Robyn Stein DeLuca: The good news about PMS

415,695 views ・ 2015-03-17

TED


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翻译人员: chunhua zhang 校对人员: Karen SONG
00:13
How many people here have heard of PMS?
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在座各位有多少听说过经前综合征?
00:17
Everybody, right?
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所有人都听说过,对吗?
00:18
Everyone knows that women go a little crazy
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大家都知道女人在月经来潮前
00:21
right before they get their period,
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会变得有点狂躁,
00:24
that the menstrual cycle throws them onto an inevitable hormonal roller coaster
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这种生理周期将她们拋上一架 无法避免的荷尔蒙过山车,
00:28
of irrationality and irritability.
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满载着不理性和易怒。
00:31
There's a general assumption
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这里有个普遍的假设,
00:32
that fluctuations in reproductive hormones cause extreme emotions
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就是生殖激素的波动会导致极端情绪,
00:37
and that the great majority of women are affected by this.
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大多数女性都会受此影响。
00:41
Well, I am here to tell you that scientific evidence says
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而在这里要告诉你们,有科学证据表明,
00:44
neither of those assumptions is true.
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以上假设并不成立。
00:46
I'm here to give you the good news about PMS.
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我来这儿是要你们带来些 关于经前综合症的好消息。
00:50
But first, let's take a look at how firmly the idea of PMS
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但是首先,让我们来看一下 经前综合征的观念
00:54
is entrenched in American culture.
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在美国文化中是多么的根深蒂固。
00:56
If you examine newspaper or magazine articles,
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如果你去查阅报刊杂志中的文章,
01:00
you'll see how widely assumed it is that everyone gets PMS.
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就会发现”每个女人都有经前综合征“ 这个假设有多么普遍。
01:04
In an article in the magazine Redbook titled "You: PMS Free,"
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REDBOOK杂志有一篇文章, 标题为《你:从经前综合征解放》,
01:09
readers were informed that between 80 to 90 percent of women suffer from PMS.
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读者被告知80%到90%的女性 都为经前综合征所扰。
01:15
L.A. Muscle magazine warned its readers
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L.A. Muscle杂志警告它的读者,
01:18
that 40 to 50 percent of women suffer from PMS,
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40%到50%的女性有经前综合征,
01:21
and that it plays a major role in women's mental and physical health,
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并且它主导着女性的身心健康。
01:26
and a couple of years ago, even the Wall Street Journal
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几年前,甚至《华尔街日报》 也刊登过一篇文章,
01:29
ran an article on calcium as a treatment for PMS,
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介绍经前综合征的钙疗法,
01:32
asking its female readers,
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并且向其女性读者设问:
“你每月都会变女巫吗?”
01:34
"Do you turn into a witch every month?"
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01:36
From all these articles, you would think there must be a mountain of research
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通过所有的这些文章,你可能会认为 应该已经有小山一般的大量研究
01:40
verifying the widespread nature of PMS.
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证实了经前综合征普遍存在的本质。
01:44
However, after five decades of research,
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然而,经过50年的研究,
01:47
there's no strong consensus on the definition, the cause,
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人们并没有在对经前综合征的 定义、起因、疗法
01:52
the treatment, or even the existence of PMS.
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甚至它本身是否存在等方面 达成强有力的共识。
01:56
As most commonly defined by psychologists,
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按照心理学家最常用的定义,
01:59
PMS involves negative behavioral, cognitive and physical symptoms
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经前综合征包含了负面的行为、认知 和身体上的一系列症状,
02:04
from the time of ovulation to menstruation.
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从排卵期延续到月经期。
02:07
But here's where it gets tricky.
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但它的棘手之处在于
02:09
Over 150 different symptoms have been used to diagnose PMS,
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有超过150种不同的症状 被用来诊断经前综合征,
02:14
and here are just a few of those.
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这里列举了其中一些。
02:16
Now, I want to be clear here.
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我想澄清一点,
02:18
I'm not saying women don't get some of these symptoms.
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我不是说女性不会出现这些症状,
02:21
What I'm saying is that getting some of these symptoms
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而是说即使出现了其中一些症状,
02:24
doesn't amount to a mental disorder,
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也不意味着就有精神障碍,
02:27
and when psychologists come up with a disorder
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而当心理学家提到精神障碍时,
02:30
that's so vaguely defined,
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这是一个很模糊的定义,
02:33
the label eventually becomes meaningless.
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所以这个标签也就变得毫无意义了。
02:36
With a list of symptoms this long and wide,
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按照这么一份冗长的、 涵盖甚广的症状清单,
02:39
I could have PMS, you could have PMS,
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经前综合征我可能有、你可能有、
02:42
the guy in the third row here could have PMS,
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坐第三排那位男士可能有、
02:44
my dog could have PMS. (Laughter)
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我的狗也可能有。(笑声)
02:48
Some researchers said you had to have five symptoms.
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有些研究员说, 你必须同时满足五条症状,
02:50
Some said three.
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而另一些人说只要三条。
02:52
Other researchers said that symptoms were only meaningful
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有些研究员说, 只有当那些症状严重到会
02:55
if they were highly disturbing to you,
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干扰你的正常生活时才有意义,
02:57
but others said minor symptoms were just as important.
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但另一些人又说, 即使症状轻微也一样。
03:00
For many years, because there was no standardization
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多年来,因为没有一个
03:03
in the definition of PMS,
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对经前综合征的标准定义,
03:05
when psychologists tried to report prevalence rates,
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所以当心理学家尝试去报告患病率时,
03:08
their estimates ranged from five percent of women
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他们的估算从5%
03:11
to 97 percent of women,
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到97%的女性不等,
03:13
so at the same time almost no one and almost everyone had PMS.
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也就是说在同时,要么几乎没人有经前综合征, 要么几乎人人都有。
03:19
Overall, the weaknesses in the methods of research on PMS have been considerable.
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总的来说,这些经前综合征的 研究方法有相当大的弊端。
03:26
First, many studies asked women to report their symptoms retrospectively,
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首先,很多研究要求女性 回溯报告她们的症状,
03:31
looking to the past and relying on memory,
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回顾过去,仰赖记忆,
03:34
which is known to inflate reporting of PMS
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我们已知这种方法会夸大事实;
03:37
compared to what's called prospective reporting,
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与之相较的另一种方法叫做前瞻性报告,
03:41
which involves keeping a daily log of symptoms
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被测者要每天记录发生的症状,
03:43
for at least two months in a row.
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至少持续两个月的时间。
03:45
Many studies also exclusively focused on white, middle-class women,
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还有很多研究仅关注中产阶级白人女性,
03:50
which makes it problematic to apply study findings to all women.
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而把研究成果应用到所有的女性时, 就会产生问题。
03:55
We know there's a strong cultural component to the belief in PMS
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我们知道关于经前综合征的观点 存在有很强的文化要素,
03:59
because it's nearly unheard of outside of Western nations.
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因为它在西方国家之外几乎闻所未闻。
04:03
Third, many studies failed to use control groups.
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第三,很多研究并没有使用对照组。
04:07
If we want to understand the specific characteristics
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如果我们想要了解
那些患经前综合征的女性有何特征,
04:10
of women who have PMS,
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04:11
we need to be able to compare them to women who don't have PMS.
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我们需要能够将她们 与没有经前综合征的女性作对比。
04:15
And finally, many different types of questionnaires were used
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最后一点,很多不同类型的 用于诊断经前综合征的调查问卷
04:19
to diagnose PMS, focusing on different symptoms,
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聚焦于不同的症状、
04:23
symptom duration and severity.
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症状持续的时间和严重性。
04:25
To do reliable research on any condition,
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无论在任何条件下,可靠的研究
04:28
scientists must agree on the specific characteristics
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都要求科学家必须就构成这种条件的
04:31
that make up that condition
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特征达成一致,
04:33
so they're all talking about the same thing,
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这样才能确保讨论的是同一个概念,
04:35
and with PMS, this has not been the case.
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但对于经前综合征来说,情况并非如此。
04:39
However, in 1994,
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然而,在1994年,
04:41
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
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《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》,
04:45
known as the DSM, thankfully --
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又被称作DSM——
04:47
it's also the manual for mental health professionals --
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它也是一本供心理健康专业人员 使用的手册——
04:51
they redefined PMS as PMDD,
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将经前综合征(PMS)重新定义为PMDD:
04:55
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.
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即经前焦虑障碍。
04:58
And dysphoria refers to a feeling of agitation or unease.
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而其中的焦虑指的是一种 烦躁或不安的情绪。
05:04
And according to these new DSM guidelines,
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根据这些新的DSM指南,
05:07
in most menstrual cycles in the last year,
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(患有经前焦虑障碍的人) 上一年大多数月经周期中
05:10
at least five of 11 possible symptoms
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在11种可能的症状中至少有5种
05:14
must appear in the week before menstruation starts;
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应当出现在月经开始前的一个星期;
05:17
the symptoms must improve once menstruation has begun;
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这些症状在月经开始后应当好转;
05:21
and the symptoms must be absent the week after menstruation has ended.
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然后在月经结束后一个星期内消失。
这些症状必须包含下列四种之一:
05:27
One of these symptoms must come from this list of four:
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05:30
marked mood swings, irritability, anxiety, or depression.
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明显的情绪波动、易怒、焦虑、或抑郁。
05:35
The other symptoms could come from the first slide
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其它症状可能包含于第一张
05:38
or from those on the second slide,
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或者第二张幻灯片中的所列项,
05:40
including symptoms like feeling out of control
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包括感到情绪失控,
05:43
and changes in sleep or appetite.
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以及睡眠或胃口的改变。
05:46
The DSM also required now that the symptoms
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DSM现在还要求这些症状
05:50
should be associated with clinically significant distress --
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应该与临床上显著的痛苦相联系——
05:54
there should be some kind of disturbance in work
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应当对工作、
05:57
or school or social relationships --
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学习或者人际关系形成干扰——
06:00
and that symptoms and symptom severity should now be documented
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这些症状及其严重程度应当反映在
06:04
by keeping a daily log for at least two cycles in a row.
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至少连续两个周期的日志记录中。
06:08
And finally, the DSM required that the emotional disturbance
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最后,DSM要求情绪障碍
06:12
should be more than simply an exacerbation of an already existing disorder.
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应当不仅仅是简单的某种 已经存在的障碍的恶化。
06:17
So scientifically speaking, this is an improvement.
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所以从科学上讲,这是一个进步。
06:20
We now have a limited number of symptoms,
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现在我们有了数量有限的症状,
06:23
and a high impact on functioning that's required,
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并且要求对正常生活产生显著影响,
06:26
and the reporting and timing of symptoms have both become very specific.
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对症状的描述和发生时间也做了详细规定。
06:32
Well, using this criteria
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运用这个准则,
06:35
and looking at most recent studies,
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并且参照最近的研究,
06:37
we see that on average,
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我们看到平均来说,
06:38
three to eight percent of women suffer from PMDD.
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3%到8%的女性患有经前焦虑障碍。
06:44
Not all women, not most women,
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不是所有的女性,也不是大部分的女性,
06:47
not the majority of women, not even a lot of women:
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不是大多数女性,甚至也不是很多女性:
06:50
three to eight percent.
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只有3%到8%。
06:52
For everyone else, variables like stressful events or happy occasions
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对其他人来说,像导致压力的事件, 令人愉悦的场合,
06:57
or even day of the week
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甚至是一周当中任何一天这样的变量,
06:59
are more powerful predictors of mood than time of the month,
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都是比生理期更强大的情绪预测因子,
07:04
and this is the information the scientific community has had
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而这也是科学界从1990年代
就已获得的信息。
07:07
since the 1990s.
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07:08
In 2002, my colleagues and I published an article
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2002年,我和同事们发表了一篇文章
07:11
describing the PMS and PMDD research,
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描述对经前综合征和 经前焦虑障碍的研究,
07:14
and several similar articles have appeared in psychology journals.
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还有其它几篇类似的文章 出现在心理学期刊上。
07:19
The questions is, why hasn't this information trickled down to the public?
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问题是,为什么这些信息没有惠及大众?
07:23
Why do these myths persist?
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为什么这些迷思仍然持续?
07:27
Well, certainly the onslaught of messages that women receive
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当然,女性从书本、电视、电影和网络上
07:30
from books, TV, movies, the Internet, that everyone gets PMS
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接受到的大量的宣称每个人 都会得经前综合征的信息,
07:35
go a long way in convincing them it must be true.
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对于使她们确信那就是真相 起了很大的作用。
07:39
Research tells us that the more a woman believes that everyone gets PMS,
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研究表明,一个女性越是相信 每个人都会有经前综合征,
07:44
the more likely she is to erroneously report that she has it.
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她就越会错误地认为自己也有这种病。
07:48
Let me tell you what I mean by "erroneously."
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让我来告诉你我所说的 “错误地”是什么意思。
07:50
You might ask her, "Do you have PMS?"
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你可能会问她,“你有经前综合征吗?”
07:53
and she says yes,
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她会回答:“是的。”
07:54
but then, when you have her keep a daily log
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但是,当你检查她写的
连续两个月的心理症状日志时,
07:57
of psychological symptoms for two months,
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07:59
no correlation is found between her symptoms
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却无法找到这些症状
08:02
and time of the month.
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跟生理期之间的关联。
08:05
Another reason for the persistence of the PMS myth
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另一个经前综合征迷思仍然持续的原因,
08:09
has to do with the narrow boundaries of the feminine role.
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是跟女性角色的狭窄边界有关。
08:12
Feminist psychologists like Joan Chrisler
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像琼·克莱斯勒这样的女权主义心理学家
08:15
have suggested that taking on the label of PMS
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曾经提出,贴上了经前综合征的标签后
08:19
allows women to express emotions that would otherwise be considered unladylike.
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可以让女性有借口表现出一些情绪, 而这些情绪往往被认为是不够淑女的。
08:24
The near universal definition of a good woman
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有一个对于“好女人”的 近乎放之四海皆准的定义,
08:28
is one who is happy, loving, caring for others,
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她要快乐、充满爱心、关心他人、
08:31
and taking great satisfaction from that role.
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并且对这种角色设定感到非常满意。
08:34
Well, PMS has become a permission slip to be angry, complain, be irritated,
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这样一来,经前综合征就成为了一个 允许她们正当地发怒、抱怨、烦躁,
08:39
without losing the title of good woman.
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却不会失去“好女人”的称号。
08:43
We know that the variables in a woman's environment
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我们知道一个女性所处环境的变量
08:47
are much more likely to cause her to be angry than her hormones,
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要比她的荷尔蒙更容易导致她愤怒,
08:50
but when she attributes anger to hormones,
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但是当她把这种愤怒情绪 归咎于荷尔蒙时,
08:53
she's absolved of responsibility or criticism.
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就无须为此负责,还能避免批评。
08:56
"Oh, that's not who she is. It's out of her control."
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“哦,那不是真正的她,她控制不了。”
08:59
And while this can be a useful tool, it serves to invalidate women's emotions.
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尽管这可以当做一种实用工具, 实际上却否定了女性的情绪。
09:06
When people respond to a woman's anger
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当人们对一个女性的愤怒作出回应时,
09:09
with the thought, "Oh, it's just that time of the month,"
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他会想,“噢,这只是生理期的原因。”
09:12
her ability to be taken seriously or effect change is severely limited.
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她通常就不会被认真对待, 也不太可能会发生有益的改变。
09:17
So who else benefits from the myth of PMS?
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那么还有谁能从经前综合征的 迷思中获益呢?
09:21
Well, I can tell you that treating PMS
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我可以告诉你们,经前综合征的治疗
09:23
has become a profitable, thriving industry.
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已经发展成一个有利可图、 蓬勃发展的行业。
09:27
Amazon.com currently offers over 1,900 books on PMS treatment.
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目前,亚马逊网站上有超过1900种 关于治疗经前综合征的书籍在售。
09:34
A quick Google search will bring up a cornucopia
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通过谷歌,可以很快搜索出一箩筐的信息,
09:37
of clinics, workshops and seminars.
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全是关于诊所、讲习所和研讨会的。
09:40
Reputable Internet sources of medical information
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那些著名的医学信息资源网站
09:43
like WebMD or the Mayo Clinic list PMS as a known disorder.
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如“网络医生”、“梅约诊所”都将 经前综合征列为一种已知的精神障碍。
09:48
It's not a known disorder, but they list it.
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它不是一种已知的精神障碍, 却被列为一种。
09:51
And they also list the medications that physicians have prescribed to treat it,
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他们还列出了内科医生治疗 经前综合征的处方药,
09:55
like anti-depressants or hormones.
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比如抗抑郁剂或者激素。
09:58
Interestingly, though, both websites say that the success of medication
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有趣的是,这两家网站都表示 药物治疗经前综合征的
10:03
in treating PMS symptoms vary from woman to woman.
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成功率因人而异。
10:07
Well, that doesn't make sense.
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而这完全不合常理。
10:09
If you've got a distinct disorder with a distinct cause,
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如果你得了一种由确切原因 导致的明显的精神疾病,
10:12
which PMS is supposed to be,
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假设那就是“经前综合征”,
10:14
then the treatment should bring improvement for a great number of women.
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那么针对它的治疗方法应该 为大量的女性带来病情改善。
10:17
This has not been the case with these treatments,
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但是对于经前综合征的这些治疗方法 却并不是这么回事,
10:20
and FDA regulations say that for a drug to be deemed effective,
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而且,美国食品和药品管理局的法规规定, 如果要认定一种药物有效,
10:24
a large portion of the target population
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那么它的目标人群中的很大一部分,
10:26
should see clinically significant improvement.
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应当有临床上的显著改善。
10:29
So we have not had that at all with these so-called treatments.
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而我们从经前综合征的 所谓“治疗”上并未看到上述效果。
10:33
However, the financial gain of perpetuating the myth
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然而,坚持宣扬经前综合征是一种
10:38
that PMS is a common mental disorder
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可治疗的普遍的精神疾病这一谬见,
10:41
and is treatable is quite substantial.
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所获得的经济收益是巨大的。
10:45
When women are prescribed drugs like anti-depressants or hormones,
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当女性服用抗抑郁剂或激素等处方药时,
10:48
medical protocol requires that they have physician follow-up every three months.
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医疗协议要求她们每三个月复诊,
10:53
That's a lot of doctor visits.
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那是一个很大的就医量。
10:55
Pharmaceutical companies reap untold profits
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医药企业能获取数不清的利润,
10:58
when women are convinced they should take a prescribed medication
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只要女人们相信她们应该在
11:02
for all of their child-bearing lives.
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整个怀孕期间服用处方药。
11:05
Over-the-counter drugs like Midol
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非处方药像痛经药Midol
11:07
even claim to treat PMS symptoms like tension and irritability,
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甚至声称能够治疗像紧张和易怒 这样的经前综合征症状,
11:12
even though they only contain a diuretic, a pain reliever
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尽管它们只含有利尿剂、止痛剂
11:16
and caffeine.
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和咖啡因。
11:18
Now, far be it from me to argue with the magical powers of caffeine,
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我没有立场去争论咖啡因的神奇力量,
11:21
but I don't think reducing tension is one of them.
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但我并不认为它有缓解紧张的作用。
11:25
Since 2002, Midol has marketed a Teen Midol to adolescents.
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自2002年以来,Midol为青少年市场 开发了适用的产品,
11:32
They are aiming at young girls early,
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他们早早的就瞄准了年轻女孩,
11:35
to convince them that everyone gets PMS and that it will make you a monster,
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说服她们相信每个人都会得经前综合征, 那会使你变成一个怪物,
11:39
but wait, there's something you can do about it:
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但是等一等,你还是有救的:
11:41
Take Midol and you will be a human being again.
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服用Midol,就会变回正常人。
11:44
In 2013, Midol took in 48 million dollars in sales revenue.
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2013年, Midol获得了 4800万美元的销售收入。
11:51
So while perpetuating the myth of PMS has been lucrative for some,
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维持关于经前综合征的迷思对 某些机构来说是有利可图的,
11:56
it comes with some serious adverse consequences for women.
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但是对女性自己 则会产生严重的不良后果。
12:00
First, it contributes to the medicalization
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首先,它会导致
12:02
of women's reproductive health.
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女性生殖健康的医疗化。
12:05
The medical field has a long history of conceptualizing
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医疗领域有一个很长的历史,
12:08
women's reproductive processes as illnesses that require treatment,
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将女性的生殖过程概念化为 一个需要治疗的疾病,
12:14
and this has come at many costs, including excessive Cesarean deliveries,
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这样就会产生很多的花费, 包括过度的剖腹产手术、
12:18
hysterectomies and prescribed hormone treatments
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子宫切除和指定的激素治疗,
12:20
that have harmed rather than enhanced women's health.
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而这对女性的健康来说 有百害而无一利。
12:25
Second, the PMS myth also contributes to the stereotype of women
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第二,经前综合征的迷思对女性
12:30
as irrational and overemotional.
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不理性和过度情绪化的刻板印象的 形成有所助益。
12:33
When the menstrual cycle is described as a hormonal roller coaster
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当生理周期被描述成将女性
12:37
that turns women into angry beasts,
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变成愤怒的野兽的荷尔蒙过山车时,
12:40
it becomes easy to question the competence of all women.
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就会很容易让人去怀疑 所有女性的能力。
12:44
Women have made tremendous strides in the workforce,
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女性在职场上取得了巨大的进步,
12:47
but still there's a minuscule number of women at the highest echelons
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但是在政府或者企业的高层职位中
12:51
of fields like government or business,
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女性的数量仍然微不足道,
12:54
and when we think about who makes for a good CEO or senator,
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当我们思考谁能成为 一个好的CEO或者议员,
12:59
someone who has qualities like rationality, steadiness, competence
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那些拥有理性、稳重、能力等素质的人
13:04
come to mind,
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会出现在我们脑海中,
13:05
and in our culture, that sounds more like a man than a woman,
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而在我们的文化中, 男性听起来更符合这些条件,
13:09
and the PMS myth contributes to that.
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而经前综合征的迷思正是 导致这种认知的原因之一。
13:13
Psychologists know that the moods of men and women
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心理学家认为男性和女性情绪上的
13:16
are more similar than different.
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相同之处多过差异。
13:19
One study followed men and women for four to six months
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有一项研究对男性和女性 进行了4到6个月的跟踪,
13:23
and found that the number of mood swings they experienced
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发现他们经历的情绪波动的次数
13:26
and the severity of those mood swings were no different.
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和严重性并没有什么不同。
13:30
And finally, the PMS myth keeps women from dealing
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最后,经前综合征迷思 妨碍到女性处理
13:34
with the actual issues causing them emotional upset.
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那些造成她们心烦意乱的症结问题。
13:38
Individual issues like quality of relationship or work conditions
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人际关系和工作环境的质量等个人问题,
13:42
or societal issues like racism or sexism or the daily grind of poverty
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或者种族主义、性别歧视、 贫困折磨等社会问题,
13:47
are all strongly related to daily mood.
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都跟每天的情绪有密切关联。
13:50
Sweeping emotions under the rug of PMS
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用经前综合征来逃避情绪问题,
13:54
keeps women from understanding the source of their negative emotions,
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限制了女性去了解她们负面情绪的来源,
13:58
but it also takes away the opportunity to take any action to change them.
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同时也夺走了她们采取行动 去做出改变的机会。
14:03
So the good news about PMS
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所以关于经前综合征的好消息是
14:06
is that while some women get some symptoms because of the menstrual cycle,
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虽然一些女性会因为生理周期 而出现一些症状,
14:11
the great majority don't get a mental disorder.
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但大多数的女性并不因此而患精神疾病。
14:14
They go to work or school, take care of their families,
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她们照样工作、上学、照顾家庭,
14:17
and function at a normal level.
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一切如常。
14:20
We know the emotions and moods of men and women
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我们知道男性与女性的情绪和心情
14:23
are more similar than different,
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极为相近,
14:25
so let's walk away from the tired old PMS myth of women as witches
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那么就让我们从陈腐的视女性为巫婆的 经前综合征迷思中走出来,
14:31
and embrace the reality of high emotional and professional functioning
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而去接受大多数女性 每天都过着情绪高涨、专业有序,
14:35
the great majority of women live every day.
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运转正常的生活这一事实。
14:39
Thank you.
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谢谢。
14:41
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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