请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。
翻译人员: Hong Li
校对人员: Tingting Zhong
00:12
I remember the very first time
I went to a nice restaurant,
0
12880
2815
我还记得第一次走进一家很棒的餐厅,
00:15
a really nice restaurant.
1
15719
1617
非常高档。
00:17
It was for a law firm recruitment dinner,
2
17360
2136
那是一家律师事务所的招新晚宴,
00:19
and I remember beforehand
the waitress walked around
3
19520
2456
正式开始前,服务生四处游走,
00:22
and asked whether we wanted some wine,
4
22000
1856
询问客人是否需要来点葡萄酒,
00:23
so I said, "Sure,
I'll take some white wine."
5
23880
2120
我说,“好吧,给我来点白葡萄酒。”
00:26
And she immediately said,
6
26800
1736
她马上问我,
00:28
"Would you like sauvignon blanc
or chardonnay?"
7
28560
2440
“您是想要白苏维翁还是霞多丽?”
00:31
And I remember thinking,
8
31680
1936
我当时想,
00:33
"Come on, lady,
stop with the fancy French words
9
33640
2856
“天哪,姐们儿,别整这些
高大上的法语词了行吗,
00:36
and just give me some white wine."
10
36520
1720
给我一杯白葡萄酒就好了。”
00:39
But I used my powers of deduction
11
39400
1616
但我发挥了自己杰出的推理能力
00:41
and recognized that chardonnay
and sauvignon blanc
12
41040
2416
猜测霞多丽和白苏维翁
00:43
were two separate types of white wine,
13
43480
1896
应该是两种不同的白葡萄酒,
00:45
and so I told her
that I would take the chardonnay,
14
45400
2416
于是我要了霞多丽,
00:47
because frankly that was
the easiest one to pronounce for me.
15
47840
2858
因为这个词更好发音。
00:51
So I had a lot of experiences like that
16
51960
2096
这样的经历还有很多,
00:54
during my first couple of years
as a law student at Yale,
17
54080
2680
尤其是在我在耶鲁大学念法律的头几年,
00:57
because, despite all outward appearances,
I'm a cultural outsider.
18
57480
3240
因为我不是他们圈子里的人,
尽管看起来挺像,
01:01
I didn't come from the elites.
19
61240
1576
但我出身平凡。
01:02
I didn't come from the Northeast
or from San Francisco.
20
62840
4336
不是东北那一带的人,也不是旧金山人。
01:07
I came from a southern Ohio steel town,
21
67200
2096
我的老家是俄亥俄州南部一个钢铁小镇,
01:09
and it's a town that's really
struggling in a lot of ways,
22
69320
2736
它一直在挣扎求生,
01:12
ways that are indicative
of the broader struggles
23
72080
2456
那种挣扎彷徨,就像美国工人阶级
01:14
of America's working class.
24
74560
1440
如今的处境一般。
01:16
Heroin has moved in,
25
76720
1336
海洛因泛滥,
01:18
killing a lot of people, people I know.
26
78080
2040
很多人因此丧生,其中有我的熟人。
01:20
Family violence, domestic violence,
and divorce have torn apart families.
27
80680
3960
家庭暴力和离婚
导致许多家庭支离破碎。
01:25
And there's a very unique
sense of pessimism that's moved in.
28
85400
4176
有一种特别悲观的情绪蔓延开来。
01:29
Think about rising mortality rates
in these communities
29
89600
2616
死亡率不断升高,
01:32
and recognize that
for a lot of these folks,
30
92240
2176
很多人都意识到这一点,
01:34
the problems that they're seeing
31
94440
1576
而他们亲眼见到的问题
01:36
are actually causing rising death rates
in their own communities,
32
96040
3696
正是导致社区死亡率升高的原因,
01:39
so there's a very real sense of struggle.
33
99760
2400
这种挣扎彷徨的感受是如此真切。
01:43
I had a very front-row seat
to that struggle.
34
103160
2536
而我正是这种感受的亲历者。
01:45
My family has been part of that struggle
for a very long time.
35
105720
4120
我的家庭长期以来
一直经历着这种彷徨挣扎。
01:51
I come from a family
that doesn't have a whole lot of money.
36
111080
4336
我生于一个不甚富裕的家庭。
01:55
The addiction that plagued my community
37
115440
2416
而在我们社区蔓延的毒品问题
01:57
also plagued my family,
and even, sadly, my own mom.
38
117880
3120
同样伤害到了我的家庭,
很不幸,是我的母亲。
02:01
There were a lot of problems
that I saw in my own family,
39
121760
4136
我亲眼见到了家里的很多问题,
02:05
problems caused sometimes
by a lack of money,
40
125920
2856
这些问题的起因,有的是因为缺钱,
02:08
problems caused sometimes by a lack
of access to resources and social capital
41
128800
4336
有的是因为缺乏社会资源和人脉,
02:13
that really affected my life.
42
133160
2040
而这对我的影响很大。
02:16
If you had looked at my life
when I was 14 years old
43
136400
2776
如果你见过我14岁时过得怎么样,
02:19
and said, "Well, what's going
to happen to this kid?"
44
139200
3056
并问到,“这孩子将来会怎么样?”
02:22
you would have concluded
that I would have struggled
45
142280
2856
你也许会认为我会挣扎着往上爬,
02:25
with what academics call upward mobility.
46
145160
2520
学术界管这叫“向上流动”。
02:28
So upward mobility is an abstract term,
47
148560
2976
向上流动是一个抽象的术语,
02:31
but it strikes at something
that's very core
48
151560
2736
但它触及到了美国梦
02:34
at the heart of the American Dream.
49
154320
1696
最核心的部分。
02:36
It's the sense,
50
156040
1216
它是一个标准,
02:37
and it measures whether kids like me
51
157280
1776
能衡量那些像我一样
02:39
who grow up in poor communities
are going to live a better life,
52
159080
3016
家境贫寒的孩子,
能不能过上好日子,
是不是有机会过上衣食无忧的生活,
02:42
whether they're going to have a chance
to live a materially better existence,
53
162120
5376
02:47
or whether they're going to stay
in the circumstances where they came from.
54
167520
3536
还是说会继续贫穷下去。
02:51
And one of the things
we've learned, unfortunately,
55
171080
2416
但不幸的是,我们了解到,
02:53
is that upward mobility isn't as high
as we'd like it to be in this country,
56
173520
3936
在美国,向上流动并没有
我们想象的那么容易,
02:57
and interestingly,
it's very geographically distributed.
57
177480
4000
而且有趣的是,它跟地域有很大的关系。
03:02
So take Utah, for instance.
58
182080
1960
就拿犹他州来说,
03:04
In Utah a poor kid is actually doing OK,
59
184840
3536
在犹他州,一个穷孩子可能会过得还好,
03:08
very likely to live their share
and their part in the American Dream.
60
188400
4136
很有可能在美国梦中找到自己的位置。
03:12
But if you think of where I'm from,
61
192560
1856
但如果在我的家乡,
03:14
in the South, in Appalachia,
in southern Ohio,
62
194440
3936
南部的一些州,阿巴拉契亚地区,
俄亥俄州南部,
03:18
it's very unlikely
that kids like that will rise.
63
198400
4216
穷孩子可能就没什么出路。
03:22
The American Dream
in those parts of the country
64
202640
2256
从某种意义上来说,美国梦在这些地方
03:24
is in a very real sense just a dream.
65
204920
2040
可能真的就只是个梦。
03:27
So why is that happening?
66
207960
1200
为什么会这样呢?
03:30
So one reason is obviously
economic or structural.
67
210120
2816
一个原因显然是跟经济或结构有关。
03:32
So you think of these areas.
68
212960
1536
看看这些地区。
03:34
They're beset by these
terrible economic trends,
69
214520
2616
它们的经济趋势很不好,
03:37
built around industries
like coal and steel
70
217160
2616
当年依靠煤炭和钢铁起家,
03:39
that make it harder
for folks to get ahead.
71
219800
2040
这些产业如今已经没落。
03:42
That's certainly one problem.
72
222320
1576
这肯定是原因之一。
03:43
There's also the problem of brain drain,
where the really talented people,
73
223920
3496
还有一个问题就是人才流失,
很多有才华的人,
03:47
because they can't find
high-skilled work at home,
74
227440
2376
因为在家乡找不到有技术含量的工作,
03:49
end up moving elsewhere,
75
229840
1256
只能远走他乡,
他们无法在老家创业或造福社会,
03:51
so they don't build a business
or non-profit where they're from,
76
231120
3016
就只能带着自己的才华远赴他乡。
03:54
they end up going elsewhere
and taking their talents with them.
77
234160
2976
这些地区有很多衰败的学校,
03:57
There are failing schools
in a lot of these communities,
78
237160
2656
03:59
failing to give kids
the educational leg up
79
239840
2056
无法给予孩子们更好的教育,
04:01
that really makes it possible for kids
to have opportunities later in life.
80
241920
3536
因此无法帮助他们在未来占得先机。
这些事都很重要。
04:05
These things are all important.
81
245480
1536
我并不是说要忽视
(之前提到的)结构壁垒。
04:07
I don't mean to discount
these structural barriers.
82
247040
2416
但是当我回首人生,
回想我们社区的时候,
04:09
But when I look back at my life
and my community,
83
249480
2336
04:11
something else was going on,
something else mattered.
84
251840
2880
发现还有一些其他的事情也与之有关。
04:15
It's difficult to quantify,
but it was no less real.
85
255840
3280
这些事情很难量化,但是却真实存在。
04:20
So for starters, there was
a very real sense of hopelessness
86
260120
3656
首先,在我成长的社区,
04:23
in the community that I grew up in.
87
263800
1776
你能真切感受到那种无望的氛围。
04:25
There was a sense that kids had
that their choices didn't matter.
88
265600
3136
孩子们觉得自己的选择毫无意义。
04:28
No matter what happened,
no matter how hard they worked,
89
268760
2656
无论他们如何努力,
04:31
no matter how hard
they tried to get ahead,
90
271440
2096
如何努力向前,
04:33
nothing good would happen.
91
273560
1640
结果都是一样。
04:36
So that's a tough feeling
to grow up around.
92
276160
3056
这种消极的情绪四处蔓延。
04:39
That's a tough mindset to penetrate,
93
279240
3176
命定论甚嚣尘上,
04:42
and it leads sometimes
to very conspiratorial places.
94
282440
4280
甚至有点阴谋论的感觉。
04:47
So let's just take one
political issue that's pretty hot,
95
287240
3936
以非常热门的一个政治话题为例,
04:51
affirmative action.
96
291200
1496
平权法案。
04:52
So depending on your politics,
you might think that affirmative action
97
292720
3296
根据政治观点(不同),
你也许会认为平权法案
在推动工作场所或者学校的多样性上
04:56
is either a wise or an unwise way
to promote diversity in the workplace
98
296040
3376
是明智的或者不明智的。
04:59
or the classroom.
99
299440
1296
05:00
But if you grow up in an area like this,
100
300760
2016
但如果你成长于这样的社区,
05:02
you see affirmative action
as a tool to hold people like you back.
101
302800
3736
你可能会把平权法案看作是一种限制。
05:06
That's especially true if you're
a member of the white working class.
102
306560
3256
尤其当你是白人工人阶级的一员时。
05:09
You see it as something
that isn't just about good or bad policy.
103
309840
3416
在你眼里,它不再简单的
是一个好政策或者坏政策。
05:13
You see it as something
that's actively conspiring,
104
313280
2696
你会把它看成是
那些握有政治或财政大权的人
05:16
where people with political
and financial power
105
316000
2256
05:18
are working against you.
106
318280
1616
来压迫你的工具。
05:19
And there are a lot of ways that you see
that conspiracy against you --
107
319920
4920
你可以从不同角度
来看待这种针对你的阴谋论——
05:25
perceived, real, but it's there,
108
325520
2896
可察觉的,真实的,但它确实存在,
05:28
and it warps expectations.
109
328440
1640
而且会扭曲你的期望。
05:31
So if you think about what do you do
when you grow up in that world,
110
331040
3216
想象一下,成长在
那样的环境中,你该怎么办,
可能应对方法有很多种。
05:34
you can respond in a couple of ways.
111
334280
1736
第一种,你可以说,
“我才不会努力奋斗,
05:36
One, you can say,
"I'm not going to work hard,
112
336040
2176
因为无论怎样努力,结果都一样。”
05:38
because no matter how hard I work,
it's not going to matter."
113
338240
2896
而另一种方式就是,
05:41
Another thing you might do is say,
114
341160
1656
05:42
"Well, I'm not going to go
after the traditional markers of success,
115
342840
3216
“好吧,我不会追求传统意义上的成功,
比如上大学,或者找份体面的工作,
05:46
like a university education
or a prestigious job,
116
346080
2336
05:48
because the people who care
about those things are unlike me.
117
348440
2896
因为重视这些事的人跟我不是一类人,
他们不会接纳我。”
05:51
They're never going to let me in."
118
351360
1620
当我被耶鲁大学录取后,一个亲戚问我,
05:53
When I got admitted to Yale,
a family member asked me
119
353004
2477
我是不是假装成民主党成员,
来获得招生委员会的认可。
05:55
if I had pretended to be a liberal
to get by the admissions committee.
120
355505
3311
05:58
Seriously.
121
358840
1776
真事儿。
06:00
And it's obviously not the case
that there was a liberal box to check
122
360640
4016
入学申请表上当然没有
“民主党成员”这个选项
06:04
on the application,
123
364680
1496
让你勾选,
06:06
but it speaks to a very real
insecurity in these places
124
366200
3656
但这件事道出了一个事实,
就是我们那里非常缺乏安全感,
06:09
that you have to pretend
to be somebody you're not
125
369880
2376
你需要伪装成另一种人,
才能越过重重社会壁垒。
06:12
to get past these various social barriers.
126
372280
2200
06:15
It's a very significant problem.
127
375080
1524
这是一个非常重要的问题。
06:17
Even if you don't give in
to that hopelessness,
128
377640
2416
即便你没有感到无望,
06:20
even if you think, let's say,
129
380080
1816
即使你坚定的认为,
06:21
that your choices matter
and you want to make the good choices,
130
381920
3616
你的选择是有意义的,你想做出好的选择,
06:25
you want to do better
for yourself and for your family,
131
385560
2896
你想为了自己和家庭努力奋斗,
06:28
it's sometimes hard
to even know what those choices are
132
388480
3176
但生长在我那样的社区,
06:31
when you grow up
in a community like I did.
133
391680
2096
你甚至都不知道有哪些路可以选。
06:33
I didn't know, for example,
134
393800
1616
像我小时候,
06:35
that you had to go
to law school to be a lawyer.
135
395440
2240
不知道想成为律师,要先上法学院。
06:38
I didn't know that elite universities,
as research consistently tells us,
136
398360
3936
不知道一流的大学
——像研究结果不断表明的那样——
06:42
are cheaper for low-income kids
137
402320
1776
对于贫困的孩子收费要低,
06:44
because these universities
have bigger endowments,
138
404120
2576
因为好大学得到的捐款更多,
06:46
can offer more generous financial aid.
139
406720
2176
可以给学生更多资助。
06:48
I remember I learned this
140
408920
1256
直到我收到耶鲁大学的助学津贴信,
06:50
when I got the financial aid letter
from Yale for myself,
141
410200
2816
我才知道有这么回事,
06:53
tens of thousands of dollars
in need-based aid,
142
413040
2696
那是上万美元的按需资助,
06:55
which is a term I had never heard before.
143
415760
2136
我以前连听都没听过。
06:57
But I turned to my aunt
when I got that letter and said,
144
417920
2656
我拿着信对我阿姨说,
07:00
"You know, I think this just means
that for the first time in my life,
145
420600
3296
“这是我有生以来第一次,
07:03
being poor has paid really well."
146
423920
1600
因为穷得到的实惠。”
07:07
So I didn't have access
to that information
147
427360
2816
我之前不了解这方面的信息,
07:10
because the social networks around me
didn't have access to that information.
148
430200
3656
是因为我周围的圈子
都不知道这些信息。
07:13
I learned from my community
how to shoot a gun, how to shoot it well.
149
433880
3656
我从社区学到的是
如何开枪,如何打得准。
07:17
I learned how to make
a damn good biscuit recipe.
150
437560
2456
我学到的是如何做好吃的饼干。
07:20
The trick, by the way,
is frozen butter, not warm butter.
151
440040
3160
顺便提一句,诀窍就是,
用冰冻的黄油,不要用加热的。
07:24
But I didn't learn how to get ahead.
152
444080
1896
但我不知道如何出人头地。
07:26
I didn't learn how to make
the good decisions
153
446000
2576
不知道在关键时刻如何抉择,
07:28
about education and opportunity
154
448600
1856
比如选择大学,面临机遇,
07:30
that you need to make
155
450480
2696
怎样才能做出对的选择,
07:33
to actually have a chance
in this 21st century knowledge economy.
156
453200
3176
从而在21世纪这个
知识经济时代赢得一席之地。
07:36
Economists call the value
that we gain from our informal networks,
157
456400
4136
经济学家将我们从
人脉圈子中获取的价值,
07:40
from our friends and colleagues
and family "social capital."
158
460560
3616
比如朋友、同事和家人,
叫做“社会资本”。
07:44
The social capital that I had
wasn't built for 21st century America,
159
464200
3816
而我过去的社会资本根本
不适用于21世纪的美国,
07:48
and it showed.
160
468040
1200
事实也证明了这一点。
07:50
There's something else
that's really important that's going on
161
470360
2936
还有一些非常重要的事情
07:53
that our community
doesn't like to talk about,
162
473320
2176
我们的社区不愿意谈起,
07:55
but it's very real.
163
475520
1576
但它们又真实存在。
07:57
Working-class kids are much more likely
164
477120
1896
工人阶级的孩子更多的
07:59
to face what's called
adverse childhood experiences,
165
479040
2736
要面临所谓的“不利的童年经历”,
08:01
which is just a fancy word
for childhood trauma:
166
481800
3720
其实这就是对童年创伤
一种比较委婉的说法:
08:06
getting hit or yelled at,
put down by a parent repeatedly,
167
486280
3576
被家长不停打骂和惩罚,
08:09
watching someone hit or beat your parent,
168
489880
2416
目睹他人殴打自己的父母,
08:12
watching someone do drugs
or abuse alcohol.
169
492320
3376
目睹别人吸毒或者酗酒。
08:15
These are all instances
of childhood trauma,
170
495720
2536
这都是童年创伤的例子,
08:18
and they're pretty
commonplace in my family.
171
498280
2080
在我家这些现象很常见。
08:20
Importantly, they're not just
commonplace in my family right now.
172
500960
3416
重要的是,这种情况不是现在才有。
08:24
They're also multigenerational.
173
504400
2016
而是延续了好几代人。
08:26
So my grandparents,
174
506440
1560
我的外公外婆,
08:28
the very first time that they had kids,
175
508640
2776
在他们刚有了孩子的时候,
08:31
they expected that they
were going to raise them in a way
176
511440
2696
他们原本也期望用好的方法
08:34
that was uniquely good.
177
514160
1616
将孩子养育成人。
08:35
They were middle class,
178
515800
1256
他们曾属于中产阶级,
08:37
they were able to earn
a good wage in a steel mill.
179
517080
2381
在炼钢厂有不错的薪水。
08:39
But what ended up happening
180
519485
1331
但结果却是
08:40
is that they exposed their kids
to a lot of the childhood trauma
181
520840
3016
他们给孩子们带来了许多童年创伤,
08:43
that had gone back many generations.
182
523880
2696
跟早几代人的处境没什么区别。
08:46
My mom was 12 when she saw
my grandma set my grandfather on fire.
183
526600
4760
我母亲12岁那年,
看见我外婆在我外公身上点火,
08:52
His crime was that he came home drunk
184
532120
2816
就因为他喝得醉醺醺地回家,
08:54
after she told him,
185
534960
1216
而外婆事先警告过他,
08:56
"If you come home drunk,
I'm gonna kill you."
186
536200
2160
“如果你喝醉酒回家,我就要杀了你。”
08:59
And she tried to do it.
187
539240
1200
结果,她真的试着这么做了。
09:01
Think about the way
that that affects a child's mind.
188
541440
3480
想想这样的事会对孩子的心灵
产生怎样的影响。
09:05
And we think of these things
as especially rare,
189
545520
2936
我们可能会认为这只是个别现象,
09:08
but a study by the Wisconsin
Children's Trust Fund found
190
548480
3976
但威斯康辛儿童信托基金的研究表明,
09:12
that 40 percent of low-income kids face
multiple instances of childhood trauma,
191
552480
5680
低收入家庭的孩子遭受
多种童年创伤的几率为40%,
09:18
compared to only 29 percent
for upper-income kids.
192
558800
3296
而高收入家庭的孩子为29%。
09:22
And think about what that really means.
193
562120
2656
想想这意味着什么。
09:24
If you're a low-income kid,
194
564800
1736
如果你们都生在低收入家庭,
09:26
almost half of you face multiple
instances of childhood trauma.
195
566560
4456
你们中间差不多会有
一半的人会遭遇多种童年创伤。
09:31
This is not an isolated problem.
196
571040
1816
这不是一个孤立的问题。
09:32
This is a very significant issue.
197
572880
2120
非常值得我们注意。
09:35
We know what happens
to the kids who experience that life.
198
575800
3120
我们都清楚,
这样的孩子会经历怎样的人生。
09:39
They're more likely to do drugs,
more likely to go to jail,
199
579920
3296
他们很可能会吸毒,会进监狱,
09:43
more likely to drop out of high school,
200
583240
2296
会从高中辍学,
09:45
and most importantly,
201
585560
1416
最重要的是,
09:47
they're more likely
to do to their children
202
587000
2216
他们很可能会在自己的孩子身上
09:49
what their parents did to them.
203
589240
1840
重复父母对自己的所作所为。
09:51
This trauma, this chaos in the home,
204
591640
3096
这种伤害,这种家庭的混乱,
09:54
is our culture's
very worst gift to our children,
205
594760
3456
是我们的文化给孩子最糟糕的礼物,
09:58
and it's a gift that keeps on giving.
206
598240
2520
而这种礼物还在不停地被送出。
10:02
So you combine all that,
207
602280
1816
把这些都加在一起,
10:04
the hopelessness, the despair,
208
604120
2696
无望,绝望,
10:06
the cynicism about the future,
209
606840
2336
对未来的怀疑,
10:09
the childhood trauma,
210
609200
1240
童年的创伤,
10:11
the low social capital,
211
611440
1896
低社会资本,
10:13
and you begin to understand why me,
212
613360
2296
你就会了解,为什么我
10:15
at the age of 14,
213
615680
1576
在14岁那年,
10:17
was ready to become
just another statistic,
214
617280
2336
几乎就要成为又一个例子,
10:19
another kid who failed to beat the odds.
215
619640
2320
被这些壁垒困死的又一个孩子。
10:22
But something unexpected happened.
216
622640
2696
但意料之外的事情发生了。
10:25
I did beat the odds.
217
625360
1736
我冲破了这些壁垒。
10:27
Things turned up for me.
218
627120
2136
事情出现了转机。
10:29
I graduated from high school,
from college, I went to law school,
219
629280
3736
我念完高中,上了大学,进入法学院,
10:33
and I have a pretty good job now.
220
633040
1600
找到了一份不错的工作。
10:35
So what happened?
221
635320
1200
究竟发生了什么呢?
10:37
Well, one thing that happened
is that my grandparents,
222
637320
2536
首先是我的外公外婆,
10:39
the same grandparents
of setting someone on fire fame,
223
639880
2536
就是尝试在人身上点火的外公外婆,
10:42
they really shaped up
by the time I came around.
224
642440
2240
在我出生之后,改过自新了。
10:45
They provided me a stable home,
225
645320
3056
他们给了我一个稳定的家,
10:48
a stable family.
226
648400
1296
稳定的家庭。
10:49
They made sure
227
649720
1216
他们竭尽全力,
10:50
that when my parents weren't able
to do the things that kids need,
228
650960
3136
在我的父母无法尽到责任时,
他们能及时出现,顶替父母的角色。
10:54
they stepped in and filled that role.
229
654120
1880
10:56
My grandma especially
did two things that really matter.
230
656880
2656
我的外婆做了2件非常重要的事。
10:59
One, she provided that peaceful home
that allowed me to focus on homework
231
659560
3496
第一,她创造了和平的
家庭环境,让我专心做功课,
11:03
and the things that kids
should be focused on.
232
663080
2616
专心做孩子应该做的事情。
11:05
But she was also
this incredibly perceptive woman,
233
665720
2376
而且她是一位洞察力极强的女性,
11:08
despite not even having
a middle school education.
234
668120
2376
尽管连中学都没有上过。
11:10
She recognized the message
that my community had for me,
235
670520
2656
她察觉到了社区
对我产生的不良影响,
11:13
that my choices didn't matter,
236
673200
2056
就是我们的选择毫无意义,
11:15
that the deck was stacked against me.
237
675280
1816
我们面前有重重阻碍。
有一次她告诉我,
11:17
She once told me,
238
677120
1216
11:18
"JD, never be like those losers who think
the deck is stacked against them.
239
678360
3976
“JD,不要像那些没出息的人一样,
觉得整个世界都在跟他们作对。
11:22
You can do anything you want to."
240
682360
2336
你可以做成任何想做的事情。”
11:24
And yet she recognized
that life wasn't fair.
241
684720
3216
尽管她知道生活是不公平的。
11:27
It's hard to strike that balance,
242
687960
1616
要打破这种平衡非常难,
11:29
to tell a kid that life isn't fair,
243
689600
2016
要告诉一个孩子生活不公平也非常难。
11:31
but also recognize and enforce in them
the reality that their choices matter.
244
691640
5256
但即使这样,也要告诉孩子,
他们的选择是有意义的。
11:36
But mamaw was able
to strike that balance.
245
696920
2120
但是外婆能打破这种平衡。
11:41
The other thing that really helped
was the United States Marine Corps.
246
701040
3296
另一个帮到我的就是美国海军陆战队。
我们认为海军陆战队
是一个军事单位,它当然是,
11:44
So we think of the Marine Corps
as a military outfit, and of course it is,
247
704360
3496
但对我而言,美国海军陆战队
是一次长达4年的,
11:47
but for me, the US Marine Corps
was a four-year crash course
248
707880
2856
性格教育课程。
11:50
in character education.
249
710760
1216
它教会我如何铺床,怎么洗衣,
11:52
It taught me how to make a bed,
how to do laundry,
250
712000
2376
怎么早起,怎么规划自己的开销。
11:54
how to wake up early,
how to manage my finances.
251
714400
2256
11:56
These are things
my community didn't teach me.
252
716680
2176
这些都是社区没有教我的东西。
11:58
I remember when I went
to go buy a car for the very first time,
253
718880
2953
我还记得第一次去买车,
12:01
I was offered a dealer's
low, low interest rate of 21.9 percent,
254
721857
4319
一个经销商给了我非常非常
“低”的贷款利息,21.9%,
12:06
and I was ready
to sign on the dotted line.
255
726200
2600
我都准备签合同了。
12:09
But I didn't take that deal,
256
729680
1856
但我最后没有签,
12:11
because I went and took it to my officer
257
731560
2016
因为我把合同拿给我的长官看,
12:13
who told me, "Stop being an idiot,
258
733600
2136
他告诉我,“别傻了,
12:15
go to the local credit union,
and get a better deal."
259
735760
2496
去找本地的信贷联盟,拿一个更好的价。”
12:18
And so that's what I did.
260
738280
1456
我照做了。
12:19
But without the Marine Corps,
261
739760
1416
如果没有海军陆战队,
我可能永远也没法了解这个知识。
12:21
I would have never had access
to that knowledge.
262
741200
2256
我可能还会遭遇财政危机。
12:23
I would have had
a financial calamity, frankly.
263
743480
2200
12:26
The last thing I want to say
is that I had a lot of good fortune
264
746720
3136
最后我还想说,我非常幸运
12:29
in the mentors and people
265
749880
1576
能遇见很多很好的导师和人,
12:31
who have played
an important role in my life.
266
751480
2136
他们在我生命中扮演了
非常重要的角色。
12:33
From the Marines,
from Ohio State, from Yale,
267
753640
3056
在海军陆战队,在俄亥俄州,在耶鲁大学,
12:36
from other places,
268
756720
1256
在其他地方,
12:38
people have really stepped in
269
758000
1656
大家都走近我,
12:39
and ensured that they filled
that social capital gap
270
759680
2816
帮我填满那条社会资本的鸿沟,
12:42
that it was pretty obvious,
apparently, that I had.
271
762520
2400
这条鸿沟在我身上表现得很明显。
12:45
That comes from good fortune,
272
765480
1560
这是一种很大的幸运,
12:47
but a lot of children
aren't going to have that good fortune,
273
767840
3296
但是很多孩子都没有这样的好运,
12:51
and I think that raises
really important questions for all of us
274
771160
3696
这就为我们引出了非常重要的问题,
12:54
about how we're going to change that.
275
774880
1762
那就是该如何改变这一点。
12:57
We need to ask questions about
how we're going to give low-income kids
276
777600
3976
我们要思考如何帮助
那些低收入家庭的孩子,
13:01
who come from a broken home
access to a loving home.
277
781600
3536
让他们破碎的家庭重新充满爱。
13:05
We need to ask questions
278
785160
1256
我们要思考
13:06
about how we're going
to teach low-income parents
279
786440
2336
如何教育低收入的父母
13:08
how to better interact
with their children,
280
788800
2136
同自己的孩子,同自己的爱人,
13:10
with their partners.
281
790960
1496
更好地互动。
13:12
We need to ask questions
about how we give social capital,
282
792480
4456
我们要思考如何为贫穷的孩子,
13:16
mentorship to low-income kids
who don't have it.
283
796960
3376
提供社会资本和引导。
13:20
We need to think about
how we teach working class children
284
800360
3056
我们要思考如何教育工人阶级的孩子,
13:23
about not just hard skills,
285
803440
2496
不仅仅是硬技能,
13:25
like reading, mathematics,
286
805960
2096
比如阅读,数学,
13:28
but also soft skills,
287
808080
1336
还有软技能,
13:29
like conflict resolution
and financial management.
288
809440
2840
比如危机处理和理财。
13:33
Now, I don't have all of the answers.
289
813440
3216
现在,我并没有所有这些问题的答案。
13:36
I don't know all of the solutions
to this problem,
290
816680
2920
我也不知该如何彻底解决这些问题,
13:40
but I do know this:
291
820360
1200
但我明确知道的是:
13:42
in southern Ohio right now,
292
822600
1736
现在,在南俄亥俄州,
13:44
there's a kid who is
anxiously awaiting their dad,
293
824360
3776
有孩子在焦急等待自己的父亲,
13:48
wondering whether,
when he comes through the door,
294
828160
2376
在想着,当他走进家门的时候,
13:50
he'll walk calmly or stumble drunkly.
295
830560
2400
是正常的,还是喝得东倒西歪的。
13:54
There's a kid
296
834000
1200
有的孩子
13:56
whose mom sticks a needle in her arm
297
836560
2336
看着自己的母亲往胳膊里扎针,
13:58
and passes out,
298
838920
1496
然后失去知觉,
14:00
and he doesn't know
why she doesn't cook him dinner,
299
840440
2896
他不明白为什么妈妈不给自己做饭,
14:03
and he goes to bed hungry that night.
300
843360
1800
只好饿着肚子爬上床。
14:06
There's a kid who has
no hope for the future
301
846400
3936
有的孩子对未来不抱希望,
14:10
but desperately
wants to live a better life.
302
850360
3256
但又非常想过上更好的生活。
14:13
They just want somebody
to show it to them.
303
853640
2200
他们需要有人教他们怎么做。
14:16
I don't have all the answers,
304
856680
1856
我没有所有的答案,
14:18
but I know that unless our society
starts asking better questions
305
858560
4936
但我知道,除非整个社会开始思考
14:23
about why I was so lucky
306
863520
2096
为什么我如此幸运,
14:25
and about how to get that luck
to more of our communities
307
865640
3056
如何让更多的社区,
14:28
and our country's children,
308
868720
1656
让更多的孩子得到这份幸运,
14:30
we're going to continue
to have a very significant problem.
309
870400
3256
否则我们将会
不断遇到非常严重的问题。
14:33
Thank you.
310
873680
1216
谢谢大家。
14:34
(Applause)
311
874920
2400
(掌声)
New videos
关于本网站
这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。