Teddy Cruz: How architectural innovations migrate across borders

49,587 views ・ 2014-02-05

TED


請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。

譯者: Xuwen Zhu 審譯者: Bighead Ge
00:12
The urban explosion
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過去這幾年,經濟的快速發展
00:15
of the last years of economic boom
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導致了過度城市化,
00:19
also produced dramatic marginalization,
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也帶來了嚴重的邊緣化問題,
00:23
resulting in the explosion of slums
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造成了世界各地
00:25
in many parts of the world.
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貧民窟的爆炸性增長。
00:28
This polarization of enclaves of mega-wealth
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超級富有的飛地周圍
00:31
surrounded by sectors of poverty
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則是各種貧困區,
00:34
and the socioeconomic inequalities they have engendered
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這種兩極分化和由此造成的 社會經濟上的不平等
00:37
is really at the center of today's urban crisis.
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正是今天的城市危機的重要內容。
00:41
But I want to begin tonight
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不過今晚我要指出的是,
00:43
by suggesting that this urban crisis
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城市危機
00:46
is not only economic or environmental.
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不僅僅是經濟或者環境因素造成的,
00:50
It's particularly a cultural crisis,
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它更多的是一場文化的危機,
00:52
a crisis of the institutions
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在這場危機中,
00:55
unable to reimagine the stupid ways
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制度機制無法改變
00:59
which we have been growing,
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我們一直以來所選擇的 不明智的增長方式,
01:01
unable to challenge the oil-hungry,
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不敢挑戰這種渴望石油的、
01:05
selfish urbanization that have perpetuated
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自私的,基於消費的
01:09
cities based on consumption,
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不斷擴張的城市化進程,
01:11
from southern California to New York to Dubai.
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從南加州,到紐約,到迪拜。
01:16
So I just really want to share with you a reflection
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所以我只是想跟大家 分享我的思考和體會——
01:20
that the future of cities today
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當今城市的未來
01:23
depends less on buildings
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不再取決於高樓大廈
01:25
and, in fact, depends more
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而事實上,更多地取決於
01:28
on the fundamental reorganization of socioeconomic relations,
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社會經濟關係的全新重組;
01:33
that the best ideas in the shaping
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塑造未來城市的
01:35
of the city in the future
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好點子
01:36
will not come from enclaves of economic power
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不會來自於經濟實力強大
01:41
and abundance,
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和富有的飛地,
01:42
but in fact from sectors of conflict and scarcity
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而實際上會來自於那些 有矛盾和資源稀缺的區域,
01:48
from which an urgent imagination
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那裡有著迫切的想像力,
01:50
can really inspire us to rethink urban growth today.
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可以真正啟發我們 重新思考今天的城市增長。
01:54
And let me illustrate what I mean
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現在讓我來具體解釋一下
01:58
by understanding or engaging sites of conflict
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為什麼說那些有著矛盾的地方
02:02
as harboring creativity, as I briefly introduce you
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充滿了創造力,下面 我給大家簡單介紹一下
02:06
to the Tijuana-San Diego border region,
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靠近蒂華納(墨西哥城市)和 聖地牙哥(美國城市)的邊境地區,
02:09
which has been the laboratory to rethink my practice as an architect.
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那是我重新思考如何做好 一個建築設計師的實驗室。
02:13
This is the wall, the border wall,
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這是一堵牆,邊境牆,
02:15
that separates San Diego and Tijuana,
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兩邊分別是聖地牙哥和蒂華納,
02:18
Latin America and the United States,
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美國和拉美,
02:21
a physical emblem
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這堵牆象徵著
02:23
of exclusionary planning policies
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兩邊的排他性規劃政策,
02:25
that have perpetuated the division
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這些政策延續並加劇了
02:28
of communities, jurisdictions
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世界各地社區之間、司法之間
02:30
and resources across the world.
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和資源之間的差距。
02:33
In this border region, we find
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在這個邊境地區,我們可以找到
02:36
some of the wealthiest real estate,
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一些最昂貴的地產,
02:38
as I once found in the edges of San Diego,
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我曾經在聖地牙哥的邊緣看到過,
02:41
barely 20 minutes away
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而那距離拉美一些
02:43
from some of the poorest settlements in Latin America.
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最貧窮的區域僅 20 分鐘車程。
02:47
And while these two cities have the same population,
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這兩個城市有一樣的人口數量,
02:51
San Diego has grown six times larger than Tijuana
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但是在過去的10年裡面,聖地牙哥擴張了
02:54
in the last decades,
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近六個蒂華納的面積。
02:56
immediately thrusting us to confront
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這就使得我們要立即面對
03:00
the tensions and conflicts
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由於城市擴張和密度增加帶來的
03:02
between sprawl and density,
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緊張和衝突,
03:03
which are at the center of today's discussion
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也就是我們今天要討論的
03:05
about environmental sustainability.
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關於環境永續性的重要內容。
03:08
So I've been arguing in the last years
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在過去的這些年裡,我一直在強調,
03:11
that, in fact, the slums of Tijuana can teach a lot
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事實上,聖地牙哥的擴張可以
03:15
to the sprawls of San Diego
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從蒂華納的貧民窟中學到很多東西,
03:16
when it comes to socioeconomic sustainability,
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特別是關於社會經濟的永續性,
03:20
that we should pay attention and learn
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我們應該關注並學習
03:22
from the many migrant communities
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這道邊境牆兩邊的
03:25
on both sides of this border wall
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很多移民社區,
03:27
so that we can translate their informal processes
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這樣我們就可以把 他們的非正式的實踐
03:30
of urbanization.
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運用到城市化進程中去。
03:33
What do I mean by the informal in this case?
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我這裡的“非正式”是什麼意思呢?
03:36
I'm really just talking about
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其實我說的只是
03:37
the compendium of social practices of adaptation
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那些為了適應社會的 社會實踐的集合,
03:41
that enable many of these migrant communities
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那些社會實踐使得很多移民社區能夠
03:44
to transgress imposed political and economic recipes
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繞過強加的城市化進程中的
03:49
of urbanization.
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政治和經濟制度。
03:50
I'm talking simply about the creative intelligence
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我說的僅僅是來自底層的
03:53
of the bottom-up,
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創造力,
03:56
whether manifested in the slums of Tijuana
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不管是用來自聖地牙哥的垃圾
03:59
that build themselves, in fact, with the waste of San Diego,
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建造的蒂華納的貧民窟,
04:03
or the many migrant neighborhoods in Southern California
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還是過去十年在南加州的
04:05
that have begun to be retrofitted with difference
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很多重新改造的
04:08
in the last decades.
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移民社區。
04:10
So I've been interested as an artist
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作為一個藝術家,我一直對
04:12
in the measuring, the observation,
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測量和觀察
04:15
of many of the trans-border informal flows
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邊境地區的那些 跨邊境的非正式的流動
04:17
across this border:
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很感興趣。
04:19
in one direction, from south to north,
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一方面,從南到北,
04:21
the flow of immigrants into the United States,
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移民流入美國,
04:24
and from north to south the flow of waste
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另一方面,從北到南,
04:27
from southern California into Tijuana.
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南加州的垃圾流入蒂華納。
04:30
I'm referring to the recycling
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我說的垃圾指的是
04:32
of these old post-war bungalows
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那些戰後平房,
04:36
that Mexican contractors bring to the border
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墨西哥承包商們把它們拉到邊境來,
04:39
as American developers are disposing of them
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因為美國開發商
04:42
in the process of building a more inflated version
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為了建造一個更加膨脹的郊區,
04:45
of suburbia in the last decades.
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在過去的十年裡正在將它們拋棄。
04:47
So these are houses waiting to cross the border.
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看這些就是準備跨越邊境的房子。
04:50
Not only people cross the border here,
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在這裡不僅僅是人們在跨越邊境,
04:52
but entire chunks of one city move to the next,
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而且一個城市的整塊區域也被搬過去,
04:55
and when these houses are placed on top of these steel frames,
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當這些房子被放置於這些鋼筋框架上時,
04:59
they leave the first floor to become the second
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它們就從一樓變成了二樓,
05:02
to be in-filled with more house,
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從而有更多的空間填充進更多的房子
05:04
with a small business.
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作為商業用途。
05:05
This layering of spaces and economies
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這種空間和經濟的分層
05:08
is very interesting to notice.
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非常有意思。
05:10
But not only houses, also small debris
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但是不僅僅是房子,還有一些小的廢件
05:13
from one city, from San Diego, to Tijuana.
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從一個城市,從聖地牙哥到蒂華納。
05:15
Probably a lot of you have seen the rubber tires
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很多人應該看過橡膠輪胎
05:18
that are used in the slums to build retaining walls.
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被用於建造貧民窟的擋土牆。
05:20
But look at what people have done here in conditions
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但是看看這些人在 突發的社會經濟狀況下
05:23
of socioeconomic emergency.
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是怎麼做的。
05:25
They have figured out how to peel off the tire,
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他們學會了把輪胎上的橡膠扯下來,
05:28
how to thread it and interlock it
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用線穿起來並固定在一起,
05:30
to construct a more efficient retaining wall.
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來打造一堵更有效的擋土牆。
05:35
Or the garage doors that are brought
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還有那些用聖地牙哥的卡車裝過來的
05:38
from San Diego in trucks
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車庫大門
05:40
to become the new skin of emergency housing
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則成為了蒂華納邊緣
05:45
in many of these slums
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很多貧民窟的
05:47
surrounding the edges of Tijuana.
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緊急住房的外牆。
05:49
So while, as an architect,
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雖然作為一個建築設計師,
05:51
this is a very compelling thing to witness,
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見證這些有創造性的舉動
05:53
this creative intelligence,
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讓人非常興奮,
05:54
I also want to keep myself in check.
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不過我還是不能 讓自己興奮過了頭。
05:56
I don't want to romanticize poverty.
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我不希望美化貧困。
05:58
I just want to suggest
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我只是想說
06:00
that this informal urbanization
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這種非正式的城市化
06:02
is not just the image of precariousness,
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不僅僅是表面看上去的危險的樣子,
06:06
that informality here, the informal,
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這裡的非正式性
06:09
is really a set of socioeconomic and political procedures
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其實是一系列的 社會經濟和政治行為,
06:14
that we could translate as artists,
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作為藝術家我們可以將其
06:16
that this is about a bottom-up urbanization
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理解為這是一場自下而上的
06:19
that performs.
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城市化進程。
06:20
See here, buildings are not important
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這裡樓房的重要性
06:23
just for their looks,
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不是體現在它們的外表,
06:25
but, in fact, they are important for what they can do.
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而是它們的功能。
06:28
They truly perform as they transform through time
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它們隨著時間變化調整,
06:32
and as communities negotiate
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在社區對空間、界限 和資源的談判過程中
06:34
the spaces and boundaries and resources.
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真正發揮作用。
06:37
So while waste flows southbound,
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垃圾流向南邊,
06:40
people go north in search of dollars,
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同時人們為了發財致富流向北邊,
06:43
and most of my research has had to do
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我大部分的研究都是關於
06:45
with the impact of immigration
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這些移民
對美國的很多社區,
06:49
in the alteration of the homogeneity
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特別是聖地牙哥的社區的同質性
06:52
of many neighborhoods in the United States,
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06:54
particularly in San Diego.
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造成的影響。
06:56
And I'm talking about how this begins to suggest
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我要說的是,這意味著
06:58
that the future of Southern California
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南加州的未來
07:01
depends on the retrofitting
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取決於對快速城市化的重新改造,
07:04
of the large urbanization -- I mean, on steroids --
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要大規模地,
07:07
with the small programs,
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引入小的
07:09
social and economic.
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社會和經濟方案。
07:11
I'm referring to how immigrants,
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我指的是,當移民
07:13
when they come to these neighborhoods,
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進入到這些社區的時候,
07:15
they begin to alter the one-dimensionality
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它們開始把簡單的
07:18
of parcels and properties
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物品和居住地
07:20
into more socially and economically complex systems,
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改造成更加複雜的社會和經濟體,
07:24
as they begin to plug an informal economy into a garage,
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比如在車庫開始非常規的經濟,
07:28
or as they build an illegal granny flat
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或者建造一個非法的 給奶奶居住的公寓房
07:30
to support an extended family.
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以支持一個大家庭。
07:33
This socioeconomic entrepreneurship
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在這些社區裡面的
07:38
on the ground within these neighborhoods
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這種社會經濟創舉
07:41
really begins to suggest ways of translating that
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給我們提供了製定
07:45
into new, inclusive and more equitable
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新的,更有包容性的,更公平的
07:49
land use policies.
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土地使用政策的參考。
07:51
So many stories emerge from these dynamics
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從這些空間改造的活動中
07:54
of alteration of space,
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湧現出了那麼多的故事,
07:56
such as "the informal Buddha,"
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比如“非正式的菩薩”,
07:58
which tells the story of a small house
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這個故事講的是一個
08:01
that saved itself, it did not travel to Mexico,
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“活下來”的小房子, 它沒有被拉到墨西哥,
08:04
but it was retrofitted in the end
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而是被重新改造成了
08:06
into a Buddhist temple,
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一個佛教寺廟,
08:08
and in so doing,
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這樣
08:09
this small house transforms or mutates
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這個小房子搖身一變,
08:13
from a singular dwelling
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從一個單一的住宅
08:14
into a small, or a micro, socioeconomic
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變成了社區裡面一個小的,微型的,
08:17
and cultural infrastructure inside a neighborhood.
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社會經濟和文化的基礎設施。
08:21
So these action neighborhoods, as I call them,
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這些我稱之為“行動社區”,
08:24
really become the inspiration
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它們讓我們重新思考和定義
08:26
to imagine other interpretations of citizenship
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“公民”的涵義,
08:29
that have less to do, in fact,
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“公民”其實和
08:31
with belonging to the nation-state,
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屬於哪個國家並不那麼相關,
08:33
and more with upholding the notion of citizenship
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而是和維護這樣的 一個公民概念更相關,
08:37
as a creative act
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即“公民”是
08:39
that reorganizes institutional protocols
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人們在城市空間裡面 重組社會規定的
08:42
in the spaces of the city.
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有創意的行為。
08:44
As an artist, I've been interested, in fact,
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作為一個藝術家,事實上我一直對
08:47
in the visualization of citizenship,
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“公民”的可視化,
08:50
the gathering of many anecdotes, urban stories,
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收集趣聞軼事和城市裡 發生的故事很感興趣,
08:54
in order to narrativize the relationship
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目的是為了能夠講述
08:57
between social processes and spaces.
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社會進程和空間之間的關係。
09:00
This is a story of a group of teenagers
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這個一個關於一群青少年的故事,
09:03
that one night, a few months ago,
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一天晚上,幾個月前,
09:06
decided to invade this space under the freeway
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他們決定侵占高速公路下面的那塊空地
09:09
to begin constructing their own skateboard park.
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來建造他們自己的滑板公園。
09:12
With shovels in hand, they started to dig.
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手裡拿著鏟子,他們就開始挖了。
09:15
Two weeks later, the police stopped them.
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兩個星期以後,警察制止了他們。
09:18
They barricaded the place,
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警察把那個地方圍了起來,
09:20
and the teenagers were evicted,
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把這群青少年趕了出去,
09:22
and the teenagers decided to fight back,
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這群青少年決定回擊,
09:24
not with bank cards or slogans
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不是通過銀行卡或口號,
09:27
but with constructing a critical process.
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而是通過一系列的關鍵行動。
09:29
The first thing they did was to recognize
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他們做的第一件事情就是找出
09:32
the specificity of political jurisdiction
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管轄那片空地的
09:35
inscribed in that empty space.
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政府。
09:38
They found out that they had been lucky
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他們很幸運地發現
09:40
because they had not begun to dig
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他們還沒有挖到
09:42
under Caltrans territoy.
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加州運輸局下轄的領土。
09:44
Caltrans is a state agency that governs the freeway,
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加州運輸局是一個 管轄高速公路的政府部門,
09:47
so it would have been very difficult to negotiate with them.
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如果要跟他們談判就很麻煩了。
09:50
They were lucky, they said, because they began
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這群青少年說,他們很幸運因為他們
09:52
to dig under an arm of the freeway
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挖的是高速公路延伸出去的 一段公路下面的領土,
09:54
that belongs to the local municipality.
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那是屬於當地政府的。
09:57
They were also lucky, they said,
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他們說,他們還很幸運的是,
09:58
because they began to dig in a sort of
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他們開始挖到一個
10:00
Bermuda Triangle of jurisdiction,
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類似百慕大三角的司法管轄區,
10:03
between port authority, airport authority,
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由港口管理局、機場管理局、
10:06
two city districts, and a review board.
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兩個城市和一個審查委員會組成。
10:09
All these red lines are the invisible
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所有的這些紅線都是
10:12
political institutions that were inscribed
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那些看不見的管理那塊剩下的空地的
10:14
in that leftover empty space.
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政治機構。
10:17
With this knowledge, these teenagers
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在了解了這些背景資料後,這群青少年
10:20
as skaters confronted the city.
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作為溜冰者跟這座城市進行了對峙。
10:23
They came to the city attorney's office.
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他們來到了這個城市律師的辦公室。
10:25
The city attorney told them
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律師告訴他們
10:27
that in order to continue the negotiation
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如果要繼續談判,
10:29
they had to become an NGO,
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他們必須先成立一個非政府組織(NGO),
10:31
and of course they didn't know what an NGO was.
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當然他們完全不知道 NGO 是什麼東西。
10:33
They had to talk to their friends in Seattle
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他們和他們在西雅圖的
10:36
who had gone through the same experience.
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經歷過類似事件的朋友進行了交流。
10:38
And they began to realize the necessity
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然後他們意識到有必要
10:40
to organize themselves even deeper
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更好地組織自己、
10:42
and began to fundraise, to organize budgets,
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籌資、管理資金,
10:47
to really be aware of all the knowledge
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更好地了解所有
10:49
embedded in the urban code in San Diego
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有關聖地牙哥這個城市的知識,
10:52
so that they could begin to redefine
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這樣他們才能開始重新定義
10:54
the very meaning of public space in the city,
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城市裡的公共空間的真正意義,
10:58
expanding it to other categories.
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並把它擴展到其它範疇。
11:01
At the end, the teenagers won the case
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最終,這群青少年用那些證據
11:03
with that evidence, and they were able
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贏得了這唱官司,並且他們還被允許
11:06
to construct their skateboard park
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在那個高速公路下面建起了
11:08
under that freeway.
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他們的滑板公園。
11:10
Now for many of you, this story
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對你們很多人來說,這個故事
11:12
might seem trivial or naive.
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可能看上去微不足道或者有些天真。
11:15
For me as an architect, it has become
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而我作為一個建築設計師,這對我
11:17
a fundamental narrative,
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是一個非常重要的故事,
11:19
because it begins to teach me
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因為它教會我
11:21
that this micro-community
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這個微型社區
11:23
not only designed another category of public space
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不僅僅創造了另一類的 公共空間範疇,
11:26
but they also designed the socioeconomic protocols
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他們還創造了這個空間的
11:30
that were necessary to be inscribed in that space
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長期可持續發展所需要的
11:33
for its long-term sustainability.
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社會經濟規則。
11:36
They also taught me
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他們還教會我,
11:38
that similar to the migrant communities
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就像邊境兩邊的
11:40
on both sides of the border,
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移民社區一樣,
11:41
they engaged conflict itself as a creative tool,
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他們把矛盾轉化成了 一個有創意的工具,
11:45
because they had to produce a process
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因為他們需要創造這樣一個機會
11:47
that enabled them to reorganize resources
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讓他們能夠重組資源
11:50
and the politics of the city.
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和這個城市的政治。
11:52
In that act, that informal,
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通過這樣的行動,這種非正式的、
11:55
bottom-up act of transgression,
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自下而上的變動
11:57
really began to trickle up
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慢慢開始流向上層
11:59
to transform top-down policy.
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來影響自上而下的政策。
12:02
Now this journey from the bottom-up
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這種從自下而上
12:07
to the transformation of the top-down
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到自上而下的變革
12:09
is where I find hope today.
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正是我今天懷抱希望的理由。
12:11
And I'm thinking of how these modest alterations
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我在想,這些
12:16
with space and with policy
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在世界各地的
12:19
in many cities in the world,
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空間和政策的變動,
12:21
in primarily the urgency
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主要是出於集體的
12:23
of a collective imagination
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迫切需要,
12:26
as these communities
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所以這些社區
12:27
reimagine their own forms of governance,
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重新想像他們自己的管理模式、
12:29
social organization, and infrastructure,
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社會組織和基礎設施,
12:32
really is at the center
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這些正是
12:34
of the new formation
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城市的民主政治
12:36
of democratic politics of the urban.
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新變化的重要內容。
12:39
It is, in fact, this that could become the framework
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事實上,這些正是可以成為
12:43
for producing new social
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追求城市裡的新的社會
12:46
and economic justice in the city.
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和經濟公平的框架。
12:49
I want to say this and emphasize it,
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我想說這一點並強調它,
12:50
because this is the only way I see
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因為我覺得這是今天唯一的
12:54
that can enable us to move
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可以讓我們從
12:56
from urbanizations of consumption
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消費型的城市化
13:00
to neighborhoods of production today.
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轉向生產型的社區的唯一辦法。
13:03
Thank you.
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謝謝!
13:05
(Applause)
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