
Perhaps there's still hope ahead.
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也許還有希望
05:17
So what do I say?
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所以我說了什麽?
05:19
I say, "Keep him alive if you can."
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我說,“儘可能讓他活著."
05:22
And Terence died six days later.
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但特倫斯在六天後離開了。
05:26
So we fought, we struggled, we triumphed.
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我們抗爭,我們掙扎,我們戰勝
05:30
It was an exhilarating fight,
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那是一場令人興奮的戰鬥
05:31
and I'd repeat the fight today
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我隨時都可以再做一次選擇
05:33
without a moment's hesitation.
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毫不猶豫
05:36
We fought together, we lived together.
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我們並肩戰鬥,我們並肩生存,
05:39
It turned what could have been
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那本來可能是
05:41
seven of the grimmest years of our life
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七年嚴酷的生活
05:44
into seven of the most glorious.
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結果是最光輝的七年
05:47
It was also an expensive fight.
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那也是一場昂貴的戰鬥
05:50
It was the kind of fight and the kind of choices
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那是那種戰鬥和那種選擇
05:52
that everyone here agrees
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我們這裡的每個人都會同意
05:54
pump up the cost of end-of-life care,
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消耗了一生的醫療保險
05:56
and of healthcare for all of us.
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和我們所有的醫療保健
05:58
And for me, for us,
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對於我,對於我們
06:01
we pushed the fight right over the edge,
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我們一直在抗爭的前線
06:03
and I never got the chance to say to him
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我先前一直沒有機會對他說
06:07
what I say to him now almost every day:
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我現在幾乎每天都會對他說
06:10
"Hey, buddy, it was a hell of a ride."
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”那真是一段如同地獄的經歷。“
06:13
We never got the chance to say goodbye.
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我們從來沒有機會說再見
06:16
We never thought it was the end.
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我們從來不認為那就是結局
06:18
We always had hope.
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我們一直保持希望
06:23
So what do we make of all of this?
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所以我們到底得到了什麽?
06:27
Being a journalist, after Terence died,
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作為一名記者,在特倫斯死後,
06:31
I wrote a book, "The Cost Of Hope."
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我寫了一本書,”希望的代價"
06:34
I wrote it because I wanted to know
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我寫這本書是因為我想知道
06:36
why I did what I did,
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爲什麽我那麼做
06:38
why he did what he did,
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爲什麽他那麼做
06:40
why everyone around us did what they did.
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爲什麽每個在我們周圍的人那麼做
06:42
And what did I discover?
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猜猜我發現了什麽?
06:44
Well, one of the things I discovered is that
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在我發現的事情中,其間一件是:
06:45
experts think that one answer to
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專家們認為,爲什麽我那麼做
06:48
what I did at the end was a piece of paper,
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的理由,是一張紙
06:51
the advance directive,
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一個事前的導引
06:53
to help families get past the seemingly irrational choices.
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幫助親人放棄不合理的選擇
06:58
Yet I had that piece of paper.
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然而,我那時有那張紙
07:02
We both did.
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我們都有
07:04
And they were readily available.
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它們很有用
07:05
I had them right at hand.
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它們就在我的手裡
07:07
Both of them said the same thing:
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它們都告訴我們一件事:
07:10
Do nothing if there is no further hope.
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"在絕望時,靜觀其變"
07:14
I knew Terence's wishes
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我知道特倫斯的希望
07:16
as clearly and as surely as I knew my own.
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就像我知道自己的希望一樣清晰和明確
07:20
Yet we never got to no further hope.
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但我們從來未曾奢求
07:25
Even with that clear-cut paper in our hands,
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即使那張表達明確的意向書就在我們手裡
07:28
we just kept redefining hope.
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我們只是不斷重新定義希望
07:32
I believed I could keep him from dying,
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我相信我可以讓他遠離死亡
07:37
and I'd be embarrassed to say that if I hadn't seen
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我可能會很尷尬那麼說,要不是我看到
07:40
so many people and have talked to so many people
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那麼多人,跟那麼多人交談
07:42
who have felt exactly the same way.
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都認同我的感受
07:44
Right up until days before his death,
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就在他去世的前幾天
07:48
I felt strongly
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我強而有力地感覺到
07:52
and powerfully, and, you might say, irrationally,
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你可以說是無理地
07:56
that I could keep him from dying ever.
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我可以永遠讓他遠離死亡。
08:01
Now, what do the experts call this?
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專家們該如何解釋我的反應?
08:04
They say it's denial.
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他們說這是拒絕接受
08:07
It's a strong word, isn't it?
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這是一個強硬的詞,不是嗎?
08:09
Yet I will tell you that denial
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然而我要告訴你,拒絕接受,
08:11
isn't even close to a strong enough word
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一點也不算不上是強硬
08:16
to describe what those of us
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來描述那些失去所愛的人
08:19
facing the death of our loved ones go through.
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要經歷的一切。
08:23
And I hear the medical professionals say,
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我聽到一個醫學專家說,
08:25
"Well, we'd like to do such-and-such,
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“我們想要做這個那個
08:27
but the family's in denial.
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但是親人拒絕接受
08:29
The family won't listen to reason.
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親人不願聽取原因
08:32
They're in denial.
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他們拒絕接受
08:34
How can they insist on this treatment at the end?
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他們是怎樣堅持治療到最後的?
08:36
It's so clear, yet they're in denial."
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很簡單,他們拒絕接受現實。”
08:39
Now, I think this maybe isn't
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現在,我想這也許
08:41
a very useful way of thinking.
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不是一種有用的思考方式
08:44
It's not just families either.
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不只是親人
08:47
The medical professionals too,
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醫學專家也一樣
08:49
you out there, you're in denial too.
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你們在那裡,你們也拒絕現實
08:52
You want to help. You want to fix.
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你們希望幫助,希望解決問題
08:55
You want to do.
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你們希望有所作為
08:57
You've succeeded in everything you've done,
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你們在你做的所有事情中取得成功
09:00
and having a patient die,
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然而有一位病人正在死去
09:02
well, that must feel like failure.
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那一定感覺就是失敗
09:05
I saw it firsthand.
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我親眼所見
09:07
Just days before Terence died,
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就在特倫斯死去的前幾天
09:10
his oncologist said,
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他的腫瘤學家說,
09:12
"Tell Terence that better days are just ahead."
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“告訴特倫斯,明天會更好。”
09:15
Days before he died.
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就在他去世的前幾天
09:17
Yet Ira Byock,
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愛拉碧阿克 (Ira Byock)
09:19
the director of palliative medicine at Dartmouth
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達特茅斯安寧療護的主任
09:21
said, "You know, the best doctor in the world
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說,“你知道的,世界上最好的醫生
09:24
has never succeeded in making anyone immortal."
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從沒有成功讓任何一個人長生不死。”
09:29
So what the experts call "denial," I call "hope,"
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所以,專家們所謂的“拒絕承認”,我稱之為“希望”
09:35
and I'd like to borrow a phrase
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我想借用我一位
09:38
from my friends in software design.
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從事軟體工作朋友的一句話
09:41
You just redefine denial and hope,
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你只是重新定義拒絕與希望,
09:44
and it becomes a feature of being human.
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它成為了人類的特質
09:48
It's not a bug.
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這不是錯誤 (bug)
09:49
It's a feature.
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這是特色
09:52
(Laughter)
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(笑)
09:55
So we need to think more constructively
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所以我們需要更有建設性的思考
09:59
about this very common, very profound
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關於非常普遍,意義深遠
10:03
and very powerful human emotion.
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且強大的人類情感
10:07
It's part of the human condition,
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它是人類的一部分
10:09
and yet our system and our thinking
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因此我們的系統和思維
10:12
isn't built to accommodate it.
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不是用來適應它的
10:15
So Terence told me a story on that long-ago night,
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特倫斯在很久以前的夜裡講了個故事給我聽
10:18
and I believed it.
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我相信它
10:20
Maybe I wanted to believe it.
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也許是我想要去相信它
10:23
And during Terence's illness, I, we,
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在特倫斯生病期間,我,我們
10:28
we wanted to believe the story
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我們要去相信這個故事
10:30
of our fight together too.
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關於我們共同抗爭的故事
10:33
Giving up the fight -- for that's how it felt,
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放棄抗爭 -- 就像什麽感覺呢
10:36
it felt like giving up --
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感覺在放棄 --
10:38
meant giving up not only his life
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意味著不僅僅放棄他的生命
10:41
but also our story,
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也在放棄我們的故事
10:45
our story of us as fighters,
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我們作為抗爭者的故事
10:47
the story of us as invincible,
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我們戰而不敗的故事
10:50
and for the doctors, the story of themselves
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對於醫生們,
10:52
as healers.
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是作為治療者的故事
10:55
So what do we need?
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所以我們需要什麽?
10:57
Maybe we don't need a new piece of paper.
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也許我們並不需要一張新紙
11:00
Maybe we need a new story,
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也許我们需要一個新的故事
11:03
not a story about giving up the fight
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不是關於放棄抗爭的故事
11:07
or of hopelessness,
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或者絕望的故事
11:09
but rather a story of victory and triumph,
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而是一個巨大勝利的故事
11:13
of a valiant battle and, eventually,
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關於一場勇敢的戰爭,並且最終
11:18
a graceful retreat,
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優雅的撤退
11:20
a story that acknowledges
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一個故事闡明了
11:23
that not even the greatest general defeats every foe,
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即使是最偉大的將軍也不能打敗每個敵人
11:27
that no doctor has ever succeeded
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沒有一個醫生曾成功
11:29
in making anyone immortal,
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讓任何人不死
11:32
and that no wife, no matter how hard she tried,
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沒有一位妻子,不管她多麼努力,
11:38
has ever stopped even the bravest,
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曾經阻止過最勇敢、
11:42
wittiest and most maddeningly lovable husband
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最有智慧、最熱愛的丈夫
11:47
from dying when it was his time to go.
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在那一刻來臨時,遠離死亡。
11:51
People did mention hospice,
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人們提到過臨終關懷醫院
11:53
but I wouldn't listen.
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但是我沒有聽進去
11:56
Hospice was for people who were dying,
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臨終關懷醫院是為將要死去的人準備的
12:00
and Terence wasn't dying.
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但是特倫斯不會死去
12:03
As a result, he spent just four days in hospice,
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結果,他只在臨終關懷醫院停留了四天
12:06
which I'm sure, as you all know,
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我相信,大家也明白
12:08
is a pretty typical outcome,
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這是個很典型的結果
12:10
and we never said goodbye
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我們從來沒有說再見
12:11
because we were unprepared for the end.
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因為我們沒有準備好結束
12:14
We have a noble path to curing the disease,
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我們有高貴的治療方式
12:18
patients and doctors alike,
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病人和醫生一樣
12:21
but there doesn't seem to be
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但是似乎沒有
12:23
a noble path to dying.
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高貴的死去方式
12:25
Dying is seen as failing,
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死亡被當做失敗
12:28
and we had a heroic narrative
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我們有英雄般的故事
12:31
for fighting together,
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關於共同抗爭
12:33
but we didn't have a heroic narrative for letting go.
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但是我們沒有英雄般的順其自然
12:38
So maybe we need a narrative
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所以也許我們需要一個故事
12:42
for acknowledging the end, and for saying goodbye,
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關於結束,關於表達再見
12:46
and maybe our new story will be
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也許我們的新故事會是
12:48
about a hero's fight, and a hero's goodbye.
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關於一個英雄的抗爭,和一個英雄的離去
12:53
Terence loved poetry,
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特倫斯熱愛詩詞
12:55
and the Greek poet Constantine Cavafy
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希臘詩人康斯坦丁‧卡瓦菲斯 (Constantine Cavafy)
12:59
is one of my favorite poets.
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是我最喜愛的詩人之一
13:01
So I'll give you a couple lines from him.
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所以我要送給你們一兩句他的詩
13:04
This is a poem about Mark Antony.
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這是關於馬克‧安東尼 (Mark Antony) 的詩
13:06
You know Mark Antony, the conquering hero,
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你們知道馬克‧安東尼,那個征服者英雄
13:09
Cleopatra's guy?
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埃及艷后的情人?
13:11
Actually, one of Cleopatra's guys.
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至少是她的情人之一
13:13
And he's been a pretty good general.
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他是一位很好的將領
13:16
He's won all the fights,
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他贏了所有的戰爭
13:17
he's eluded all the people that are out to get him,
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他躲過了所有想要抓他的人
13:19
and yet this time, finally,
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但是這次,最終,
13:21
he's come to the city of Alexandria
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他來到了亞歷山大城
13:23
and realized he's lost.
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意識到他的失敗
13:24
The people are leaving. They're playing instruments.
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人們正在離去,他們在演奏樂器
13:26
They're singing.
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1323
他們在歌唱
13:27
And suddenly he knows he's been defeated.
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突然間他知道他被打敗了
13:30
And he suddenly knows
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突然間他明白
13:32
he's been deserted by the gods,
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他被神明放棄了
13:35
and it's time to let go.
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1940
順其自然的時間到了
13:37
And the poet tells him what to do.
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詩人告訴他怎麼做
13:39
He tells him how to say a noble goodbye,
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他告訴他怎樣優雅的說再見
13:42
a goodbye that's fit for a hero.
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英雄式的再見
13:46
"As if long-prepared,
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2749
“正如長期準傋
13:48
as if courageous,
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正如勇氣
13:51
as it becomes you
293
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它成為了你
13:54
who were worthy of such a city,
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值得這樣的城池
13:56
approach the window with a firm step,
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嚴實步往窗前
13:58
and with emotion,
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充滿感情
14:01
but not with the entreaties
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2199
而非乞求
14:03
or the complaints of a coward,
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2761
或者人群的讚美
14:06
as a last enjoyment,
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你最後的享受
14:08
listen to the sounds,
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聆聽那些聲音
14:10
the exquisite instruments of the musical troops,
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樂隊演奏著優美的樂器
14:13
and bid her farewell,
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和她再見
14:16
the Alexandria you are losing."
303
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你正在失去的亞歷山大城”
14:20
That's a goodbye for a man who was larger than life,
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那是意義大於生命的人的告別
14:24
a goodbye for a man
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2018
這樣一個人的告別
14:26
for whom anything,
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1974
對於他m所有事情
14:28
well, almost anything,
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幾乎是所有的事情
14:31
was possible,
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都是可能的
14:33
a goodbye for a man who kept hope alive.
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一個讓希望永存的人的告別
14:36
And isn't that what we're missing?
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這不正是我們所沒有的嗎?
14:38
How can we learn that people's decisions
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我們是如何知曉
14:40
about their loved ones
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他們心愛的人
14:42
are often based strongly, powerfully,
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3929
常常強烈的,
14:45
many times irrationally,
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2852
很多時候荒誕的
14:48
on the slimmest of hopes?
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依存於最微薄的希望上?
14:51
The overwhelming presence of hope
316
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3022
壓倒一切的希望
14:54
isn't denial.
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不是拒絕。
14:55
It's part of our DNA as humans,
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是人類DNA的一部份
14:58
and maybe it's time our healthcare system --
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也許現在是時間,我們的醫療系統
15:00
doctors, patients, insurance companies, us,
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醫生,病人,保險公司,我們
15:05
started accounting for the power of that hope.
321
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開始衡量希望的力量
15:09
Hope isn't a bug.
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希望不是漏洞
15:11
It's a feature.
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它是特色
15:13
Thank you.
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謝謝
15:16
(Applause)
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3055
(鼓掌)
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