Teddy Cruz: How architectural innovations migrate across borders

49,636 views ใƒป 2014-02-05

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Itai Meitar ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
The urban explosion
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ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™
00:15
of the last years of economic boom
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™
00:19
also produced dramatic marginalization,
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ื’ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื“ืจื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช,
00:23
resulting in the explosion of slums
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ืฉืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืŸ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™
00:25
in many parts of the world.
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:28
This polarization of enclaves of mega-wealth
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ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื‘ืœืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฉืจ ืขืฆื•ื
00:31
surrounded by sectors of poverty
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ืžื•ืงืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื™
00:34
and the socioeconomic inequalities they have engendered
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ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉื”ื ื’ืจืžื• ืœื•
00:37
is really at the center of today's urban crisis.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
00:41
But I want to begin tonight
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”
00:43
by suggesting that this urban crisis
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ื‘ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
00:46
is not only economic or environmental.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™.
00:50
It's particularly a cultural crisis,
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™,
00:52
a crisis of the institutions
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ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช
00:55
unable to reimagine the stupid ways
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉื•ืช
00:59
which we have been growing,
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ืœื ื•.
01:01
unable to challenge the oil-hungry,
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ืœืœื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงืจื•ื ืชื™ื’ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืžื ืœื“ืœืง,
01:05
selfish urbanization that have perpetuated
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ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™ ืฉื”ื ืฆื™ื—
01:09
cities based on consumption,
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ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”,
01:11
from southern California to New York to Dubai.
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ืžื“ืจื•ื ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ืœื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืœื“ื•ื‘ืื™.
01:16
So I just really want to share with you a reflection
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืชื›ื ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช
01:20
that the future of cities today
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ืฉื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
01:23
depends less on buildings
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ืชืœื•ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื,
01:25
and, in fact, depends more
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืชืœื•ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:28
on the fundamental reorganization of socioeconomic relations,
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ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช,
01:33
that the best ideas in the shaping
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ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘
01:35
of the city in the future
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“
01:36
will not come from enclaves of economic power
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ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืžืชื•ืš ืžื•ื‘ืœืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™
01:41
and abundance,
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ื•ืฉืคืข,
01:42
but in fact from sectors of conflict and scarcity
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ืืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื•ืžื—ืกื•ืจ
01:48
from which an urgent imagination
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ืฉืžื”ื ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื—ื•ืฃ
01:50
can really inspire us to rethink urban growth today.
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ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื ื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:54
And let me illustrate what I mean
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ืชืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™,
01:58
by understanding or engaging sites of conflict
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืื• ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื›ืกื•ืš
02:02
as harboring creativity, as I briefly introduce you
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ื›ืžื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ื‘ืงืฆืจื”
02:06
to the Tijuana-San Diego border region,
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ืืช ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืื ื”-ืกืืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื•,
02:09
which has been the laboratory to rethink my practice as an architect.
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ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื›ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ.
02:13
This is the wall, the border wall,
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ื–ื” ื”ืงื™ืจ, ืงื™ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ,
02:15
that separates San Diego and Tijuana,
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ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ืกืืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื• ื•ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืื ื”,
02:18
Latin America and the United States,
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ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
02:21
a physical emblem
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ืกืžืœ ืคื™ื–ื™
02:23
of exclusionary planning policies
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ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกืœื•ืช
02:25
that have perpetuated the division
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ื”ืžื ืฆื™ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื”
02:28
of communities, jurisdictions
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ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช, ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜
02:30
and resources across the world.
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ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:33
In this border region, we find
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื
02:36
some of the wealthiest real estate,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื“ืœืŸ ื”ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:38
as I once found in the edges of San Diego,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื•,
02:41
barely 20 minutes away
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ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ 20 ื“ืงื•ืช
02:43
from some of the poorest settlements in Latin America.
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ืžื›ืžื” ืžื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช.
02:47
And while these two cities have the same population,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”,
02:51
San Diego has grown six times larger than Tijuana
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ืกืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื• ื’ื“ืœื” ืคื™ ืฉืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ื™ื—ื•ืื ื”
02:54
in the last decades,
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ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
02:56
immediately thrusting us to confront
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ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื“ ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“
03:00
the tensions and conflicts
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ืขื ืžืชื—ื™ื ื•ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื
03:02
between sprawl and density,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื•ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช,
03:03
which are at the center of today's discussion
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
03:05
about environmental sustainability.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช.
03:08
So I've been arguing in the last years
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ืื– ื˜ืขื ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
03:11
that, in fact, the slums of Tijuana can teach a lot
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืœืžื“ ื”ืจื‘ื”
03:15
to the sprawls of San Diego
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ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืจืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื•
03:16
when it comes to socioeconomic sustainability,
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช,
03:20
that we should pay attention and learn
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“
03:22
from the many migrant communities
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ืžืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช
03:25
on both sides of this border wall
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ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ
03:27
so that we can translate their informal processes
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื”ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื
03:30
of urbanization.
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ืฉืœ ืขื™ื•ืจ.
03:33
What do I mean by the informal in this case?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื?
03:36
I'm really just talking about
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
03:37
the compendium of social practices of adaptation
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ืžืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช
03:41
that enable many of these migrant communities
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ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
03:44
to transgress imposed political and economic recipes
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ืœื”ืคืจ ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ื•ืจ
03:49
of urbanization.
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ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื.
03:50
I'm talking simply about the creative intelligence
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช
03:53
of the bottom-up,
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ืžืœืžื˜ื”-ืœืžืขืœื”,
03:56
whether manifested in the slums of Tijuana
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืื ื”
03:59
that build themselves, in fact, with the waste of San Diego,
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ืฉื‘ื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืขื ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืกืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื•,
04:03
or the many migrant neighborhoods in Southern California
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ืื• ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”
04:05
that have begun to be retrofitted with difference
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ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช
04:08
in the last decades.
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ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
04:10
So I've been interested as an artist
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ืื– ื›ืืžืŸ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืชื™
04:12
in the measuring, the observation,
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ื‘ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื“ื”
04:15
of many of the trans-border informal flows
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ืฉืœ ืชื–ืจื™ืžื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
04:17
across this border:
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”:
04:19
in one direction, from south to north,
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ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“, ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ,
04:21
the flow of immigrants into the United States,
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ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
04:24
and from north to south the flow of waste
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ื•ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื“ืจื•ื ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื•ืœืช
04:27
from southern California into Tijuana.
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ืžื“ืจื•ื ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ืœื˜ื™ื—ื•ืื ื”.
04:30
I'm referring to the recycling
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ
04:32
of these old post-war bungalows
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ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœืžื—ืžื”
04:36
that Mexican contractors bring to the border
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ืฉืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ
04:39
as American developers are disposing of them
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžืคื—ืชื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ืžื”ื
04:42
in the process of building a more inflated version
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื’ืจืกื ืžื ื•ืคื—ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:45
of suburbia in the last decades.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
04:47
So these are houses waiting to cross the border.
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ืื– ืืœื” ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื›ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ.
04:50
Not only people cross the border here,
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ืœื ืจืง ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ,
04:52
but entire chunks of one city move to the next,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ืื—ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจืช,
04:55
and when these houses are placed on top of these steel frames,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืœื“ื” ื”ืืœื•,
04:59
they leave the first floor to become the second
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ื”ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืงื•ืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”
05:02
to be in-filled with more house,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืœืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืดื‘ื™ืชืด,
05:04
with a small business.
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ื‘ืขืกืง ืงื˜ืŸ.
05:05
This layering of spaces and economies
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘
05:08
is very interesting to notice.
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ืœื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
05:10
But not only houses, also small debris
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืชื™ื, ื’ื ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช
05:13
from one city, from San Diego, to Tijuana.
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ืžืขื™ืจ ืื—ืช, ืžืกืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื• ืœื˜ื™ื—ื•ืื ื”,
05:15
Probably a lot of you have seen the rubber tires
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ื‘ื˜ื— ืจื•ื‘ื›ื ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžื™
05:18
that are used in the slums to build retaining walls.
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ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืชืžืš.
05:20
But look at what people have done here in conditions
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืจืื• ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื
05:23
of socioeconomic emergency.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ื›ืœื›ืœื™.
05:25
They have figured out how to peel off the tire,
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืื™ืš ืœืงืœืฃ ืืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื’,
05:28
how to thread it and interlock it
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ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœืฉืœื‘ ืื•ืชื•
05:30
to construct a more efficient retaining wall.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืงื™ืจ ืชืžืš ื™ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:35
Or the garage doors that are brought
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ืื• ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืš ืฉื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื•
05:38
from San Diego in trucks
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ืžืกืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื• ื‘ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช
05:40
to become the new skin of emergency housing
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืขื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื—ื™ืจื•ื
05:45
in many of these slums
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ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ืืœื”
05:47
surrounding the edges of Tijuana.
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ื”ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืื ื”.
05:49
So while, as an architect,
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ืื– ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ,
05:51
this is a very compelling thing to witness,
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืžืคืชื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื•,
05:53
this creative intelligence,
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช,
05:54
I also want to keep myself in check.
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ืื ื™ ื’ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™.
05:56
I don't want to romanticize poverty.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืขื•ื ื™ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
05:58
I just want to suggest
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ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
06:00
that this informal urbanization
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ืฉื”ืขื™ื•ืจ ื”ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ ื”ื–ื”
06:02
is not just the image of precariousness,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืจืขื™ื•ืช,
06:06
that informality here, the informal,
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ืฉืื™-ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืœื ืจืฉืžื™,
06:09
is really a set of socioeconomic and political procedures
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื
06:14
that we could translate as artists,
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ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจ ืืžื ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืจื’ื,
06:16
that this is about a bottom-up urbanization
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ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืจ ืžืœืžื˜ื”-ืœืžืขืœื”
06:19
that performs.
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ืฉืžื‘ืฆืข.
06:20
See here, buildings are not important
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ืชืจืื• ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
06:23
just for their looks,
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœื”ื,
06:25
but, in fact, they are important for what they can do.
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
06:28
They truly perform as they transform through time
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ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ
06:32
and as communities negotiate
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื ื”ืœื•ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ
06:34
the spaces and boundaries and resources.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
06:37
So while waste flows southbound,
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ืื– ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืคืกื•ืœืช ื–ื•ืจืžืช ื“ืจื•ืžื”,
06:40
people go north in search of dollars,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื,
06:43
and most of my research has had to do
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ื ื’ืข
06:45
with the impact of immigration
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ืœื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจื”
06:49
in the alteration of the homogeneity
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ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื•ืช
06:52
of many neighborhoods in the United States,
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ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
06:54
particularly in San Diego.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืกืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื•.
06:56
And I'm talking about how this begins to suggest
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข
06:58
that the future of Southern California
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ืฉื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”
07:01
depends on the retrofitting
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืกื‘ื”
07:04
of the large urbanization -- I mean, on steroids --
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ืฉืœ ืขื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ -- ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื --
07:07
with the small programs,
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ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
07:09
social and economic.
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ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช.
07:11
I'm referring to how immigrants,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื,
07:13
when they come to these neighborhoods,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
07:15
they begin to alter the one-dimensionality
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืดื”ื—ื“-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื•ืชืด
07:18
of parcels and properties
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ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื ื›ืกื™ื
07:20
into more socially and economically complex systems,
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ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
07:24
as they begin to plug an informal economy into a garage,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœื-ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœืžื•ืกืš
07:28
or as they build an illegal granny flat
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ืื• ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™
07:30
to support an extended family.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช.
07:33
This socioeconomic entrepreneurship
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ื™ื–ืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื–ื•
07:38
on the ground within these neighborhoods
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ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
07:41
really begins to suggest ways of translating that
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ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ื–ื”
07:45
into new, inclusive and more equitable
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืจืงืข ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:49
land use policies.
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ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
07:51
So many stories emerge from these dynamics
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ื—ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
07:54
of alteration of space,
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ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘,
07:56
such as "the informal Buddha,"
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”- ืดื‘ื•ื“ื”ื” ื”ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ืด
07:58
which tells the story of a small house
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืงื˜ืŸ
08:01
that saved itself, it did not travel to Mexico,
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ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืกืข ืœืžืงืกื™ืงื•,
08:04
but it was retrofitted in the end
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
08:06
into a Buddhist temple,
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ืœืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™,
08:08
and in so doing,
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ื•ื‘ืขืฉื•ืชื• ื›ืš,
08:09
this small house transforms or mutates
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ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ืื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”
08:13
from a singular dwelling
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ืžืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“
08:14
into a small, or a micro, socioeconomic
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ืœืžื‘ื ื” ืงื˜ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™
08:17
and cultural infrastructure inside a neighborhood.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื›ื•ื ื”.
08:21
So these action neighborhoods, as I call them,
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ืื– ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืืœื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื,
08:24
really become the inspiration
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ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืจืื”
08:26
to imagine other interpretations of citizenship
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ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช
08:29
that have less to do, in fact,
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช, ืœืžืขืฉื”,
08:31
with belonging to the nation-state,
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ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ืœืื•ื,
08:33
and more with upholding the notion of citizenship
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช
08:37
as a creative act
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ื›ืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™
08:39
that reorganizes institutional protocols
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ื”ืžืืจื’ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ืžืžืกื“ื™ื™ื
08:42
in the spaces of the city.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ.
08:44
As an artist, I've been interested, in fact,
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ื›ืืžืŸ, ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืœืžืขืฉื”,
08:47
in the visualization of citizenship,
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ื‘ื—ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช,
08:50
the gathering of many anecdotes, urban stories,
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ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืจื‘ืื ื™ื™ื,
08:54
in order to narrativize the relationship
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื•ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื
08:57
between social processes and spaces.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื.
09:00
This is a story of a group of teenagers
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ
09:03
that one night, a few months ago,
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ืฉืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“, ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
09:06
decided to invade this space under the freeway
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ
09:09
to begin constructing their own skateboard park.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืคืืจืง ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ื‘ื•ืจื“ ืžืฉืœื”ื.
09:12
With shovels in hand, they started to dig.
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ืขื ืืชื™ื ื‘ื™ื“, ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ืคื•ืจ.
09:15
Two weeks later, the police stopped them.
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ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืขืฆืจื” ืื•ืชื.
09:18
They barricaded the place,
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ื”ื ื‘ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื,
09:20
and the teenagers were evicted,
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื•,
09:22
and the teenagers decided to fight back,
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืžืœื—ืžื”,
09:24
not with bank cards or slogans
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ืœื ืขื ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืžื—ืื” ืื• ืขื ืกื™ืกืžืื•ืช
09:27
but with constructing a critical process.
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ืืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงืจื™ื˜ื™.
09:29
The first thing they did was to recognize
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ
09:32
the specificity of political jurisdiction
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ื‘ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™
09:35
inscribed in that empty space.
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ื”ื—ืงื•ืง ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ืจื™ืง ื”ื–ื”.
09:38
They found out that they had been lucky
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื™ ืžื–ืœ
09:40
because they had not begun to dig
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ืคื•ืจ
09:42
under Caltrans territoy.
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ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”.
09:44
Caltrans is a state agency that governs the freeway,
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ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ,
09:47
so it would have been very difficult to negotiate with them.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉืืช ื•ืœืชืช ืืชื.
09:50
They were lucky, they said, because they began
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืžื–ืœ, ื”ื ืืžืจื•, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ื—ืœื•
09:52
to dig under an arm of the freeway
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ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื–ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ
09:54
that belongs to the local municipality.
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ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
09:57
They were also lucky, they said,
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ื”ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื™ ืžื–ืœ, ื”ื ืืžืจื•,
09:58
because they began to dig in a sort of
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
10:00
Bermuda Triangle of jurisdiction,
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ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื‘ืจืžื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜,
10:03
between port authority, airport authority,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื, ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”,
10:06
two city districts, and a review board.
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ืฉื ื™ ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช.
10:09
All these red lines are the invisible
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ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
10:12
political institutions that were inscribed
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ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ื—ืจืชื•
10:14
in that leftover empty space.
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ื‘ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืจื™ืง ื”ื–ื”.
10:17
With this knowledge, these teenagers
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ืขื ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืืœื•
10:20
as skaters confronted the city.
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ื›ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืชืขืžืชื• ืขื ื”ืขื™ืจ.
10:23
They came to the city attorney's office.
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืฉืจื“ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ.
10:25
The city attorney told them
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ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืžืจ ืœื”ื
10:27
that in order to continue the negotiation
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ืฉื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ
10:29
they had to become an NGO,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™,
10:31
and of course they didn't know what an NGO was.
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ื•ื”ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื” ื–ื” ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™.
10:33
They had to talk to their friends in Seattle
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืกื™ืื˜ืœ
10:36
who had gone through the same experience.
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ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”.
10:38
And they began to realize the necessity
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš
10:40
to organize themselves even deeper
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ื‘ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:42
and began to fundraise, to organize budgets,
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช, ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื,
10:47
to really be aware of all the knowledge
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข
10:49
embedded in the urban code in San Diego
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ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ืกืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื•
10:52
so that they could begin to redefine
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ
10:54
the very meaning of public space in the city,
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ืืช ืขืฆื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ,
10:58
expanding it to other categories.
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ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
11:01
At the end, the teenagers won the case
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื–ื›ื•
11:03
with that evidence, and they were able
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ืขื ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื•ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื
11:06
to construct their skateboard park
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืคืืจืง ื”ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ื‘ื•ืจื“
11:08
under that freeway.
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ.
11:10
Now for many of you, this story
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
11:12
might seem trivial or naive.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืืœื™ ืื• ื ืื™ื‘ื™.
11:15
For me as an architect, it has become
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ, ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
11:17
a fundamental narrative,
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ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™,
11:19
because it begins to teach me
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื™
11:21
that this micro-community
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ืฉื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช
11:23
not only designed another category of public space
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ืœื ืจืง ืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™
11:26
but they also designed the socioeconomic protocols
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ืืœื ื”ื ื’ื ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื
11:30
that were necessary to be inscribed in that space
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื—ืจื˜ื• ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ื
11:33
for its long-term sustainability.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœื•.
11:36
They also taught me
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ื”ื ื’ื ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื™
11:38
that similar to the migrant communities
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ื›ื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื
11:40
on both sides of the border,
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ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ,
11:41
they engaged conflict itself as a creative tool,
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ื”ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืืœ ื›ืœื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™,
11:45
because they had to produce a process
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš
11:47
that enabled them to reorganize resources
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ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
11:50
and the politics of the city.
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ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ.
11:52
In that act, that informal,
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ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืœื ืจืฉืžื™,
11:55
bottom-up act of transgression,
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ื”ืžืœืžื˜ื”-ืœืžืขืœื” ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”,
11:57
really began to trickle up
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ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื–ืœื•ื’ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื”
11:59
to transform top-down policy.
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ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืžืขืœื”-ืœืžื˜ื”.
12:02
Now this journey from the bottom-up
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื” ืžืœืžื˜ื”-ืœืžืขืœื”
12:07
to the transformation of the top-down
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ืœื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœืžืขืœื”-ืœืžื˜ื”
12:09
is where I find hope today.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
12:11
And I'm thinking of how these modest alterations
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฆื ื•ืขื™ื ืืœื”
12:16
with space and with policy
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ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช
12:19
in many cities in the world,
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ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
12:21
in primarily the urgency
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช
12:23
of a collective imagination
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ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™
12:26
as these communities
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ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
12:27
reimagine their own forms of governance,
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ื”ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
12:29
social organization, and infrastructure,
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ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื•ืชืฉืชื™ืช,
12:32
really is at the center
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ื”ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–
12:34
of the new formation
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ
12:36
of democratic politics of the urban.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื•ืจ.
12:39
It is, in fact, this that could become the framework
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ื–ื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืกื’ืจืช
12:43
for producing new social
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ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฆื“ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
12:46
and economic justice in the city.
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ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืจ.
12:49
I want to say this and emphasize it,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื–ื”,
12:50
because this is the only way I see
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ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื”
12:54
that can enable us to move
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืงื“ื
12:56
from urbanizations of consumption
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ืžืขื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”
13:00
to neighborhoods of production today.
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ืœืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
13:03
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
13:05
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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