Teddy Cruz: How architectural innovations migrate across borders

49,536 views ใƒป 2014-02-05

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Gichung Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
The urban explosion
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์ง€๋‚œ ํ•ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ
00:15
of the last years of economic boom
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๋„์‹œ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์€
00:19
also produced dramatic marginalization,
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๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์†Œ์™ธํ˜„์ƒ๋„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
resulting in the explosion of slums
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๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณณ์—
00:25
in many parts of the world.
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๋นˆ๋ฏผ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
This polarization of enclaves of mega-wealth
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๋นˆ๊ณค ๊ณ„์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์ธ
00:31
surrounded by sectors of poverty
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ํŠน์ •๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ถ€์˜ ์–‘๊ทนํ™”์™€
00:34
and the socioeconomic inequalities they have engendered
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์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€
00:37
is really at the center of today's urban crisis.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋„์‹œ ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
But I want to begin tonight
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋ฐค
00:43
by suggesting that this urban crisis
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์ด ๋„์‹œ ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋‚˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€
00:46
is not only economic or environmental.
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์•„๋‹˜์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
It's particularly a cultural crisis,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์œ„๊ธฐ์ด์ž
00:52
a crisis of the institutions
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์ œ๋„์  ์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ
00:55
unable to reimagine the stupid ways
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„
00:59
which we have been growing,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ 
01:01
unable to challenge the oil-hungry,
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๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์—์„œ ๋‰ด์š•, ๋‘๋ฐ”์ด๊นŒ์ง€
01:05
selfish urbanization that have perpetuated
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์„์œ ์— ๊ตถ์ฃผ๋ฆฐ
์†Œ๋น„๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ
01:09
cities based on consumption,
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01:11
from southern California to New York to Dubai.
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๋ฌธ์ œ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
So I just really want to share with you a reflection
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜
01:20
that the future of cities today
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š”
01:23
depends less on buildings
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๊ฑด๋ฌผ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
01:25
and, in fact, depends more
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”
01:28
on the fundamental reorganization of socioeconomic relations,
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์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœํŽธ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์–ด์„œ
01:33
that the best ideas in the shaping
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”
01:35
of the city in the future
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์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€
01:36
will not come from enclaves of economic power
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๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ’์š”์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
01:41
and abundance,
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๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
but in fact from sectors of conflict and scarcity
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ ˆ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ
๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋นˆ๊ณคํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€
01:48
from which an urgent imagination
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01:50
can really inspire us to rethink urban growth today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋„์‹œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์žฌ๊ณ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
And let me illustrate what I mean
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์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ’€์–ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด
01:58
by understanding or engaging sites of conflict
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๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์ง€์—ญ๋“ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์™€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
02:02
as harboring creativity, as I briefly introduce you
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์ฐฝ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ณ ์ž
ํ‹ฐํ™”๋‚˜-์ƒŒ๋””์—๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
to the Tijuana-San Diego border region,
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02:09
which has been the laboratory to rethink my practice as an architect.
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์ด ๊ณณ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ผ์„ ์žฌ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
This is the wall, the border wall,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ
02:15
that separates San Diego and Tijuana,
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์ƒŒ๋””์—๊ณ ์™€ ํ‹ฐํ™”๋‚˜,
02:18
Latin America and the United States,
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๋‚จ๋ฏธ์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
02:21
a physical emblem
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๋ฐฐํƒ€์ ์ธ ๊ณ„ํš ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์˜
02:23
of exclusionary planning policies
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ƒ์ง•์œผ๋กœ์„œ
02:25
that have perpetuated the division
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์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ๊ณผ
02:28
of communities, jurisdictions
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์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ž์›์˜ ๋ถ„์—ด์„
02:30
and resources across the world.
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์˜์†์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
In this border region, we find
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์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
02:36
some of the wealthiest real estate,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
as I once found in the edges of San Diego,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒŒ๋””์—๊ณ  ๋ณ€๋‘๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
02:41
barely 20 minutes away
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๋‚จ๋ฏธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
02:43
from some of the poorest settlements in Latin America.
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20๋ถ„๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
And while these two cities have the same population,
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์ด ๋‘ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
02:51
San Diego has grown six times larger than Tijuana
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์ƒŒ๋””์—๊ณ ๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜ ์‹ญ๋…„๋™์•ˆ
ํ‹ฐํ™”๋‚˜ ๋ณด๋‹ค 6๋ฐฐ ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
in the last decades,
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02:56
immediately thrusting us to confront
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์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ 
ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜
03:00
the tensions and conflicts
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์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฐ€์ง‘ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜
03:02
between sprawl and density,
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03:03
which are at the center of today's discussion
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๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธด์žฅ์„
03:05
about environmental sustainability.
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์ฆ‰์‹œ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
So I've been arguing in the last years
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ด์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์€
03:11
that, in fact, the slums of Tijuana can teach a lot
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ‹ฐํ™”๋‚˜์˜ ์Šฌ๋Ÿผ๋“ค์ด
์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ง€์†์„ฑ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ
03:15
to the sprawls of San Diego
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03:16
when it comes to socioeconomic sustainability,
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์ƒŒ๋””์—๊ณ ์˜ ๋‚œ์žกํ•œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
03:20
that we should pay attention and learn
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์–‘์ชฝ์—์„œ
03:22
from the many migrant communities
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๋งŽ์€ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋‹จ์ฒด์—๊ฒŒ
03:25
on both sides of this border wall
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๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์„œ
03:27
so that we can translate their informal processes
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ๋„์‹œํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„
03:30
of urbanization.
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์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
What do I mean by the informal in this case?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:36
I'm really just talking about
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์ €๋Š” ์ ์‘์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ด€์Šต์„
03:37
the compendium of social practices of adaptation
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์š”์•ฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
03:41
that enable many of these migrant communities
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์ด๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€
03:44
to transgress imposed political and economic recipes
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์ œํ•œ๋œ ์ •์น˜์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋„์‹œํ™” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๋“ค์„
03:49
of urbanization.
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๋„˜์–ด์„œ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
I'm talking simply about the creative intelligence
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์ €๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹์˜
03:53
of the bottom-up,
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์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ธ ์ง€๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
whether manifested in the slums of Tijuana
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ํ‹ฐํ™”๋‚˜์˜ ์Šฌ๋Ÿผ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ
03:59
that build themselves, in fact, with the waste of San Diego,
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์ƒŒ๋””์—๊ณ ์˜ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ,
04:03
or the many migrant neighborhoods in Southern California
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๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ด์›ƒ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋“ค์ด
04:05
that have begun to be retrofitted with difference
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์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜ ์‹ญ๋…„๋™์•ˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํ–ˆ๋˜
04:08
in the last decades.
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๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
So I've been interested as an artist
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ
04:12
in the measuring, the observation,
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ„ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ์œ ์ž…์„
04:15
of many of the trans-border informal flows
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๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
04:17
across this border:
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
04:19
in one direction, from south to north,
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ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ์œผ๋กœ,
04:21
the flow of immigrants into the United States,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์ž…๊ณผ
04:24
and from north to south the flow of waste
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚จ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ด๋™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
from southern California into Tijuana.
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๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ‹ฐํ™”๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
I'm referring to the recycling
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์ „ํ›„์˜ ๋‚ก์€ ๋ฐฉ๊ฐˆ๋กœ๋ฅผ
04:32
of these old post-war bungalows
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์žฌํ™œ์šฉ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
that Mexican contractors bring to the border
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
04:39
as American developers are disposing of them
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๊ต์™ธ์ง€์—ญ์„ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฑด์„ค๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
04:42
in the process of building a more inflated version
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ํ๊ธฐ์ฒ˜๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„
04:45
of suburbia in the last decades.
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๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ๊ฑด์ถ•์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
So these are houses waiting to cross the border.
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์ด ์ง‘๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋„˜์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
Not only people cross the border here,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋งŒ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
04:52
but entire chunks of one city move to the next,
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ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
and when these houses are placed on top of these steel frames,
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์ด ์ง‘๋“ค์„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฒ ๊ทผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์œ„์— ๋‘๋ฉด
04:59
they leave the first floor to become the second
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1์ธต์„ ๋‘๊ณ  2์ธต์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
05:02
to be in-filled with more house,
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์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ์ž‘์€ ์ง‘๋“ค๋กœ
05:04
with a small business.
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์ฑ„์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
This layering of spaces and economies
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ๋ถ„์ธตํ™”๋Š”
05:08
is very interesting to notice.
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๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
But not only houses, also small debris
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฃผํƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ž‘์€ ํŒŒํŽธ์ด ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
05:13
from one city, from San Diego, to Tijuana.
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์ƒŒ๋””์—๊ณ , ํ‹ฐํ™”๋‚˜๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
Probably a lot of you have seen the rubber tires
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์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์Šฌ๋Ÿผ์—์„œ ์ œ๋ฐฉ์„ ์ง“๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ
05:18
that are used in the slums to build retaining walls.
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๊ณ ๋ฌด ํƒ€์ด์–ด๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์‹  ์ ์ด ์žˆ์œผ์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
But look at what people have done here in conditions
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์œ„๊ธฐ ์†์—์„œ
05:23
of socioeconomic emergency.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ ์ผ์„ ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์š”.
05:25
They have figured out how to peel off the tire,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํƒ€์ด์–ด๊ป์งˆ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ—๊ธธ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด์—ˆ๊ณ ,
05:28
how to thread it and interlock it
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฌถ์–ด ๊ต์ฐจ๋กœ ์—ฎ์–ด์„œ
05:30
to construct a more efficient retaining wall.
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๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ œ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
Or the garage doors that are brought
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์ƒŒ๋””์—๊ณ ์„œ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์˜จ
05:38
from San Diego in trucks
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์ฐจ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด
05:40
to become the new skin of emergency housing
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ํ‹ฐํ™”๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
05:45
in many of these slums
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๊ฐ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์Šฌ๋Ÿผ๊ฐ€์˜
05:47
surrounding the edges of Tijuana.
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์ž„์‹œ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์™ธ๊ด€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
So while, as an architect,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ
05:51
this is a very compelling thing to witness,
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์ด ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ธ ์ง€๋Šฅ์€
05:53
this creative intelligence,
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๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
I also want to keep myself in check.
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์ € ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
I don't want to romanticize poverty.
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์ €๋Š” ๋นˆ๊ณค์„ ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
I just want to suggest
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ์ €
06:00
that this informal urbanization
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์ด ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ๋„์‹œํ™”๊ฐ€
06:02
is not just the image of precariousness,
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์œ„ํƒœ๋กœ์šด ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ,
06:06
that informality here, the informal,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ์˜ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์„ฑ, ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€
06:09
is really a set of socioeconomic and political procedures
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋กœ์„œ
06:14
that we could translate as artists,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ
06:16
that this is about a bottom-up urbanization
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์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ๋„์‹œํ™”๋ผ๊ณ 
06:19
that performs.
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ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
See here, buildings are not important
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๋ณด์„ธ์š” ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€
์™ธ๊ด€์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
just for their looks,
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06:25
but, in fact, they are important for what they can do.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
They truly perform as they transform through time
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๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ•ด๊ฐ€๊ณ 
06:32
and as communities negotiate
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์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„, ์ž์›์„
06:34
the spaces and boundaries and resources.
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
So while waste flows southbound,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด,
06:40
people go north in search of dollars,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ณ ,
06:43
and most of my research has had to do
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์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
06:45
with the impact of immigration
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์ด์ฃผ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€
06:49
in the alteration of the homogeneity
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์›ƒ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋“ค,
06:52
of many neighborhoods in the United States,
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ƒŒ๋””์—๊ณ ์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ์„ฑ์„
06:54
particularly in San Diego.
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๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
And I'm talking about how this begins to suggest
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
06:58
that the future of Southern California
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๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€
07:01
depends on the retrofitting
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๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋„์‹œํ™”์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
07:04
of the large urbanization -- I mean, on steroids --
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์ œ ๋ง์€ ์ž‘์€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋“ค๊ณผ
07:07
with the small programs,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ
07:09
social and economic.
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๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
I'm referring to how immigrants,
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์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์ด
07:13
when they come to these neighborhoods,
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์ด ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์™”์„ ๋•Œ
07:15
they begin to alter the one-dimensionality
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๊ตฌํš๊ณผ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ผ์ฐจ์›์„ฑ์„
07:18
of parcels and properties
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๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ
07:20
into more socially and economically complex systems,
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ฒด์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
as they begin to plug an informal economy into a garage,
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์ ์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ 
07:28
or as they build an illegal granny flat
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๋Œ€๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ๋ถ€์–‘ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ 
07:30
to support an extended family.
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๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ๋…ธ์ธ์šฉ ์ฃผํƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
This socioeconomic entrepreneurship
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์ด ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
07:38
on the ground within these neighborhoods
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์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€ ์ •์‹ ์€
07:41
really begins to suggest ways of translating that
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์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ํฌ์šฉ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋”์šฑ ํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ
07:45
into new, inclusive and more equitable
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๋ถ€์ง€ ์ด์šฉ ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„
07:49
land use policies.
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๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
So many stories emerge from these dynamics
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋‹ค์ด๋‚˜๋ฏน์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
07:54
of alteration of space,
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๋งŽ์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
07:56
such as "the informal Buddha,"
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€" ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ๋ถ€์ฒ˜"๋กœ
07:58
which tells the story of a small house
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์ž‘์€ ์ฃผํƒ์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•ด์„œ
08:01
that saved itself, it did not travel to Mexico,
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๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ,
08:04
but it was retrofitted in the end
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ถˆ๊ต ์‚ฌ์ฐฐ์—
08:06
into a Buddhist temple,
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์ง€์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ,
08:08
and in so doing,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ,
08:09
this small house transforms or mutates
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ์ฃผํƒ์€
08:13
from a singular dwelling
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๋‹จ๋…๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ํ˜•ํƒœ์—์„œ
08:14
into a small, or a micro, socioeconomic
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์ด์›ƒ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ๋‚ด์˜ ์ž‘๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ์‹œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ 
08:17
and cultural infrastructure inside a neighborhood.
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๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‹œ์„ค๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
So these action neighborhoods, as I call them,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ณณ์„ ํ–‰๋™ ์ด์›ƒ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ,
08:24
really become the inspiration
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์ด๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
08:26
to imagine other interpretations of citizenship
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์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
08:29
that have less to do, in fact,
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์ด ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค
08:31
with belonging to the nation-state,
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๋ฏผ์กฑ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
08:33
and more with upholding the notion of citizenship
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๋„์‹œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ
08:37
as a creative act
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์ œ๋„์  ์˜๋ก€๋ฅผ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ•˜๋Š”
08:39
that reorganizes institutional protocols
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์ฐฝ์กฐ์  ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ์„œ
08:42
in the spaces of the city.
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์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋”์šฑ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
As an artist, I've been interested, in fact,
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์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์› ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
08:47
in the visualization of citizenship,
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์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”๋กœ์„œ
08:50
the gathering of many anecdotes, urban stories,
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๋งŽ์€ ๋„์‹œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ผํ™”๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„
08:54
in order to narrativize the relationship
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜
08:57
between social processes and spaces.
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๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
This is a story of a group of teenagers
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๋ช‡๋‹ฌ ์ „ ์–ด๋Š๋‚  ๋ฐค,
09:03
that one night, a few months ago,
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์–ด๋Š ์‹ญ๋Œ€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด
09:06
decided to invade this space under the freeway
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์ด ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋ชฐ๋ ค์™€
09:09
to begin constructing their own skateboard park.
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๊ทธ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ์Šค์ผ€์ดํŠธ๋ณด๋“œ ๊ณต์›์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
With shovels in hand, they started to dig.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋•…์„ ํŒŒ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
Two weeks later, the police stopped them.
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2์ฃผ ํ›„์—, ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ €์ง€์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
They barricaded the place,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ฒฝ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
09:20
and the teenagers were evicted,
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์‹ญ๋Œ€๋“ค์ด ์ซ“๊ฒจ๋‚˜์ž
09:22
and the teenagers decided to fight back,
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์ด์— ํ•ญ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
09:24
not with bank cards or slogans
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์€ํ–‰์นด๋“œ๋‚˜ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ
09:27
but with constructing a critical process.
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๋น„ํŒ์ ์ธ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
The first thing they did was to recognize
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
09:32
the specificity of political jurisdiction
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๊ทธ ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๊ถŒ์˜
09:35
inscribed in that empty space.
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ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
They found out that they had been lucky
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šด์ด ์ข‹์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
09:40
because they had not begun to dig
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์นผํŠธ๋ž€์Šค์˜ ์˜์—ญ์„
09:42
under Caltrans territoy.
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ํŒŒ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
Caltrans is a state agency that governs the freeway,
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์นผํŠธ๋ž€์Šค๋Š” ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ด€ํ• ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…์œผ๋กœ
09:47
so it would have been very difficult to negotiate with them.
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์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ํ˜‘์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
They were lucky, they said, because they began
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ, ์šด์ด ์ข‹์•˜๋˜ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
09:52
to dig under an arm of the freeway
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์ง€์—ญ ์ง€์ž์ฒด์— ์†ํ•œ
09:54
that belongs to the local municipality.
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๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ์˜ ๋ฐ‘์„ ํŒ ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
They were also lucky, they said,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ–‰์šด์•„์˜€๋˜ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
09:58
because they began to dig in a sort of
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•ญ๋งŒ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์œ„์›ํšŒ์™€ ๊ณตํ•ญ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์œ„์›ํšŒ,
10:00
Bermuda Triangle of jurisdiction,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋„์‹œ ํ–‰์ •๊ตฌ์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ์œ„์›ํšŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜
10:03
between port authority, airport authority,
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๋ฒ„๋ฎค๋‹ค ์‚ผ๊ฐ์ง€๋Œ€์™€๋„ ๊ฐ™์€
10:06
two city districts, and a review board.
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์ง€์—ญ์„ ํŒ ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
All these red lines are the invisible
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์„ ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘
10:12
political institutions that were inscribed
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๋‚จ์€ ๊ณตํ„ฐ์— ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”
10:14
in that leftover empty space.
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์ •์น˜์  ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
With this knowledge, these teenagers
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์ด ์‹ญ๋Œ€๋“ค์€
10:20
as skaters confronted the city.
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์Šค์ผ€์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ์„œ ๋„์‹œ์™€ ๋งž์„ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
They came to the city attorney's office.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ ๋‹ด๋‹น ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์— ์ฐพ์•„ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
The city attorney told them
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๋‹ด๋‹น ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
10:27
that in order to continue the negotiation
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ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
10:29
they had to become an NGO,
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NGO๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
10:31
and of course they didn't know what an NGO was.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  NGO๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
They had to talk to their friends in Seattle
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”
10:36
who had gone through the same experience.
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์‹œ์• ํ‹€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
And they began to realize the necessity
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ 
10:40
to organize themselves even deeper
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๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ณ 
10:42
and began to fundraise, to organize budgets,
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์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์„ ์งœ๋ฉฐ
10:47
to really be aware of all the knowledge
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์ƒŒ๋””์—๊ณ ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ๋ฒ•์— ์žˆ๋Š”
10:49
embedded in the urban code in San Diego
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„์„œ
10:52
so that they could begin to redefine
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์‹œ์˜ ๊ณต์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ
10:54
the very meaning of public space in the city,
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์žฌ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ• 
10:58
expanding it to other categories.
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ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
At the end, the teenagers won the case
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ ์‹ญ๋Œ€๋“ค์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šน์†Œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ 
11:03
with that evidence, and they were able
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๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜์—
11:06
to construct their skateboard park
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์Šค์ผ€์ดํŠธ๋ณด๋“œ ๊ณต์›์„
11:08
under that freeway.
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๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
Now for many of you, this story
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š”
11:12
might seem trivial or naive.
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์‚ฌ์†Œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด๋ชจํ•ด ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:15
For me as an architect, it has become
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๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
11:17
a fundamental narrative,
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
11:19
because it begins to teach me
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€
11:21
that this micro-community
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๊ณต๋™ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:23
not only designed another category of public space
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์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ๊ณต๋™ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:26
but they also designed the socioeconomic protocols
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๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์งˆ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”
11:30
that were necessary to be inscribed in that space
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์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ˜‘์•ฝ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
11:33
for its long-term sustainability.
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๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
They also taught me
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋˜ํ•œ
11:38
that similar to the migrant communities
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๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์–‘์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
11:40
on both sides of the border,
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์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ
11:41
they engaged conflict itself as a creative tool,
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๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ธ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
11:45
because they had to produce a process
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹œ์˜ ์ž์›๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์žฌ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
11:47
that enabled them to reorganize resources
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์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
11:50
and the politics of the city.
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๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
In that act, that informal,
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๊ทธ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ
11:55
bottom-up act of transgression,
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์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์นจ๋ฒ” ํ–‰์œ„๋Š”
11:57
really began to trickle up
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ํ•˜ํ–ฅ์‹ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด
11:59
to transform top-down policy.
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์œ„์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํผ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
Now this journey from the bottom-up
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ํ•˜ํ–ฅ์‹์—์„œ
12:07
to the transformation of the top-down
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์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ •์ด
12:09
is where I find hope today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ €์˜ ํฌ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
And I'm thinking of how these modest alterations
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋งŽ์€
12:16
with space and with policy
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๋„์‹œ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ…์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
12:19
in many cities in the world,
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€
12:21
in primarily the urgency
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์ฃผ๋กœ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ
12:23
of a collective imagination
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์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ,
12:26
as these communities
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์ด ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค์ด
12:27
reimagine their own forms of governance,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ถŒ
12:29
social organization, and infrastructure,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์กฐ์ง, ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‹œ์„ค ๋“ฑ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ณ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
12:32
really is at the center
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๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์ •์น˜์˜
12:34
of the new formation
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—
12:36
of democratic politics of the urban.
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์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:39
It is, in fact, this that could become the framework
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค
๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ 
12:43
for producing new social
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ํ‹€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
and economic justice in the city.
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12:49
I want to say this and emphasize it,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
12:50
because this is the only way I see
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—๋Š”
12:54
that can enable us to move
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์†Œ๋น„์˜ ๋„์‹œํ™”๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
12:56
from urbanizations of consumption
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ด์›ƒ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋กœ
13:00
to neighborhoods of production today.
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๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ธธ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:05
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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