Garth Lenz: The true cost of oil

Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha

翻译人员: illusion Hung 校对人员: Wei Wu

The world's largest and most devastating environmental and industrial project

世上最大、最具破坏性的

环境及工业计划

is situated in the heart of the largest and most intact forest in the world,

发生于

世上最大、保存最完整的森林当中

Canada's boreal forest.

加拿大北方森林

It stretches right across Northern Canada, in Labrador,

它横跨加拿大北部的拉布拉多省

it's home to the largest remaining wild caribou herd in the world:

为现存最大的野生驯鹿群家园

乔治河驯鹿群

the George River caribou herd,

numbering approximately 400,000 animals.

数量大约40万只

Unfortunately, when I was there, I couldn't find one of them,

不幸的是 我前往当地时，并未见到任何一只

但有鹿角为证

but you have the antlers as proof.

All across the boreal,

纵观整个北方森林，我们幸运地拥有

we're blessed with this incredible abundance of wetlands.

丰富的湿地资源

Wetlands, globally, are one of the most endangered ecosystems.

湿地是全球濒临最严重危机的生态系统之一

它们是十分重要的生态系统

They're absolutely critical ecosystems,

它们能净化空气和水源

they clean air, they clean water,

they sequester large amounts of greenhouse gases,

它们能吸收大量温室气体

and they're home to a huge diversity of species.

它们是许多物种的家园

In the boreal, they are also the home

北方森林也是

where almost 50 percent of the 800 bird species found in North America

北美所发现的800种鸟类中

半数为了抚育后代而北迁的鸟类家园

migrate north to breed and raise their young.

在安大略省，北方森林向南延伸

In Ontario, the boreal marches down south to the north shore of Lake Superior.

直抵苏必利尔湖北岸

这片美不胜收的北方森林

And these incredibly beautiful boreal forests

were the inspiration for some of the most famous art in Canadian history,

是加拿大历史中 某些著名艺术作品的灵感源泉

七人画派深受

the Group of Seven were very inspired by this landscape,

这片景观影响

and so the boreal is not just a really key part of our natural heritage,

因此，北方森林不仅是

自然遗产的重要组成

but also an important part of our cultural heritage.

也是文化遗产的重要组成

In Manitoba, this is an image from the east side of Lake Winnipeg,

这是曼尼托巴省温尼伯湖东岸景观

and this is the home of the newly designated UNESCO Cultural Heritage site.

它是联合国教科文组织新列的

世界文化遗产

横跨北方森林的萨克其万省

In Saskatchewan, as across all of the boreal,

拥有一些著名湖泊

home to some of our most famous rivers,

形成令人叹为观止的河流及湖泊网络

an incredible network of rivers and lakes that every school-age child learns about,

这是每位学龄儿童都读过的知识

和平河、阿萨帕斯卡尔河 丘吉尔河、马更些河

the Peace, the Athabasca, the Churchill here, the Mackenzie,

这些网络是具有历史意义的路线

and these networks were the historical routes

for the voyageur and the coureur de bois,

对旅客和猎人来说

北加拿大第一位非原住民探险者

the first non-aboriginal explorers of Northern Canada

that, taking from the First Nations people,

仿效原住民的做法

使用独木舟

used canoes and paddled to explore

for a trade route, a Northwest Passage for the fur trade.

探索贸易路线，即进行毛皮交易的西北航道

In the North, the boreal is bordered by the tundra,

北方是被冻土带包围的北方森林

and just below that, in Yukon,

位于下方的育空省

we have this incredible valley, the Tombstone Valley.

拥有这座壮观的峡谷，墓碑谷

墓碑谷是豪猪驯鹿 （Porcupine caribou herd）的家园

And the Tombstone Valley is home to the Porcupine caribou herd.

Now you've probably heard about the Porcupine caribou herd

你或许听说过，豪猪驯鹿的

in the context of its breeding ground in Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.

繁殖地

位于北极国家野生动物保护区

Well, the wintering ground is also critical

事实上这片渡冬地亦十分重要

却未受到保护

and it also is not protected,

它面临一個潜在危机

and is potentially, could be potentially, exploited for gas and mineral rights.

即天然气和矿物的开采

The western border of the boreal in British Columbia

位于卑诗省的北方森林西部边界

即海岸山脉

is marked by the Coast Mountains,

and on the other side of those mountains

这座山脉的另一侧

is the greatest remaining temperate rainforest in the world,

是世上现存最大的温带雨林

大熊雨林

the Great Bear Rainforest,

我们稍后会做详细介绍

and we'll discuss that in a few minutes in a bit more detail.

纵观整个北方森林，它是众多

All across the boreal,

it's home for a huge incredible range of indigenous peoples,

原住民族群荟萃之地

拥有丰富多样的文化

and a rich and varied culture.

And I think that one of the reasons

我认为大多族群

依然保有其固有文化的原因之一

why so many of these groups have retained a link to the past,

know their native languages,

例如母语

the songs, the dances, the traditions,

歌曲、舞蹈、传统

我认为部分原因在于它地处偏远

I think part of that reason is because of the remoteness,

幅员广大且依旧保持原始面貌

the span and the wilderness

of this almost 95 percent intact ecosystem.

在这片将近95%生态系统 尚未遭受破坏的土地当中

我认为尤其是目前

And I think particularly now,

as we see ourselves in a time of environmental crisis,

我们明白人类身处环境危机时代

we can learn so much from these people

我们可从这些族群身上学到许多东西

who have lived so sustainably in this ecosystem

他们在这片生态系统中

生活了1万多年

for over 10,000 years.

这片生态系统蕴含的核心价值

In the heart of this ecosystem is the very antithesis

of all of these values that we've been talking about,

与我们目前追求的目标大相径庭

我认为其中某些核心价值

and I think these are some of the core values

令身为加拿大人的我们引以为傲

that make us proud to be Canadians.

This is the Alberta tar sands,

这是阿尔伯塔省油砂矿

the largest oil reserves on the planet outside of Saudi Arabia.

它是世上石油蕴藏量最丰富的地区

除了沙特阿拉伯之外

Trapped underneath the boreal forest and wetlands of northern Alberta

在北方森林

及北阿尔伯塔省湿地下方

are these vast reserves of this sticky, tar-like bitumen.

蕴藏着大量粘稠、似焦油的沥青

And the mining and the exploitation of that

挖掘及开采这些矿脉的举动

is creating devastation on a scale that the planet has never seen before.

对地球造成史无前例的破坏

I want to try to convey some sort of a sense of the size of this.

我试着说明这些破坏的规模

If you look at that truck there,

以图中的卡车为例

it is the largest truck of its kind on the planet.

它是同类卡车中最大的一种

It is a 400-ton-capacity dump truck

承载量达400吨的砂石车

规格为45英呎长

and its dimensions are 45 feet long by 35 feet wide and 25 feet high.

35英呎宽、25英呎高

如果站在卡车旁

If I stand beside that truck,

my head comes to around the bottom of the yellow part of that hubcap.

我的头部大约只到

黄色轮框盖底部

Within the dimensions of that truck,

在这辆卡车体积范围内

you could build a 3,000-square-foot two-story home quite easily.

你可轻易建造一栋 面积3000平方英呎、两层楼高的房子

I did the math.

我曾经计算过

So instead of thinking of that as a truck, think of that as a 3,000-square-foot home.

因此，与其将它视为一辆卡车

不如将它视为一栋 面积3000平方英呎的房子

That's not a bad size home.

一栋不小的房子

And line those trucks / homes back and forth

这些卡车在这片区域中来回奔驰

从底部

across there from the bottom all the way to the top.

直到顶端

And then think of how large that very small section of one mine is.

想象一下这片区域的大小 这仅是矿场的一小部分

Now, you can apply that same kind of thinking here as well.

现在，你可将同样想法运用到

这片区域

Now, here you see -- of course, as you go further on,

如图所示－当然，当你将视线拉远

这些卡车彷佛图中的小点

these trucks become like a pixel.

同样地，想象一下这片区域

Again, imagine those all back and forth there.

How large is that one portion of a mine?

占整个矿场多大部分？

That would be a huge, vast metropolitan area,

相当于幅员广大的都会区

或许比维多利亚城大得多

probably much larger than the city of Victoria.

And this is just one of a number of mines,

这只是众多矿场之一

10 mines so far right now.

目前共有10个矿场

This is one section of one mining complex,

这只是其中一个矿场的一部分

目前大约有四、五十个矿场正进行审核

and there are about another 40 or 50 in the approval process.

No tar sands mine has actually ever been denied approval,

事实上不曾有任何油砂矿无法通过审核

so it is essentially a rubber stamp.

因此基本上只是走走过场

另一种开采方式叫做“就地钻探”

The other method of extraction is what's called the in situ.

And here, massive amounts of water

如图所示，大量水

are superheated and pumped through the ground,

经高温加热后泵入地底

through these vasts networks of pipelines,

通过管线

seismic lines, drill paths, compressor stations.

震测线、钻探途径及压缩站组成的庞大网络

And even though this looks maybe not quite as repugnant as the mines,

尽管看起来或许不如露天采矿场般

那么令人怵目惊心 但以某种程度来说，却造成更大破坏

it's even more damaging in some ways.

It impacts and fragments a larger part of the wilderness,

它使更大片原野受到影响、支离破碎

导致关键物种减少90％

where there is 90 percent reduction of key species,

like woodland caribou and grizzly bears,

例如北美驯鹿和灰熊

and it consumes even more energy, more water,

消耗更多能源及水源

and produces at least as much greenhouse gas.

产生至少与前者相当的温室气体

因此就地钻探对生态的破坏至少

So these in situ developments are at least as ecologically damaging as the mines.

与露天采矿不相上下

The oil produced from either method

藉由以上两种方式开采的原油

比以其他方式 开采的原油排放更多温室气体

produces more greenhouse gas emissions than any other oil.

This is one of the reasons why it's called the world's dirtiest oil.

这正是它被称为

世上最脏油类的原因之一

It's also one of the reasons

这也是使它成为

why it is the largest and fastest-growing single source of carbon in Canada,

加拿大最大、增长最迅速的

碳排放源头的原因之一

更是使加拿大个人排碳量

and it is also a reason why Canada is now number three

名列世界第三的原因之一

in terms of producing carbon per person.

The tailings ponds are the largest toxic impoundments on the planet.

那些残渣池是世上最大的毒性蓄水池

油砂－或者我该称它为沥青砂－

Oil sands -- or rather, I should say tar sands --

oil sands is a PR-created term

“油砂”是公关部门创造的词汇

使石油公司不至于像是推广

so that the oil companies wouldn't be trying to promote something

某种彷佛沥青般黏稠的物质

that sounds like a sticky tar-like substance that's the world's dirtiest oil.

或世上最脏的油

So they decided to call it oil sands.

因此他们决定称它为油砂

沥青砂的生产过程比其他油类消耗更多水

The tar sands consume more water than any other oil process,

three to five barrels of water are taken, polluted

生产一桶原油 需使用三至五桶水，受污染的水

进入残渣池

and then returned into tailings ponds,

the largest toxic impoundments on the planet.

成为世上最大的毒性蓄水池

SemCrude只是其中一家取得执照的公司

SemCrude, just one of the licensees, in just one of their tailings ponds,

在他们拥有的其中一个残渣池中

每日倒入25万吨毒性黏稠物

dumps 250,000 tons of this toxic gunk every single day.

That's creating the largest toxic impoundments in the history of the planet.

创造出有史以来最大的

毒性蓄水池

So far, this is enough toxin to cover the face of Lake Erie a foot deep.

目前为止，其中的毒性物质

足以覆盖伊利湖面一呎深

And the tailings ponds range in size up to 9,000 acres.

残渣池的面积可达9000英亩

That's two-thirds the size of the entire island of Manhattan.

相当于三分之二个曼哈顿岛

That's like from Wall Street at the southern edge of Manhattan

大约从曼哈顿南端的华尔街

up to maybe 120th Street.

到第120街

So this is one of the larger tailings ponds.

因此这确实是－

这是其中较大的残渣池之一

This might be, what? I don't know, half the size of Manhattan.

大约相当于－我不确定－半个曼哈顿岛

你可由之前的叙述得知

And you can see in the context,

it's just a relatively small section of one of 10 mining complexes

这只是十个矿场中

某个矿场的一小部分，其他四、五十个矿场

and another 40 to 50 on stream to be approved soon.

很快就会获得批准

当然，这些残渣池－

And of course, these tailings ponds --

well, you can't see many ponds from outer space

确实，你无法从外太空看见许多残渣池

and you can see these, so maybe we should stop calling them ponds --

但你可以看见这些 因此或许我们不该称它为“池”－

这些大型毒性废料池并未装设

these massive toxic wastelands are built

unlined and on the banks of the Athabasca River.

防护措施 散布于阿萨帕斯卡尔河沿岸

And the Athabasca River drains downstream to a range of aboriginal communities.

阿萨帕斯卡尔河下游

即原住民聚集地

In Fort Chipewyan, the 800 people there, are finding toxins in the food chain,

奇普怀恩堡有800位居民

食物链中含有毒性物质

this has been scientifically proven.

已经科学证实

The tar sands toxins are in the food chain,

食物链中含有沥青砂这种毒性物质

and this is causing cancer rates up to 10 times

导致当地癌症发病率

比加拿大其他地区高十倍

what they are in the rest of Canada.

In spite of that, people have to live, have to eat this food in order to survive.

尽管如此，人们需要生存

需仰赖食物维生

空运到这片

The incredibly high price of flying food

遥远北方原住民小区的天价食物

into these remote Northern aboriginal communities

and the high rate of unemployment

和当地的高失业率

makes this an absolute necessity for survival.

使当地物产成了赖以为生的必需品

And not that many years ago, I was lent a boat by a First Nations man,

几年前，我向原住民借了一条船

and he said, "When you go out on the river,

他说，“当你沿河航行时”

“千万别吃鱼”

do not under any circumstances eat the fish.

It's carcinogenic."

“那是致癌物”

And yet, on the front porch of that man's cabin,

然而，在那名男子家门口

I saw four fish.

我看见四条鱼，他必须藉此养家糊口

He had to feed his family to survive.

身为父母的我，无法想象这对心灵的影响

And as a parent, I just can't imagine what that does to your soul.

And that's what we're doing.

这正是我们目前所做的事

The boreal forest is also perhaps our best defense

北方森林或许亦是

对抗全球暖化及气候变迁的最佳防线

against global warming and climate change.

北方森林吸收的排碳量

The boreal forest sequesters more carbon than any other terrestrial ecosystem.

胜于任何现存的生态系统

And this is absolutely key.

无疑是十分重要的生态环境

So what we're doing is,

但我们所做的是

we're taking the most concentrated greenhouse gas sink --

将温室气体吸收率最大的环境

每英亩北方森林吸收的温室气体

twice as much greenhouse gases are sequestered

in the boreal per acre than the tropical rainforests.

比热带雨林多两倍

我们所做的是，摧毁

And what we're doing is we're destroying

this carbon sink, turning it into a carbon bomb.

这个碳汇，将它转变成碳弹

And we're replacing that with the largest industrial project

将它转变成

史上最大的工业项目

in the history of the world,

生产温室气体排放量最大的

which is producing the most high-carbon greenhouse-gas emitting oil in the world.

高碳油类

And we're doing this on the second largest oil reserves on the planet.

这就是我们在世上第二大

石油蕴藏地所做的事

This is one of the reasons why Canada, originally a climate change hero --

这就是为何加拿大

它原本是环保英雄－

we were one of the first signatories of the Kyoto Accord.

我们是第一批签署京都议定书的国家之一

Now we're the country that has full-time lobbyists

现在我国派驻全职说客

in the European Union and Washington DC,

在欧盟及华盛顿特区

threatening trade wars

以贸易战争为要挟，当这些国家

when these countries talk about wanting to bring in positive legislation

希望立法

to limit the import of high-carbon fuels,

限制高碳燃料进口

讨论温室气体排放等相关议题时

of greenhouse gas emissions, anything like this,

at international conferences, whether they're in Copenhagen or Cancun,

在国际会议中

无论在哥本哈根或坎昆

international conferences on climate change,

在讨论气候变迁议题的国际会议中

we're the country that gets the dinosaur award every single day,

我们是荣获“化石奖”（颁给破坏 国际气候变化谈判的国家）的国家

成为谈判进展的

as being the biggest obstacle to progress on this issue.

最大阻碍

Just 70 miles downstream

河流下游70英哩处

is the world's largest freshwater delta, the Peace-Athabasca Delta,

是世上最大的淡水三角洲

和平－阿萨帕斯卡尔三角洲

the only one at the juncture of all four migratory flyways.

它是四条候鸟迁徙路线唯一交会点

This is a globally significant wetland, perhaps the greatest on the planet.

这是对全球来说具有重要意义的湿地

或许是世上最大的湿地

Incredible habitat for half the bird species

它是北美半数

you find in North America, migrating here.

迁往此处的鸟类物种栖息地

And also the last refuge for the largest herd of wild bison,

也是世上最大野牛群最后的避难所

and also, of course, critical habitat for another whole range of other species.

此外，当然 也是许多其他物种的重要栖息地

But it too is being threatened

但它也深受来自

by the massive amount of water being drawn from the Athabasca,

阿萨帕斯卡尔河的大量水流威胁

which feeds these wetlands,

它灌溉这片湿地

and also the incredible toxic burden

同时带来大量毒性物质

of the largest toxic unlined impoundments on the planet,

来自世上最大的露天毒性蓄水池

which are leaching in to the food chain for all the species downstream.

进入下游

所有物种的食品链中

So as bad as all that is, things are going to get much worse -- much, much worse.

整个情况如此糟糕，而且将会

每况愈下

This is the infrastructure as we see it about now.

以上是我们目前所知的基础设施

这是预定于2015年完成的施工计划

This is what's planned for 2015.

你可以看见图中的 油砂输送系统（Keystone Pipeline）

And you can see here the Keystone Pipeline,

它将沥青砂原料运往墨西哥湾沿岸

which would take tar sands raw down to the Gulf Coast,

管线穿越北美

punching a pipeline through the agricultural heart of North America,

及美国农业腹地

of the United States,

确保世上最脏的燃料

and securing the contract with the dirtiest fuel in the world

由美国消费

by consumption of the United States,

and promoting a huge disincentive

对美国拥有永续洁净能源的未来

造成极大阻碍

to a sustainable clean-energy future for America.

图中有条直抵马更些谷的路线

Here you see the route down the Mackenzie valley.

This would put a pipeline to take natural gas from the Beaufort Sea

将设置天然气运输管线

从波弗特海穿越

through the heart of the third largest watershed basin in the world,

世上第三大水域中心

及世上唯一保有 95% 完整生态的地区

and the only one which is 95 percent intact.

And building a pipeline with an industrial highway

伴随着管线所建设的产业道路

would change forever this incredible wilderness,

将永远改变这片令人惊艳

世上稀有的原野

which is a true rarity on the planet today.

So the Great Bear Rainforest is just over the hill there,

因此大熊雨林就在

山丘那头，离这片拥有

within a few miles, we go from these dry boreal forests

百年树龄的干燥北方森林只有数哩

of 100-year-old trees, maybe 10 inches across,

树干周长大约10英吋

不久后，这片滨海温带雨林

and soon, we're in the coastal temperate rainforest,

rain-drenched, 1,000-year-old trees,

拥有丰富雨水、千年树龄

树干周长20英呎的森林 将成为完全不同的生态系统

20 feet across, a completely different ecosystem.

And the Great Bear Rainforest is generally considered to be

大熊雨林一向被认为是

世上最大的滨海温带雨林

the largest coastal temperate rainforest ecosystem in the world.

生态系统

拥有世上密度最高

Some of the greatest densities

of some of the most iconic and threatened species on the planet.

最具标志性的濒危物种

And yet there's a proposal, of course, to build a pipeline

然而，其中一项 提案是－当然－建造输油管

to take huge tankers, 10 times the size of the Exxon Valdez,

供应比 Exxon Valdez 大10倍的巨型油轮装载原油

through some of the most difficult-to-navigate waters in the world,

通过世上某些最难航行的水域

where only just a few years ago, a BC ferry ran aground.

仅仅几年前

卑诗公司的渡轮才在此搁浅

若其中一艘沥青砂油轮

When one of these tar sands tankers,

装载容量为 Exxon Valdez油轮10倍的脏油

carrying the dirtiest oil, 10 times as much as the Exxon Valdez,

eventually hits a rock and goes down,

最后撞上岩石沉没

we're going to have one of the worst ecological disasters

将导致史上最严重的

生态灾难

this planet has ever seen.

And here we have the plan out to 2030.

这是预定于2030年完成的计划

What they're proposing is an almost four-times increase in production,

提案内容是使脏油产量提高将近四倍

and that would industrialize an area the size of Florida.

这将使面积相当于 佛罗里达州的区域工业化

In doing so, we'll be removing a large part of our greatest carbon sink

这种做法将使我们失去

大部分碳汇

and replacing it with the most high greenhouse-gas emission oil in the future.

使它成为温室气体排放量

最大的油类产地

The world does not need any more tar mines.

世上不需要更多油砂矿

The world does not need any more pipelines

世上不需要更多输油管

to wed our addiction to fossil fuels.

满足我们对化石燃料的依赖

And the world certainly does not need

世上当然不需要

the largest toxic impoundments to grow and multiply

与日俱增的大型毒性蓄水池

and further threaten the downstream communities.

进一步威胁下游小区

让我们面对这个事实：我们都活在污染下游

And let's face it, we all live downstream

在全球暖化及气候变迁时代

in an era of global warming and climate change.

我们需要的是－大家都必须采取行动

What we need, is we all need to act

to ensure that Canada respects the massive amounts of freshwater

确保加拿大珍惜

国内庞大的

that we hold in this country.

淡水资源

We need to ensure that these wetlands and forests

我们必须保护这些湿地和森林

that are our best and greatest and most critical defense

它是对抗全球暖化最佳、最有利

最重要的防线

against global warming are protected,

我们不能将这枚碳弹释放到大气中

and we are not releasing that carbon bomb into the atmosphere.

And we need to all gather together and say no to the tar sands.

我们必须团结一致

向油砂说不

And we can do that.

我们可以做到这一点，遍布全球的

there is a huge network all over the world,

庞大网络社群正致力于制止这项计划

fighting to stop this project.

我认为这不仅是

And I quite simply think

that this is not something that should be decided just in Canada.

加拿大本身该做的决定

Everyone in this room, everyone across Canada,

在座每位听众，每位加拿大国民

每位聆听这场演讲的人都该贡献心力

everyone listening to this presentation

has a role to play and, I think, a responsibility.

我认为这是一项责任

Because what we do here is going to change our history,

因为我们的所作所为

将改变人类历史

it's going to color our possibility to survive,

为人类生存的可能性带来希望

and for our children to survive and have a rich future.

为下一代的生存带来希望

使他们拥有美好未来

We have an incredible gift in the boreal,

北方森林提供了

an incredible opportunity to preserve our best defense against global warming,

不可思议的恩赐和机会，保存了

对抗全球暖化的最佳防御工具

but we could let that slip away.

但我们或许会让它消失无踪

The tar sands could threaten not just a large section of the boreal.

沥青砂可能造成的威胁

不仅是北方森林大部分区域

It compromises the life and the health

也将危及一些

of some of our most underprivileged and vulnerable people,

弱势者的生命和健康

危及对人类贡献良多的原住民小区

the aboriginal communities that have so much to teach us.

沥青砂将摧毁阿萨帕斯卡尔三角洲

It could destroy the Athabasca Delta,

the largest and possibly greatest freshwater delta in the planet.

它或许是世上最大、最壮观的淡水三角洲

It could destroy the Great Bear Rainforest,

它将摧毁大熊雨林－

the largest temperate rainforest in the world.

世上最大的温带雨林

And it could have huge impacts

它可能对

on the future of the agricultural heartland of North America.

北美农业腹地的未来造成巨大影响

I hope that you will all, if you've been moved by this presentation,

我希望在座各位，如果这场演讲令你动容

请加入逐渐壮大的国际社群行列

join with the growing international community

督促加拿大尽一己之责

to get Canada to step up to its responsibilities,

to convince Canada to go back to being a climate change champion

说服加拿大再次成为对抗气候变化的斗士

而非导致气候变化的罪魁祸首

instead of a climate change villain,

and to say no to the tar sands,

向沥青砂说不

and yes to a clean energy future for all.

迎向拥有洁净能源的未来

Thank you so much.

十分感谢

(Applause)

（掌声）