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譯者: Regina Chu
審譯者: Simon Sun
00:13
How many people here have heard of PMS?
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有多少人聽過經前症候群 (PMS)?
00:17
Everybody, right?
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大家都聽過,對吧?
00:18
Everyone knows that women
go a little crazy
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大家都知道女人在月經來之前
00:21
right before they get their period,
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會有點發神經,
00:24
that the menstrual cycle throws them
onto an inevitable hormonal roller coaster
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月經週期讓她們坐上
無可避免的荷爾蒙導致的
00:28
of irrationality and irritability.
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不理性與易怒的雲霄飛車。
00:31
There's a general assumption
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有個很普遍的說法,
00:32
that fluctuations in reproductive hormones
cause extreme emotions
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說生殖荷爾蒙波動
會造成極端的情緒,
00:37
and that the great majority of women
are affected by this.
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而且絕大部分婦女都受此影響。
00:41
Well, I am here to tell you
that scientific evidence says
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嗯,我在這裡告訴大家
科學證據顯示
00:44
neither of those assumptions is true.
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這兩個說法都不對。
00:46
I'm here to give you
the good news about PMS.
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我要在這裡宣布
經前症候群的好消息。
00:50
But first, let's take a look
at how firmly the idea of PMS
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但首先來看一下
經前症候群這個說法
00:54
is entrenched in American culture.
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有多麼深植於美國文化。
00:56
If you examine newspaper
or magazine articles,
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如果你檢視報章雜誌的文章,
01:00
you'll see how widely assumed it is
that everyone gets PMS.
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你就會發現大家都以為
每個人都有經前症候群。
01:04
In an article in the magazine Redbook
titled "You: PMS Free,"
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女性雜誌《紅書》有篇文章標題為:
「妳!從經前症候群釋放吧!」
01:09
readers were informed that between 80
to 90 percent of women suffer from PMS.
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文章告訴讀者約有八九成的女性
為經前症候群所苦。
01:15
L.A. Muscle magazine warned its readers
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倫敦保健食品雜誌則警告讀者
01:18
that 40 to 50 percent of women
suffer from PMS,
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有四到五成的婦女
為經前症候群所苦,
01:21
and that it plays a major role
in women's mental and physical health,
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而且這還在女性的身心健康
扮演重要角色,
01:26
and a couple of years ago,
even the Wall Street Journal
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而在幾年前,甚至華爾街日報
01:29
ran an article on calcium
as a treatment for PMS,
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也有篇文章在談
鈣質如何治療經前症候群,
01:32
asking its female readers,
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並這樣問其女性讀者,
01:34
"Do you turn into a witch every month?"
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「妳每個月都變成巫婆嗎?」
01:36
From all these articles, you would think
there must be a mountain of research
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有這麼多文章你可能會想,
一定有如山般鐵證
01:40
verifying the widespread nature of PMS.
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能驗證經前症候群的普遍性。
01:44
However, after five decades of research,
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然而,經過五十年的研究,
01:47
there's no strong consensus
on the definition, the cause,
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眾人對經前症候群的
定義、起因、療法,
01:52
the treatment, or even
the existence of PMS.
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甚至到底是否存在
都沒有強烈共識。
01:56
As most commonly defined by psychologists,
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心理學家最常用的定義是,
01:59
PMS involves negative behavioral,
cognitive and physical symptoms
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經前症候群會使人
從排卵開始到月經來其間,
02:04
from the time of ovulation
to menstruation.
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陷入負面的行為、
認知、及身體症狀,
02:07
But here's where it gets tricky.
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但這就是詭異的地方了。
02:09
Over 150 different symptoms
have been used to diagnose PMS,
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已有超過 150 種不同的症狀
被拿來診斷經前症候群,
02:14
and here are just a few of those.
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這裡只是其中幾種。
02:16
Now, I want to be clear here.
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那,我要澄清一下。
02:18
I'm not saying women don't get
some of these symptoms.
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我不是說婦女不會有這些症狀。
02:21
What I'm saying is that
getting some of these symptoms
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我要說的是有這些症狀
02:24
doesn't amount to a mental disorder,
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並不等於妳精神異常,
02:27
and when psychologists
come up with a disorder
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心理學家提出某種失調病症,
02:30
that's so vaguely defined,
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卻定義模糊不清,
02:33
the label eventually becomes meaningless.
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這樣的標籤最終會失去意義。
02:36
With a list of symptoms
this long and wide,
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有這麼洋洋灑灑的症狀表,
02:39
I could have PMS, you could have PMS,
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我可能會得經前症候群,
你可能也會,
02:42
the guy in the third row here
could have PMS,
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第三排的男生也會得經前症候群,
02:44
my dog could have PMS.
(Laughter)
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連我的狗都會得到經前症候群。
(笑聲)
02:48
Some researchers said
you had to have five symptoms.
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有些研究員說你得要有五種症狀,
02:50
Some said three.
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有些人說三種就好。
02:52
Other researchers said that symptoms
were only meaningful
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還有些研究員說那些症狀
要在非常困擾妳時才有意義。
02:55
if they were highly disturbing to you,
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02:57
but others said minor symptoms
were just as important.
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但也有人說輕微的症狀也很重要。
03:00
For many years, because
there was no standardization
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多少年了,因為沒有統一
03:03
in the definition of PMS,
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定義經前症候群,
03:05
when psychologists tried
to report prevalence rates,
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當心理學家試著報出患病率,
03:08
their estimates ranged
from five percent of women
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他們的估計範圍是
5% 到 97% 的婦女有這個病症,
03:11
to 97 percent of women,
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03:13
so at the same time almost no one
and almost everyone had PMS.
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意思是同一時間,幾乎沒有人
或幾乎所有人都有經前症候群。
03:19
Overall, the weaknesses in the methods
of research on PMS have been considerable.
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整體來看,經前症候群的
研究方法缺陷相當多。
03:26
First, many studies asked women
to report their symptoms retrospectively,
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第一,許多研究要求
婦女回溯她們的症狀,
03:31
looking to the past and relying on memory,
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靠著記憶回想過去,
03:34
which is known to inflate reporting of PMS
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大家都知道這個方法會大量增加
經前症候群的報告數據,
03:37
compared to what's called
prospective reporting,
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較之於所謂的前瞻性研究,
03:41
which involves keeping
a daily log of symptoms
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要受試者每天記錄症狀
03:43
for at least two months in a row.
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至少連續兩個月。
03:45
Many studies also exclusively focused
on white, middle-class women,
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許多研究也只專注在
白人中產階級婦女,
03:50
which makes it problematic
to apply study findings to all women.
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如果將研究結果應用在
全部婦女會成為問題。
03:55
We know there's a strong
cultural component to the belief in PMS
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我們知道相信經前症候群與否
有很強的文化要素,
03:59
because it's nearly unheard of
outside of Western nations.
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因為這在西方國家以外
幾乎是聞所未聞。
04:03
Third, many studies failed
to use control groups.
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第三,許多研究沒有設控制組。
04:07
If we want to understand
the specific characteristics
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如果我們想要瞭解
有經前症候群婦女的特性,
04:10
of women who have PMS,
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04:11
we need to be able to compare them
to women who don't have PMS.
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我們必須要將她們與
沒有經前症候群的女性比較。
04:15
And finally, many different types
of questionnaires were used
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最後是,使用太多不同型態的問卷
04:19
to diagnose PMS, focusing
on different symptoms,
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來診斷經前症候群,
專注在不同的症狀,
04:23
symptom duration and severity.
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症狀持續多久及多嚴重。
04:25
To do reliable research on any condition,
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要對任何病症做出可靠的研究,
04:28
scientists must agree
on the specific characteristics
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科學家必須先商定
04:31
that make up that condition
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會造成此病症的特性,
04:33
so they're all talking
about the same thing,
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這樣大家見解才會一致,
04:35
and with PMS, this has not been the case.
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但是對經前症候群
卻不是這樣研究的。
04:39
However, in 1994,
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然而,在 1994 年
04:41
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders,
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精神疾病診斷與統計手冊,
04:45
known as the DSM, thankfully --
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俗稱 DSM,還好這麼短——
04:47
it's also the manual
for mental health professionals --
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這也是身心科專家的手冊——
04:51
they redefined PMS as PMDD,
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他們重新定義 PMS 成 PMDD,
04:55
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.
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經前不悅症。
04:58
And dysphoria refers to
a feeling of agitation or unease.
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不悅指的是煩躁不安的感覺。
05:04
And according to these new DSM guidelines,
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根據這些新的經前不悅症準則,
05:07
in most menstrual cycles in the last year,
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在過去一年大部分的月經週期中,
05:10
at least five of 11 possible symptoms
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至少有五種 11 個可能出現的症狀,
05:14
must appear in the week
before menstruation starts;
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在月經來潮前一星期內出現;
05:17
the symptoms must improve
once menstruation has begun;
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這些症狀在月經來潮後就改善;
05:21
and the symptoms must be absent
the week after menstruation has ended.
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而且這些症狀要在
月經結束一週內消失。
05:27
One of these symptoms must come
from this list of four:
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一定要有下列四種症狀之一:
05:30
marked mood swings, irritability,
anxiety, or depression.
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顯著的情緒起伏、
易怒、焦慮或憂慮。
05:35
The other symptoms could come
from the first slide
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其他的症狀則可能是
第一張幻燈片
05:38
or from those on the second slide,
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或第二張幻燈片所列出的,
05:40
including symptoms like
feeling out of control
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包括失控的感覺,
05:43
and changes in sleep or appetite.
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睡眠或食慾改變。
05:46
The DSM also required now
that the symptoms
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經前不悅症還必須有
05:50
should be associated with
clinically significant distress --
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具臨床意義的明顯困擾——
05:54
there should be some kind
of disturbance in work
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對工作、學校或社交
05:57
or school or social relationships --
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產生一定程度的影響——
06:00
and that symptoms and symptom severity
should now be documented
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出現的症狀及其嚴重性
必須記錄下來,
06:04
by keeping a daily log
for at least two cycles in a row.
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至少連續兩個週期每天做記錄。
06:08
And finally, the DSM required that
the emotional disturbance
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最後,經前不悅症的情緒困擾,
06:12
should be more than simply an exacerbation
of an already existing disorder.
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其嚴重性應大於
原有失調的放大效應。
06:17
So scientifically speaking,
this is an improvement.
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所以從科學角度說,
這是很大的進步。
06:20
We now have a limited number of symptoms,
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我們現在得到有限數量的症狀,
06:23
and a high impact on functioning
that's required,
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要對生活功能產生強烈衝擊,
06:26
and the reporting and timing of symptoms
have both become very specific.
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而且對症狀的描述
及發生時間講得很明確。
06:32
Well, using this criteria
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嗯,使用這個標準
06:35
and looking at most recent studies,
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並看一下最近的研究,
06:37
we see that on average,
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我們看到平均
06:38
three to eight percent of women
suffer from PMDD.
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有百分之三到八的女性
為經前不悅症所苦。
06:44
Not all women, not most women,
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不再說是所有的女性,
多數的女性,
06:47
not the majority of women,
not even a lot of women:
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也不是大部分的女性,
更不是很多女性:
06:50
three to eight percent.
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是百分之三到八。
06:52
For everyone else, variables
like stressful events or happy occasions
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對其它女性,變因像是
壓力很大的事件或開心的場合,
06:57
or even day of the week
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甚至今天是星期幾
06:59
are more powerful predictors of mood
than time of the month,
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都比月經更能預測情緒,
07:04
and this is the information
the scientific community has had
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而這是自 1990 年代開始
科學界就有的資料。
07:07
since the 1990s.
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07:08
In 2002, my colleagues and I
published an article
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2002 年,我與幾個同事
發表了一篇論文
07:11
describing the PMS and PMDD research,
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講述經前症候群
與經前不悅症的研究,
07:14
and several similar articles have appeared
in psychology journals.
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還有幾篇類似的論文
也發表在心理學期刊上。
07:19
The questions is, why hasn't this
information trickled down to the public?
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問題是,為什麼這樣的資訊
還沒有流入大眾?
07:23
Why do these myths persist?
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為什麼這些迷思依然存在?
07:27
Well, certainly the onslaught
of messages that women receive
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嗯,顯然女性長時間
從書籍、電視、電影及網路
07:30
from books, TV, movies, the Internet,
that everyone gets PMS
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接收到的一波波消息,
都說每個人都有經前症候群,
07:35
go a long way in convincing them
it must be true.
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已經說服她們這是事實。
07:39
Research tells us that the more
a woman believes that everyone gets PMS,
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研究人員告訴我們女性愈相信
每個人都有經前症候群的說法,
07:44
the more likely she is
to erroneously report that she has it.
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她就愈有可能錯誤地說她自己有。
07:48
Let me tell you what I mean
by "erroneously."
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我解釋一下我說「錯誤」的意思。
07:50
You might ask her, "Do you have PMS?"
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你可能問她,妳有經前症候群嗎?
07:53
and she says yes,
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她說有,
07:54
but then, when you have her
keep a daily log
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但之後,在你要她每天記錄
07:57
of psychological symptoms for two months,
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精神症狀兩個月後,
07:59
no correlation is found
between her symptoms
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她的症狀與月經找不到關連性。
08:02
and time of the month.
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08:05
Another reason for
the persistence of the PMS myth
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另一個經前症候群迷思
持久不衰的理由
08:09
has to do with the narrow boundaries
of the feminine role.
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與狹隘的女性角色範圍有關。
08:12
Feminist psychologists like Joan Chrisler
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女性主義心理學家
如喬安克萊斯勒提出,
08:15
have suggested that
taking on the label of PMS
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把自己貼上經前症候群的標籤,
08:19
allows women to express emotions that
would otherwise be considered unladylike.
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讓女性能表達原本會被
視為不嫻淑的情緒。
08:24
The near universal definition
of a good woman
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幾乎放諸四海皆準的好女人定義
08:28
is one who is happy, loving,
caring for others,
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是快樂、慈愛、對人充滿愛心,
08:31
and taking great satisfaction
from that role.
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並且對這樣的角色很滿足。
08:34
Well, PMS has become a permission slip
to be angry, complain, be irritated,
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經前症候群已經成為
能生氣、抱怨、煩躁,
08:39
without losing the title of good woman.
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卻不會失去好女人頭銜的同意書。
08:43
We know that the variables
in a woman's environment
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我們知道女性的環境中有很多變數
08:47
are much more likely to cause her
to be angry than her hormones,
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比荷爾蒙更容易讓她生氣,
08:50
but when she attributes anger to hormones,
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但是當她將怒氣歸咎於荷爾蒙,
08:53
she's absolved
of responsibility or criticism.
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她就免於責任,也免除了責難。
08:56
"Oh, that's not who she is.
It's out of her control."
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喔,她平常不是那樣的。
她控制不了。
08:59
And while this can be a useful tool,
it serves to invalidate women's emotions.
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儘管這可以當作有用的工具,
實際上卻否定了女性的情緒。
09:06
When people respond to a woman's anger
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在大家對女性的怒氣
09:09
with the thought, "Oh,
it's just that time of the month,"
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用「喔,大姨媽來了」
這樣的想法來回應時,
09:12
her ability to be taken seriously
or effect change is severely limited.
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她被人認真看待
或有效改變的機會就大受限制。
09:17
So who else benefits from the myth of PMS?
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那麼還有誰會從
經前症候群迷思中得利?
09:21
Well, I can tell you that treating PMS
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我可以告訴你們治療經前症候群
09:23
has become a profitable,
thriving industry.
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已成為有利可圖、蓬勃發展的行業。
09:27
Amazon.com currently offers
over 1,900 books on PMS treatment.
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亞馬遜網站最近放了超過
1,900 本治療經前症候群的書。
09:34
A quick Google search
will bring up a cornucopia
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在谷歌上隨便找找就能找到
一籮筐的診所、專討或研討會。
09:37
of clinics, workshops and seminars.
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09:40
Reputable Internet sources
of medical information
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聲譽良好的醫療資源網站
09:43
like WebMD or the Mayo Clinic
list PMS as a known disorder.
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如網路醫師或梅奥醫院
將經前症候群列為已知的病症。
09:48
It's not a known disorder,
but they list it.
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這並不是已知的病症,
但他們將其列為之一。
09:51
And they also list the medications that
physicians have prescribed to treat it,
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他們也列出醫師開出的治療藥物,
09:55
like anti-depressants or hormones.
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如抗憂鬱劑或荷爾蒙。
09:58
Interestingly, though, both websites
say that the success of medication
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但很有意思的是,兩個網站都說
治療經前症候群的藥物
成效因不同女人而異。
10:03
in treating PMS symptoms
vary from woman to woman.
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10:07
Well, that doesn't make sense.
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這沒道理。
10:09
If you've got a distinct disorder
with a distinct cause,
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如果你得了某種很明確的病症
起因也很明確,
10:12
which PMS is supposed to be,
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經前症候群就被歸為此類,
10:14
then the treatment should bring
improvement for a great number of women.
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那麼應該會在大部分
女性身上看到治療成效。
10:17
This has not been the case
with these treatments,
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但是這些治療藥物並非如此,
10:20
and FDA regulations say that
for a drug to be deemed effective,
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美國食品藥物管理局的法規說
某種藥物要視為有效,
10:24
a large portion of the target population
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必須在大部分的目標族群身上
10:26
should see clinically
significant improvement.
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看到有臨床意義的改善。
10:29
So we have not had that at all
with these so-called treatments.
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我們還沒有在這些
所謂的治療法上看到這點。
10:33
However, the financial gain
of perpetuating the myth
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然而,延續此項迷思,
10:38
that PMS is a common mental disorder
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即經前症候群是常見、
可治療的精神病症,
10:41
and is treatable is quite substantial.
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所得到的經濟利益相當可觀。
10:45
When women are prescribed
drugs like anti-depressants or hormones,
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如果婦女接受藥物
如抗憂鬱劑或荷爾蒙,
10:48
medical protocol requires that they have
physician follow-up every three months.
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醫療計畫常規要求她們
必須每三個月回診一次。
10:53
That's a lot of doctor visits.
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這可是相當大量的就醫次數。
10:55
Pharmaceutical companies
reap untold profits
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製藥公司賺進數不清的利潤,
10:58
when women are convinced
they should take a prescribed medication
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就因為女人接受她們必須
在生育年齡吃處方藥的說法。
11:02
for all of their child-bearing lives.
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2902
11:05
Over-the-counter drugs like Midol
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非處方藥物如止經痛藥
「美多」甚至宣稱
11:07
even claim to treat PMS symptoms
like tension and irritability,
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可以治療經前症候群症狀,
如緊張及易怒,
11:12
even though they only contain
a diuretic, a pain reliever
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即使藥物成分只有利尿劑、止痛藥
11:16
and caffeine.
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1974
及咖啡因。
11:18
Now, far be it from me to argue
with the magical powers of caffeine,
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那麼,我沒立場爭論
咖啡因的神奇力量,
11:21
but I don't think reducing tension
is one of them.
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但我也不認為咖啡因
有減輕緊張的效用。
11:25
Since 2002, Midol has marketed
a Teen Midol to adolescents.
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6566
自 2002 年起,美多開始
銷售「婷美多」給青少女。
11:32
They are aiming at young girls early,
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他們早早把目標對準年輕少女,
11:35
to convince them that everyone gets PMS
and that it will make you a monster,
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說服她們每個人都會得經前症候群,
而且這會讓妳變成大怪物,
11:39
but wait, there's something
you can do about it:
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但是等一下!妳還有救的!
11:41
Take Midol and you will be
a human being again.
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吃下美多妳就變回人了!
11:44
In 2013, Midol took in 48 million dollars
in sales revenue.
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2013 年,美多的銷貨收入
為四千八百萬美金。
11:51
So while perpetuating the myth of PMS
has been lucrative for some,
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4650
所以延續經前症候群迷思
除了成為某些人吸金的工具外,
11:56
it comes with some serious
adverse consequences for women.
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還為婦女帶來嚴重的不良後果。
12:00
First, it contributes
to the medicalization
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第一,它使女性的生育健康醫療化。
12:02
of women's reproductive health.
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12:05
The medical field has a long history
of conceptualizing
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醫界有著很長的歷史
將女性的生育過程
12:08
women's reproductive processes
as illnesses that require treatment,
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視為疾病、需要治療的概念,
12:14
and this has come at many costs,
including excessive Cesarean deliveries,
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4110
而這已造成許多花費,
包括過多的剖腹產、
12:18
hysterectomies and prescribed
hormone treatments
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2710
子宮切除術、及開出荷爾蒙治療藥,
12:20
that have harmed rather than enhanced
women's health.
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而藥物的傷害大於增進婦女健康。
12:25
Second, the PMS myth also contributes
to the stereotype of women
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第二,經前症候群迷思也是造成女性
12:30
as irrational and overemotional.
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易怒及過度情緒化的刻板印象原因。
12:33
When the menstrual cycle is described
as a hormonal roller coaster
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一旦月經週期被形容為
荷爾蒙雲霄飛車,
12:37
that turns women into angry beasts,
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2820
把女性變成氣呼呼的野獸,
12:40
it becomes easy to question
the competence of all women.
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我們就很容易質疑女性的能力。
12:44
Women have made tremendous strides
in the workforce,
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婦女在工作場合的地位
已有極大的進步,
12:47
but still there's a minuscule number
of women at the highest echelons
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4063
但是仍然只有極少數的女性
處在政府或企業的高層職位,
12:51
of fields like government or business,
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2740
12:54
and when we think about
who makes for a good CEO or senator,
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而且每次我們考慮什麼樣的人
可稱為好的執行長或參議員,
12:59
someone who has qualities like
rationality, steadiness, competence
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5119
具有理性、穩健、能力等條件的人
13:04
come to mind,
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就會在腦中浮現,
13:05
and in our culture, that sounds more
like a man than a woman,
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3541
在我們的文化,那些條件
聽起來更符合男人而非女人,
13:09
and the PMS myth contributes to that.
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3658
經前症候群迷思正是助長的原因。
13:13
Psychologists know that
the moods of men and women
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心理學家知道男人與女人的情緒
13:16
are more similar than different.
226
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更趨相似而非相異。
13:19
One study followed men and women
for four to six months
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4063
一項研究追蹤男人與女人
四到六個月,
13:23
and found that the number
of mood swings they experienced
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發現兩性經歷心情起伏的次數
13:26
and the severity of those mood swings
were no different.
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及其嚴重性並沒有不同。
13:30
And finally, the PMS myth
keeps women from dealing
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4203
最後,經前症候群迷思
不讓女性處理
13:34
with the actual issues
causing them emotional upset.
231
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造成他們心煩意亂的真正原因:
13:38
Individual issues like
quality of relationship or work conditions
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4425
個人因素如
人際關係品質或工作環境,
13:42
or societal issues like racism or sexism
or the daily grind of poverty
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4504
或社會因素如種族歧視、
性別歧視或貧窮的磨難,
13:47
are all strongly related to daily mood.
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3344
都與每天的情緒有很大的關係。
13:50
Sweeping emotions under the rug of PMS
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以經前症候群當藉口
逃避情緒問題,
13:54
keeps women from understanding
the source of their negative emotions,
236
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3852
只是讓女人更難瞭解
她們負面情緒的來源,
13:58
but it also takes away the opportunity
to take any action to change them.
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同時也拿走讓她們
以行動來改變情緒的機會。
14:03
So the good news about PMS
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所以經前症候群的好消息
14:06
is that while some women get some symptoms
because of the menstrual cycle,
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是有些女人的確因
月經週期而有某些症狀,
14:11
the great majority don't
get a mental disorder.
240
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3553
但大部分的女人並不
因此而得了神經病。
14:14
They go to work or school,
take care of their families,
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3227
她們照常工作、上學、照顧家庭,
14:17
and function at a normal level.
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以正常的水準行使職責。
14:20
We know the emotions and moods
of men and women
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我們知道男人與女人的情緒及心情
14:23
are more similar than different,
244
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1951
更趨相似而非相異,
14:25
so let's walk away from
the tired old PMS myth of women as witches
245
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5620
所以讓我們從陳腐的
經前症候群迷思中走出,
不再視女性為巫婆,
而能接受絕大部分女性
14:31
and embrace the reality of high emotional
and professional functioning
246
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4848
每天都過著高情緒
及高專業功能生活的事實。
14:35
the great majority of women
live every day.
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14:39
Thank you.
248
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謝謝。
14:41
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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