Teddy Cruz: How architectural innovations migrate across borders

翻译人员: Peipei Xiang 校对人员: Wang Xiaofu

The urban explosion

由于过去这几年由于经济快速发展

of the last years of economic boom

导致了过度城市化，

also produced dramatic marginalization,

也带来了严重的边缘化问题，

resulting in the explosion of slums

造成了世界各地

in many parts of the world.

贫民窟的爆炸性增长。

This polarization of enclaves of mega-wealth

超级富有的飞地周围

surrounded by sectors of poverty

则是各种贫困区，

and the socioeconomic inequalities they have engendered

这种两极分化和由此造成的社会经济上的不平等

is really at the center of today's urban crisis.

正是今天的城市危机的重要内容。

But I want to begin tonight

不过今晚我要指出的是，

by suggesting that this urban crisis

城市危机

is not only economic or environmental.

不仅仅是经济或者环境因素造成的，

It's particularly a cultural crisis,

它更多的是一场文化的危机，

a crisis of the institutions

在这场危机中，

unable to reimagine the stupid ways

社会机制无法改变

which we have been growing,

我们一直以来所选择的不明智的增长方式，

unable to challenge the oil-hungry,

不敢挑战这种渴望石油的、

selfish urbanization that have perpetuated

自私的，基于消费的

cities based on consumption,

不断扩张的城市化进程，

from southern California to New York to Dubai.

从南加州，到纽约，到迪拜。

So I just really want to share with you a reflection

所以我只是想跟大家分享我的思考和体会——

that the future of cities today

当今城市的未来

depends less on buildings

不再取决于高楼大厦

and, in fact, depends more

而事实上，更多地取决于

on the fundamental reorganization of socioeconomic relations,

社会经济关系的全新重组；

that the best ideas in the shaping

塑造未来城市的

of the city in the future

好点子

will not come from enclaves of economic power

不会来自于经济实力强大

and abundance,

和富有的飞地，

but in fact from sectors of conflict and scarcity

而实际上会来自于那些有矛盾和资源稀缺的区域，

from which an urgent imagination

那里有着迫切的想象力，

can really inspire us to rethink urban growth today.

可以真正启发我们重新思考今天的城市增长。

And let me illustrate what I mean

现在让我来具体解释一下

by understanding or engaging sites of conflict

为什么说那些有着矛盾的地方

as harboring creativity, as I briefly introduce you

充满了创造力，下面我给大家简单介绍一下

to the Tijuana-San Diego border region,

靠近蒂华纳（墨西哥城市）和圣地亚哥（美国城市）的 边境地区，

which has been the laboratory to rethink my practice as an architect.

那是我重新思考如何做好一个建筑设计师的实验室。

This is the wall, the border wall,

这是一堵墙，边境墙，

that separates San Diego and Tijuana,

两边分别是圣地亚哥和蒂华纳，

Latin America and the United States,

美国和拉美，

a physical emblem

这堵墙象征着

of exclusionary planning policies

两边的排他性规划政策，

that have perpetuated the division

这些政策延续并加剧了

of communities, jurisdictions

世界各地社区之间、司法之间

and resources across the world.

和资源之间的差距。

In this border region, we find

在这个边境地区，我们可以找到

some of the wealthiest real estate,

一些最昂贵的地产，

as I once found in the edges of San Diego,

我曾经在圣地亚哥的边缘看到过，

barely 20 minutes away

而那距离拉美一些

from some of the poorest settlements in Latin America.

最贫穷的区域仅20分钟车程。

And while these two cities have the same population,

这两个城市有一样的人口数量，

San Diego has grown six times larger than Tijuana

但是在过去的10年里面，圣地亚哥扩张了

in the last decades,

近六个蒂华纳的面积。

immediately thrusting us to confront

这就使得我们要立即面对

the tensions and conflicts

由于城市扩张和密度增加带来的

between sprawl and density,

紧张和冲突，

which are at the center of today's discussion

也就是我们今天要讨论的

about environmental sustainability.

关于环境可持续性的重要内容。

So I've been arguing in the last years

在过去的这些年里，我一直在强调，

that, in fact, the slums of Tijuana can teach a lot

事实上，圣地亚哥的扩张可以

to the sprawls of San Diego

从蒂华纳的贫民窟中学到很多东西，

when it comes to socioeconomic sustainability,

特别是关于社会经济的可持续性，

that we should pay attention and learn

我们应该关注并学习

from the many migrant communities

这道边境墙两边的

on both sides of this border wall

很多移民社区，

so that we can translate their informal processes

这样我们就可以把他们的非正式的实践

of urbanization.

运用到城市化进程中去。

What do I mean by the informal in this case?

我这里的“非正式”是什么意思呢？

I'm really just talking about

其实我说的只是

the compendium of social practices of adaptation

那些为了适应社会的社会实践的集合，

that enable many of these migrant communities

那些社会实践使得很多移民社区能够

to transgress imposed political and economic recipes

绕过强加的城市化进程中的

of urbanization.

政治和经济制度。

I'm talking simply about the creative intelligence

我说的仅仅是来自底层的

of the bottom-up,

创造力，

whether manifested in the slums of Tijuana

不管是用来自圣地亚哥的垃圾

that build themselves, in fact, with the waste of San Diego,

建造的蒂华纳的贫民窟，

or the many migrant neighborhoods in Southern California

还是过去十年在南加州的

that have begun to be retrofitted with difference

很多重新改造的

in the last decades.

移民社区。

So I've been interested as an artist

作为一个艺术家，我一直对

in the measuring, the observation,

测量和观察

of many of the trans-border informal flows

边境地区的那些跨边境的非正式的流动

across this border:

很感兴趣。

in one direction, from south to north,

一方面，从南到北，

the flow of immigrants into the United States,

移民流入美国，

and from north to south the flow of waste

另一方面，从北到南，

from southern California into Tijuana.

南加州的垃圾流入蒂华纳。

I'm referring to the recycling

我说的垃圾指的是

of these old post-war bungalows

那些战后平房，

that Mexican contractors bring to the border

墨西哥承包商们把它们拉到边境来，

as American developers are disposing of them

因为美国开发商

in the process of building a more inflated version

为了建造一个更加膨胀的郊区，

of suburbia in the last decades.

在过去的十年里正在将它们抛弃。

So these are houses waiting to cross the border.

看这些就是准备跨越边境的房子。

Not only people cross the border here,

在这里不仅仅是人们在跨越边境，

but entire chunks of one city move to the next,

而且一个城市的整块区域也被搬过去，

and when these houses are placed on top of these steel frames,

当这些房子被放置于这些钢筋框架上时，

they leave the first floor to become the second

它们就从一楼变成了二楼，

to be in-filled with more house,

从而有更多的空间填充进更多的房子

with a small business.

作为商业用途。

This layering of spaces and economies

这种空间和经济的分层

is very interesting to notice.

非常有意思。

But not only houses, also small debris

但是不仅仅是房子，还有一些小的废件

from one city, from San Diego, to Tijuana.

从一个城市，从圣地亚哥到蒂华纳。

Probably a lot of you have seen the rubber tires

很多人应该看过橡胶轮胎

that are used in the slums to build retaining walls.

被用于建造贫民窟的挡土墙。

But look at what people have done here in conditions

但是看看这些人在突发的社会经济状况下

of socioeconomic emergency.

是怎么做的。

They have figured out how to peel off the tire,

他们学会了把轮胎上的橡胶扯下来，

how to thread it and interlock it

用线穿起来并固定在一起，

to construct a more efficient retaining wall.

来打造一堵更有效的挡土墙。

Or the garage doors that are brought

还有那些用圣地亚哥的卡车装过来的

from San Diego in trucks

车库大门

to become the new skin of emergency housing

则成为了蒂华纳边缘

in many of these slums

很多贫民窟的

surrounding the edges of Tijuana.

紧急住房的外墙。

So while, as an architect,

虽然作为一个建筑设计师，

this is a very compelling thing to witness,

见证这些有创造性的举动

this creative intelligence,

让人非常兴奋，

I also want to keep myself in check.

不过我还是不能让自己兴奋过了头。

I don't want to romanticize poverty.

我不希望美化贫困。

I just want to suggest

我只是想说

that this informal urbanization

这种非正式的城市化

is not just the image of precariousness,

不仅仅是表面看上去的危险的样子，

that informality here, the informal,

这里的非正式性

is really a set of socioeconomic and political procedures

其实是一系列的社会经济和政治行为，

that we could translate as artists,

作为艺术家我们可以将其

that this is about a bottom-up urbanization

理解为这是一场自下而上的

that performs.

城市化进程。

See here, buildings are not important

这里楼房的重要性

just for their looks,

不是体现在它们的外表，

but, in fact, they are important for what they can do.

而是它们的功能。

They truly perform as they transform through time

它们随着时间变化调整，

and as communities negotiate

在社区对空间、界限和资源的谈判过程中

the spaces and boundaries and resources.

真正发挥作用。

So while waste flows southbound,

垃圾流向南边，

people go north in search of dollars,

同时人们为了发财致富流向北边，

and most of my research has had to do

我大部分的研究都是关于

with the impact of immigration

这些移民

in the alteration of the homogeneity

对美国的很多社区，

of many neighborhoods in the United States,

特别是圣地亚哥的社区的同质性

particularly in San Diego.

造成的影响。

And I'm talking about how this begins to suggest

我要说的是，这意味着

that the future of Southern California

南加州的未来

depends on the retrofitting

取决于对快速城市化的重新改造，

of the large urbanization -- I mean, on steroids --

要大规模地，

with the small programs,

引入小的

social and economic.

社会和经济项目。

I'm referring to how immigrants,

我指的是，当移民

when they come to these neighborhoods,

进入到这些社区的时候，

they begin to alter the one-dimensionality

它们开始把简单的

of parcels and properties

物品和居住地

into more socially and economically complex systems,

改造成更加复杂的社会和经济体，

as they begin to plug an informal economy into a garage,

比如在车库开始非常规的经济，

or as they build an illegal granny flat

或者建造一个非法的给奶奶居住的公寓房

to support an extended family.

以支持一个大家庭。

This socioeconomic entrepreneurship

在这些社区里面的

on the ground within these neighborhoods

这种社会经济创举

really begins to suggest ways of translating that

给我们提供了制定

into new, inclusive and more equitable

新的，更有包容性的，更公平的

land use policies.

土地使用政策的参考。

So many stories emerge from these dynamics

从这些空间改造的活动中

of alteration of space,

涌现出了那么多的故事，

such as "the informal Buddha,"

比如“非正式的菩萨”，

which tells the story of a small house

这个故事讲的是一个

that saved itself, it did not travel to Mexico,

“活下来”的小房子，它没有被拉到墨西哥，

but it was retrofitted in the end

而是被重新改造成了

into a Buddhist temple,

一个佛教寺庙，

and in so doing,

这样

this small house transforms or mutates

这个小房子摇身一变，

from a singular dwelling

从一个单一的住宅

into a small, or a micro, socioeconomic

变成了社区里面一个小的，微型的，

and cultural infrastructure inside a neighborhood.

社会经济和文化的基础设施。

So these action neighborhoods, as I call them,

这些我称之为“行动社区”，

really become the inspiration

它们让我们重新思考和定义

to imagine other interpretations of citizenship

“公民”的涵义，

that have less to do, in fact,

“公民”其实和

with belonging to the nation-state,

属于哪个国家并不那么相关，

and more with upholding the notion of citizenship

而是和维护这样的一个公民概念更相关，

as a creative act

即“公民”是

that reorganizes institutional protocols

人们在城市空间里面重组社会规定的

in the spaces of the city.

有创意的行为。

As an artist, I've been interested, in fact,

作为一个艺术家，事实上我一直对

in the visualization of citizenship,

“公民”的可视化，

the gathering of many anecdotes, urban stories,

收集趣闻轶事和城市里发生的故事很感兴趣，

in order to narrativize the relationship

目的是为了能够讲述

between social processes and spaces.

社会进程和空间之间的关系。

This is a story of a group of teenagers

这个一个关于一群青少年的故事，

that one night, a few months ago,

一天晚上，几个月前，

decided to invade this space under the freeway

他们决定侵占高速公路下面的那块空地

to begin constructing their own skateboard park.

来建造他们自己的滑板公园。

With shovels in hand, they started to dig.

手里拿着铲子，他们就开始挖了。

Two weeks later, the police stopped them.

两个星期以后，警察制止了他们。

They barricaded the place,

警察把那个地方围了起来，

and the teenagers were evicted,

把这群青少年赶了出去，

and the teenagers decided to fight back,

这群青少年决定回击，

not with bank cards or slogans

不是通过银行卡或口号，

but with constructing a critical process.

而是通过一系列的关键行动。

The first thing they did was to recognize

他们做的第一件事情就是找出

the specificity of political jurisdiction

管辖那片空地的

inscribed in that empty space.

政府。

They found out that they had been lucky

他们很幸运地发现

because they had not begun to dig

他们还没有挖到

under Caltrans territoy.

加州运输局下辖的领土。

Caltrans is a state agency that governs the freeway,

加州运输局是一个管辖高速公路的政府部门，

so it would have been very difficult to negotiate with them.

如果要跟他们谈判就很麻烦了。

They were lucky, they said, because they began

这群青少年说，他们很幸运因为他们

to dig under an arm of the freeway

挖的是高速公路延伸出去的一段公路下面的领土，

that belongs to the local municipality.

那是属于当地政府的。

They were also lucky, they said,

他们说，他们还很幸运的是，

because they began to dig in a sort of

他们开始挖到一个

Bermuda Triangle of jurisdiction,

类似百慕大三角的司法管辖区，

between port authority, airport authority,

由港口管理局、机场管理局、

two city districts, and a review board.

两个城市和一个审查委员会组成。

All these red lines are the invisible

所有的这些红线都是

political institutions that were inscribed

那些看不见的管理那块剩下的空地的

in that leftover empty space.

政治机构。

With this knowledge, these teenagers

在了解了这些背景资料后，这群青少年

as skaters confronted the city.

作为溜冰者跟这座城市进行了对峙。

They came to the city attorney's office.

他们来到了这个城市律师的办公室。

The city attorney told them

律师告诉他们

that in order to continue the negotiation

如果要继续谈判，

they had to become an NGO,

他们必须先成立一个非政府组织（NGO），

and of course they didn't know what an NGO was.

当然他们完全不知道NGO是什么东西。

They had to talk to their friends in Seattle

他们和他们在西雅图的

who had gone through the same experience.

经历过类似事件的朋友进行了交流。

And they began to realize the necessity

然后他们意识到有必要

to organize themselves even deeper

更好地组织自己、

and began to fundraise, to organize budgets,

筹资、管理资金，

to really be aware of all the knowledge

更好地了解所有

embedded in the urban code in San Diego

有关圣地亚哥这个城市的知识，

so that they could begin to redefine

这样他们才能开始重新定义

the very meaning of public space in the city,

城市里的公共空间的真正意义，

expanding it to other categories.

并把它扩展到其它范畴。

At the end, the teenagers won the case

最终，这群青少年用那些证据

with that evidence, and they were able

赢得了这唱官司，并且他们还被允许

to construct their skateboard park

在那个高速公路下面建起了

under that freeway.

他们的滑板公园。

Now for many of you, this story

对你们很多人来说，这个故事

might seem trivial or naive.

可能看上去微不足道或者有些天真。

For me as an architect, it has become

而我作为一个建筑设计师，这对我

a fundamental narrative,

是一个非常重要的故事，

because it begins to teach me

因为它教会我

that this micro-community

这个微型社区

not only designed another category of public space

不仅仅创造了另一类的公共空间范畴，

but they also designed the socioeconomic protocols

他们还创造了这个空间的

that were necessary to be inscribed in that space

长期可持续发展所需要的

for its long-term sustainability.

社会经济规则。

They also taught me

他们还教会我，

that similar to the migrant communities

就像边境两边的

on both sides of the border,

移民社区一样，

they engaged conflict itself as a creative tool,

他们把矛盾转化成了一个有创意的工具，

because they had to produce a process

因为他们需要创造这样一个机会

that enabled them to reorganize resources

让他们能够重组资源

and the politics of the city.

和这个城市的政治。

In that act, that informal,

通过这样的行动，这种非正式的、

bottom-up act of transgression,

自下而上的变动

really began to trickle up

慢慢开始流向上层

to transform top-down policy.

来影响自上而下的政策。

Now this journey from the bottom-up

这种从自下而上

to the transformation of the top-down

到自上而下的变革

is where I find hope today.

正是我今天怀抱希望的理由。

And I'm thinking of how these modest alterations

我在想，这些

with space and with policy

在世界各地的

in many cities in the world,

空间和政策的变动，

in primarily the urgency

主要是出于集体的

of a collective imagination

迫切需要，

as these communities

所以这些社区

reimagine their own forms of governance,

重新想象他们自己的管理模式、

social organization, and infrastructure,

社会组织和基础设施，

really is at the center

这些正是

of the new formation

城市的民主政治

of democratic politics of the urban.

新变化的重要内容。

It is, in fact, this that could become the framework

事实上，这些正是可以成为

for producing new social

追求城市里的新的社会

and economic justice in the city.

和经济公平的框架。

I want to say this and emphasize it,

我想说这一点并强调它，

because this is the only way I see

因为我觉得这是今天唯一的

that can enable us to move

可以让我们从

from urbanizations of consumption

消费型的城市化

to neighborhoods of production today.

转向生产型的社区的唯一办法。

Thank you.

谢谢！

(Applause)

（掌声）