Yochai Benkler: Open-source economics

翻译人员: Sophielihui . 校对人员: Shivani Sun

One of the problems of writing, and working, and looking at the Internet

从事互联网工作和研究的一个常见问题是

is that it's very hard to separate fashion from deep change.

有时很难分辨一个新兴事物，究竟是短暂的潮流，还是根本性的变革

And so, to start helping that, I want to take us back to 1835.

为了分清这两者的区别，我想带大家回到1835年

In 1835, James Gordon Bennett founded the first mass-circulation newspaper

1835年，James Gordon Bennett 在纽约创办了第一份大规模发行的报纸

in New York City.

1835年，James Gordon Bennett 在纽约创办了第一份大规模发行的报纸

And it cost about 500 dollars to start it,

当时所花的费用大约是500美元，这笔钱放在今天，大概相当于一万美金

which was about the equivalent of 10,000 dollars of today.

当时所花的费用大约是500美元，这笔钱放在今天，大概相当于一万美金

By 15 years later, by 1850, doing the same thing

在15年过后的1850年，创办一份类似的大规模发行日报，所需费用达250万美金

-- starting what was experienced as a mass--circulation daily paper

在15年过后的1850年，创办一份类似的大规模发行日报，所需费用达250万美金

-- would come to cost two and a half million dollars.

在15年过后的1850年，创办一份类似的大规模发行日报，所需费用达250万美金

10,000, two and a half million, 15 years.

在区区15年间，从1万美金到250万美金，这就是网络所带来的关键变革

That's the critical change that is being inverted by the Net.

在区区15年间，从1万美金到250万美金，这就是网络所带来的关键变革

And that's what I want to talk about today,

从而引出我今天所讨论的话题，以及其与社会协作生产方式的涌现之间的联系

and how that relates to the emergence of social production.

从而引出我今天所讨论的话题，以及其与社会协作生产方式的涌现之间的联系

Starting with newspapers, what we saw was high cost as an initial requirement

先说报纸，为了传播信息、知识和文化，需要期初的大规模资本投入

for making information, knowledge and culture, which led to a stark bifurcation

这就导致了资讯生产者和资讯接受者这两个截然不同的群体

between producers -- who had to be able to raise financial capital,

就像任何其他工业组织一样，资讯生产者是资本的所有者

just like any other industrial organization --

就像任何其他工业组织一样，资讯生产者是资本的所有者

and passive consumers that could choose from a certain set of

而消费者，作为被动的接收方，只能在工业模式所提供的有限几种产品中做选择

things that this industrial model could produce.

而消费者，作为被动的接收方，只能在工业模式所提供的有限几种产品中做选择

Now, the term "information society," "information economy,"

虽然"信息社会,信息经济"这样的字眼一直都被用来形容工业革命之后涌现出的事物

for a very long time has been used as the thing that comes after

虽然"信息社会,信息经济"这样的字眼一直都被用来形容工业革命之后涌现出的事物

the industrial revolution. But in fact, for purposes of understanding what's happening

但事实上，为更好地理解当前的情况，这种提法是不对的

today, that's wrong. Because for 150 years, we've had an information economy.

因为在过去的150年间，我们一直在信息经济之中，只不过这种信息经济是工业化的

It's just been industrial,

因为在过去的150年间，我们一直在信息经济之中，只不过这种信息经济是工业化的

which means those who were producing had to have a way of raising money

也就是说资讯生产者必须有筹集资本的能力，用来支付那250万美元，或是后续投入

to pay those two and a half million dollars, and later, more for the telegraph,

也就是说资讯生产者必须有筹集资本的能力，用来支付那250万美元，或是后续投入

and the radio transmitter, and the television, and eventually the mainframe.

包括电报机，无线电发射塔，电视塔，以及最后的大型主机

And that meant they were market based, or they were government owned,

这就意味着，这些资本或是基于市场的，或是国有的，取决于其所属的社会体系类型

depending on what kind of system they were in. And this characterized and anchored

这就意味着，这些资本或是基于市场的，或是国有的，取决于其所属的社会体系类型

the way information and knowledge were produced for the next 150 years.

这种模式主导了其后150年间，信息和知识的生产传播方式

Now, let me tell you a different story. Around June 2002,

随后事情发生了变化，大约2002年6月的时候，超级计算机领域取得了爆炸性的进步

the world of supercomputers had a bombshell.

随后事情发生了变化，大约2002年6月的时候，超级计算机领域取得了爆炸性的进步

The Japanese had, for the first time, created the fastest supercomputer --

日本第一次超越美国，开发出了最快的超级计算机：NEC 地球模拟器系统

the NEC Earth Simulator -- taking the primary from the U.S.,

日本第一次超越美国，开发出了最快的超级计算机：NEC 地球模拟器系统

and about two years later -- this, by the way, is measuring the trillion floating-point

这张图是表示计算机每秒能够进行的浮点运算次数

operations per second that the computer's capable of running --

两年后，NEC的地球模拟器系统计算机，终于被IBM的蓝色基因超级计算机打败

sigh of relief: IBM [Blue Gene] has just edged ahead of the NEC Earth Simulator.

两年后，NEC的地球模拟器系统计算机，终于被IBM的蓝色基因超级计算机打败

All of this completely ignores the fact that throughout this period,

在此期间，所有人都忽略了另一台超级计算机的存在，它就是SETI@Home

there's another supercomputer running in the world -- SETI@home.

在此期间，所有人都忽略了另一台超级计算机的存在，它就是SETI@Home

Four and a half million users around the world, contributing their

它由来自全球的四百五十多万个人计算机用户组成

leftover computer cycles, whenever their computer isn't working,

以运行一个屏幕保护程序的方式，贡献他们闲置的计算机资源

by running a screen saver, and together sharing their resources to create

这些闲置计算机资源的集合形成一个超级计算机系统

a massive supercomputer that NASA harnesses to analyze the data

这个超级计算机被美国宇航局用来分析太空无线电望远镜发回的数据

coming from radio telescopes.

这个超级计算机被美国宇航局用来分析太空无线电望远镜发回的数据

What this picture suggests to us is that we've got a radical change in the way

这一事件标志着信息创造和信息交换方面的一个根本变化

information production and exchange is capitalized. Not that it's become

并不是说信息工业不像以前那样资本密集了，不是说信息的生产传播所需的资金少了

less capital intensive -- that there's less money that's required

并不是说信息工业不像以前那样资本密集了，不是说信息的生产传播所需的资金少了

-- but that the ownership of this capital, the way the capitalization happens,

而是说资本的所有方，以及筹资的方式，发生了根本的变化，变得分散了

is radically distributed. Each of us, in these advanced economies,

在当前经济时代下，我们每一个人都有这样一台电脑

has one of these, or something rather like it -- a computer.

在当前经济时代下，我们每一个人都有这样一台电脑

They're not radically different from routers inside the middle of the network.

它们和网络中的路由器交换机并无本质差别

And computation, storage and communications capacity are in the hands of

每一个能连接上网的人都拥有计算、存储以及交换信息的能力

practically every connected person -- and these are the basic physical

而这些设备和能力正是我们这个时代创造信息、知识与文化的基本条件

capital means necessary for producing information, knowledge and culture,

而这些设备和能力正是我们这个时代创造信息、知识与文化的基本条件

in the hands of something like 600 million to a billion people around the planet.

这一基本条件正被全球六到十亿人共同掌握着

What this means is that for the first time since the industrial revolution,

这意味着，自工业革命以来第一次，经济活动最核心的元素，最核心的生产力

the most important means, the most important components of the core

这意味着，自工业革命以来第一次，经济活动最核心的元素，最核心的生产力

economic activities -- remember, we are in an information economy

要记住，我们正处在信息经济时代，当前最先进的经济模式

-- of the most advanced economies, and there more than anywhere else,

这些经济活动最核心的元素，第一次分散在了广大民众手中

are in the hands of the population at large. This is completely different than what we've

这跟工业革命以来一直持续的情形截然不同

seen since the industrial revolution. So we've got communications and computation

好了，现在全体民众掌握了信息交流能力与信息计算能力

capacity in the hands of the entire population,

好了，现在全体民众掌握了信息交流能力与信息计算能力

and we've got human creativity, human wisdom, human experience

并且我们同时又富有创造力、智慧和体验，这是另一个重要的生产力

-- the other major experience, the other major input --

并且我们同时又富有创造力、智慧和体验，这是另一个重要的生产力

which unlike simple labor -- stand here turning this lever all day long --

不同于整天撬动杠杆的简单劳动力，我们的创造力,智慧和体验是不可简单可替代的

is not something that's the same or fungible among people.

不同于整天撬动杠杆的简单劳动力，我们的创造力,智慧和体验是不可简单可替代的

Any one of you who has taken someone else's job, or tried to give yours

你们中任何一个曾代替过别人工作的人，或者试图让别人替代你工作的人都会知道

to someone else, no matter how detailed the manual, you cannot transmit

无论工作指导写得多么详细，别人无法代替你在特定情况下的知识经验和直觉反应

what you know, what you will intuit under a certain set of circumstances.

无论工作指导写得多么详细，别人无法代替你在特定情况下的知识经验和直觉反应

In that we're unique, and each of us holds this critical input

因为我们每个人都是独一无二的，每个人都以自己独特的贡献加入到信息经济生产中

into production as we hold this machine.

因为我们每个人都是独一无二的，每个人都以自己独特的贡献加入到信息经济生产中

What's the effect of this? So, the story that most people know

这一切为我们带来了什么呢？说到这里大多数人都会想到免费开源软件

is the story of free or open source software.

这一切为我们带来了什么呢？说到这里大多数人都会想到免费开源软件

This is market share of Apache Web server

这是服务器软件Apache的市场份额，服务器软件是网络交流最重要应用程序之一

-- one of the critical applications in Web-based communications.

这是服务器软件Apache的市场份额，服务器软件是网络交流最重要应用程序之一

In 1995, two groups of people said,

在1995年，有两组人看到了网络应用的巨大前景

"Wow, this is really important, the Web! We need a much better Web server!"

他们说：网络非常重要！我们需要更好的网络服务器！

One was a motley collection of volunteers who just decided,

其中第一组人由形形色色不同背景的志愿者组成

you know, we really need this, we should write one,

他们决定：我们需要更好的服务器软件，我们决定自己写一个

and what are we going to do with what --

然后写完要干什么呢？对了，我们将公开共享这个软件，这样其他人就可以继续开发它

well, we're gonna share it! And other people will be able to develop it.

然后写完要干什么呢？对了，我们将公开共享这个软件，这样其他人就可以继续开发它

The other was Microsoft.

而另外那组人，则是微软

Now, if I told you that 10 years later, the motley crew of people, who didn't control

假如我跟你说，十年后，那些把代码公诸于众，彻底放弃程序所有权的志愿者们

anything that they produced, acquired 20 percent of the market

占有了20％的市场份额（即图上红线所示）

and was the red line, it would be amazing! Right?

这是多么奇妙的一件事呀

Think of it in minivans. A group of automobile

想象一下微型小客车：一群汽车工程师用周末时间开发设计，试图和丰田一较高低

engineers on their weekends are competing with Toyota. Right?

想象一下微型小客车：一群汽车工程师用周末时间开发设计，试图和丰田一较高低

But, in fact, of course, the story is it's the 70 percent,

但事实上，Apache占到70％(蓝线)，在服务器软件这一重要应用上，Apache占有着70％的市场份额，它的客户中甚至包括很多主要电子商务网站

including the major e-commerce site -- 70 percent of a critical application

但事实上，Apache占到70％(蓝线)，在服务器软件这一重要应用上，Apache占有着70％的市场份额，它的客户中甚至包括很多主要电子商务网站

on which Web-based communications and applications work is produced in this form, in

在服务器软件这一网络交流的基础性应用上，开源共享模式开发的产品，与微软展开了全面的直接竞争，这已不是小打小闹式的竞争，其成功与开发者的开源战略模式息息相关

direct competition with Microsoft. Not in a side issue --

在服务器软件这一网络交流的基础性应用上，开源共享模式开发的产品，与微软展开了全面的直接竞争，这已不是小打小闹式的竞争，其成功与开发者的开源战略模式息息相关

in a central strategic decision to try to capture a component of the Net.

在服务器软件这一网络交流的基础性应用上，开源共享模式开发的产品，与微软展开了全面的直接竞争，这已不是小打小闹式的竞争，其成功与开发者的开源战略模式息息相关

Software has done this in a way that's been very visible, because

开源共享在软件开发方面的成就最广为人知，因为这一领域容易量化

it's measurable. But the thing to see is that this actually happens throughout the Web.

但事实上，开源共享在其他领域的应用也已崭露头角

So, NASA, at some point, did an experiment where they took images of Mars

美国宇航局曾做过试验，他们需要用航拍照片来绘制火星地图

that they were mapping, and they said, instead of having three or four

美国宇航局曾做过试验，他们需要用航拍照片来绘制火星地图

fully trained Ph.D.s doing this all the time, let's break it up into small components,

他们想，与其雇用三、四个受过专业训练的博士成天来做这项工作

put it up on the Web, and see if people, using a very simple interface,

不如试试看把这项庞大的工作分割成许多小部分，然后上传到网上

will actually spend five minutes here,

看人们会不会，通过一个简单界面，花上几分钟点点鼠标，共同完成这项工作

10 minutes there, clicking. After six months,

看人们会不会，通过一个简单界面，花上几分钟点点鼠标，共同完成这项工作

85,000 people used this to generate mapping at a

六个月后，共有八万五千名志愿者参与了这个项目

faster rate than the images were coming in, which was, quote,

他们的制图速度超过了卫星传回航拍照片的速度

"practically indistinguishable from the markings of a fully-trained Ph.D.,"

他们的图片质量，用宇航局的话说:“经对比,和受过专业训练的博士绘制的地图几乎没有差别”

once you showed it to a number of people and computed the average.

他们的图片质量，用宇航局的话说:“经对比,和受过专业训练的博士绘制的地图几乎没有差别”

Now, if you have a little girl, and she goes and writes to

假如你有个小女儿，她想写一篇

-- well, not so little, medium little -- tries to do research on Barbie.

嗯，也不是很小，稍大点的女儿，她想写一篇关于芭比娃娃的研究文章

And she'll come to Encarta, one of the main online encyclopedias.

她会搜索到Encarta，一个主要的网路百科全书

This is what you'll find out about Barbie. This is it, there's nothing more to the definition,

在Encarta上，除了简简单单一个定义外，并没有多少其他资料

including, "manufacturers" -- plural -- "now more commonly produce

包括“生产商现在通常生产不同种族的芭比”，比如这个黑人芭比

ethnically diverse dolls, like this black Barbie." Which is vastly better

包括“生产商现在通常生产不同种族的芭比”，比如这个黑人芭比

than what you'll find in the encyclopedia.com,

假如你登陆encyclopedia.com查找的话，你只能找到一个关于历史人物"Barbie,Klaus"的条目

which is Barbie, Klaus. (Laughter)

假如你登陆encyclopedia.com查找的话，你只能找到一个关于历史人物"Barbie,Klaus"的条目

On the other hand, if they go to Wikipedia, they'll find a genuine article

相反，如果你去维基百科的话，他们会有一篇原创的资料文章

-- and I won't talk a lot about Wikipedia, because Jimmy Wales is here --

我不会谈太多的维基百科，因为Jimmy Wales (Wiki创始人之一) 今天也在场

but roughly equivalent to what you would find in the Britannica, differently written,

维基的资料和大不列颠百科全书上的资料是一个类型的，只是写作方法不同

including the controversies over body image and commercialization,

维基的版本会包括关于芭比娃娃“完美身材”的争议和商业化的批评

the claims about the way in which she's a good role model, etc.

还有关于芭比是否能为孩子树立好榜样等内容

Another portion is not only how content is produced, but how relevance is produced.

除了信息内容的制造，开源时代的另一个关键在于对信息相关性，重要性的判定

The claim to fame of Yahoo! was, we hire people to look -- originally, not anymore

雅虎当年雇佣员工编制网络索引，从而一炮而红，当然，现在已不再这样做了

-- we hire people to look at websites and tell you --

雅虎说“我们雇佣员工查阅网页，然后告诉你”

if they're in the index, they're good. This, on the other hand, is what 60,000

“如果一个网站在我们的网络索引里，那么它就是优秀的”

passionate volunteers produce in the Open Directory Project,

而屏幕上显示的，则是六万多名热情的网友所做的“开放索引工程”

each one willing to spend an hour or two on something they really care about,

每一位参与者花上一两个小时在他所关注的领域里

to say, this is good. So, this is the Open Directory Project, with 60,000 volunteers,

整理出有价值的网站，这就是“开放索引工程”

each one spending a little bit of time, as opposed to a few hundred

这是一个邀请每个志愿者花上一点点时间的模式，而非雇佣几百个全职雇员

fully paid employees. No one owns it, no one owns the output,

这是一个邀请每个志愿者花上一点点时间的模式，而非雇佣几百个全职雇员

it's free for anyone to use and it's the output of people acting out of social

项目的成果是完全公开的，成果可以免费为任何人所利用，这是人们出于社会层面或心理层面的动机，而做出的有趣有意义的事情

and psychological motivations to do something interesting.

项目的成果是完全公开的，成果可以免费为任何人所利用，这是人们出于社会层面或心理层面的动机，而做出的有趣有意义的事情

This is not only outside of businesses. When you think of what is the critical innovation

这样的例子同样也发生在商业领域，如果说到Google最关键的创新

of Google, the critical innovation is outsourcing the one most important thing --

Google的创新其实在于将最最重要的一件事情开源外包了出去

the decision about what's relevant -- to the community of the Web as a whole,

这件事情就是在整个互联网上决定哪些内容是相关的、是重要的

doing whatever they want to do: so, page rank.

大众可以任意选择投票，决定哪些内容比较重要，从而产生了“网页级别”的算法

The critical innovation here is instead of our engineers, or our people saying

与其让一些工程师或者员工来决定网页重要性的排序，Google把这一决定权完全放开，请广大网民来做做出这个决定

which is the most relevant, we're going to go out and count what you,

与其让一些工程师或者员工来决定网页重要性的排序，Google把这一决定权完全放开，请广大网民来做做出这个决定

people out there on the Web, for whatever reason -- vanity, pleasure --

人们在互联网上，无论是出于随机或好玩而点击了某个链接，制造了某种关联，Google将会记录下那个链接，并记下所有这类链接

produced links, and tied to each other. We're going to count those, and count them up.

人们在互联网上，无论是出于随机或好玩而点击了某个链接，制造了某种关联，Google将会记录下那个链接，并记下所有这类链接

And again, here, you see Barbie.com, but also, very quickly,

如果你在Google搜索"芭比"，你还是会得到芭比主页, 但是紧接其后

Adiosbarbie.com, the body image for every size. A contested cultural object,

你会得到Adiosbarbie.com，一个倡导真实身材尺码的网站，一个备受争议的社会话题

which you won't find anywhere soon on Overture, which is the classic

要是在类似Overture这样的搜索引擎，Adiosbarbie这类结果里会排在很后面

market-based mechanism: whoever pays the most is highest on the list.

因为它是一个传统的付费制网页搜索引擎，谁付的钱越多，谁的网站排名就靠前

So, all of that is in the creation of content, of relevance, basic human expression.

以上所说的都是无形的信息内容的创造、相关性以及重要性，人们的基本表达

But remember, the computers were also physical. Just physical materials

但别忘了,电脑也是物理实体,事实上我们也在共享电脑这一实物,这体现在无线技术上

-- our PCs -- we share them together. We also see this in wireless.

但别忘了,电脑也是物理实体,事实上我们也在共享电脑这一实物,这体现在无线技术上

It used to be wireless was one person owned the license, they transmitted in an

以前的无线技术是一个人拥有授权，然后在一定区域里进行信息传输

area, and it had to be decided whether they would be licensed or based on property.

然后要看他们是基于授权还是基于所有权

What we're seeing now is that computers and radios are becoming so sophisticated

而今天，我们的计算机和无线电技术已发展得相当复杂成熟

that we're developing algorithms to let people own machines, like Wi-Fi devices,

我们已开发出算法，让人们通过共享协议，使用各自的无线设备，组建起无线网络

and overlay them with a sharing protocol that would allow a community like this

我们已开发出算法，让人们通过共享协议，使用各自的无线设备，组建起无线网络

to build its own wireless broadband network simply from the simple principle:

其运行原理非常简单：当我的端口空闲的时候，我可以为你传送信息

When I'm listening, when I'm not using, I can help you transfer your messages;

其运行原理非常简单：当我的端口空闲的时候，我可以为你传送信息

and when you're not using, you'll help me transfer yours.

而当你的端口不在使用的时候，你也会为我传送信息

And this is not an idealized version. These are working models that at least in some

当然这还不是一个完美的协议版本，但它的试运行版本

places in the United States are being implemented, at least for public security.

已在美国的一些地方开始试行，基于公共安全利益

If in 1999 I told you, let's build a data storage and retrieval system.

如果我在1999年告诉你，我们要建一个数据存储与读取系统

It's got to store terabytes. It's got to be available 24 hours a day,

这个系统将有TB级容量，24小时不间断运行，能从全球任何地方畅通连接

seven days a week. It's got to be available from anywhere in the world.

这个系统将有TB级容量，24小时不间断运行，能从全球任何地方畅通连接

It has to support over 100 million users at any given moment. It's got to

它要能同时支持一亿用户的点击，并且能够抵御攻击，包括关闭主要网页目录，恶意文件入侵，主要网络结点被黑

be robust to attack, including closing the main index, injecting malicious files,

它要能同时支持一亿用户的点击，并且能够抵御攻击，包括关闭主要网页目录，恶意文件入侵，主要网络结点被黑

armed seizure of some major nodes. You'd say that would take years.

你会说建造这样的系统需要花数年的时间，并且耗资数百万美元

It would take millions. But of course, what I'm describing is P2P file sharing.

但当然，我刚才不过是在描述P2P文件共享的一些特性

Right? We always think of it as stealing music, but fundamentally,

不是吗？一谈到P2P大家都只想到非法下载音乐

it's a distributed data storage and retrieval system, where people,

但从本质上来看，它是一个开源分布的数据存储与读取系统

for very obvious reasons, are willing to share their bandwidth and their

人们出于显而易见的动机，共享他们的网络带宽和存储数据，从而形成的一个系统

storage to create something.

人们出于显而易见的动机，共享他们的网络带宽和存储数据，从而形成的一个系统

So, essentially what we're seeing is the emergence of a fourth transactional

从本质上来说，我们看到的是第四种交易传递框架（图中右上）

framework. It used to be that there were two primary dimensions along which

过去我们只能把事物作两个维度的划分：市场化的或非市场化的，分散的或集中的

you could divide things. They could be market based, or non-market based;

过去我们只能把事物作两个维度的划分：市场化的或非市场化的，分散的或集中的

they could be decentralized, or centralized.

过去我们只能把事物作两个维度的划分：市场化的或非市场化的，分散的或集中的

The price system was a market-based and decentralized system.

比如价格系统就是一个市场化的分散经济体系

If things worked better because you actually had somebody organizing them,

如果有些事物更适合有人进行组织监管，那就由政府出面进行非市场化管理

you had firms, if you wanted to be in the market -- or you had governments

如果要市场化，则会让公司参与

or sometimes larger non-profits in the non-market.

非市场化领域有时也会由大型非盈利组织来参与

It was too expensive to have decentralized social production,

分散化的社会生产的成本太高，问题不在于社会本身，而在于经济模式

to have decentralized action in society. That was not about society itself.

分散化的社会生产的成本太高，问题不在于社会本身，而在于经济模式

That was, in fact, economic.

分散化的社会生产的成本太高，问题不在于社会本身，而在于经济模式

But what we're seeing now is the emergence of this fourth system

而我们现在看到的则是第四种社会化的共享与交换模式的兴起

of social sharing and exchange.

而我们现在看到的则是第四种社会化的共享与交换模式的兴起

Not that it's the first time that we do nice things to each other, or for each other,

这并不是我们在人类历史上第一次协同互助，交换分享

as social beings. We do it all the time.

作为社会动物，我们一直都那么做，但这是这种行为第一次产生巨大的经济影响

It's that it's the first time that it's having major economic impact.

作为社会动物，我们一直都那么做，但这是这种行为第一次产生巨大的经济影响

What characterizes them is decentralized authority.

这种模式的特征是权威的分散分布

You don't have to ask permission, as you do in a property-based system.

你不再像在以产权为基础的体系中那样，需要事先征得相关方面的同意

May I do this? It's open for anyone to create and innovate and share,

以前你需要问“可以由我来做这件事吗？”，在新体系中，每个人都有创造、创新和分享的权利，只要你愿意，就可以着手行动，或者和他人合作共事

if they want to, by themselves or with others,

以前你需要问“可以由我来做这件事吗？”，在新体系中，每个人都有创造、创新和分享的权利，只要你愿意，就可以着手行动，或者和他人合作共事

because property is one mechanism of coordination.

因为明确定义的所有权只是所有合作模式中的一种，但它不是唯一的模式

But it's not the only one.

因为明确定义的所有权只是所有合作模式中的一种，但它不是唯一的模式

Instead, what we see are social frameworks for all of the critical things that we use

今天，我们看到这种新的社会合作框架已经渗入到我们最重要的经济活动中

property and contract in the market: information flows to decide what are

信息自由流动从而决定什么才是社会最关心的问题，决定谁是做某事的最佳人选

interesting problems; who's available and good for something;

信息自由流动从而决定什么才是社会最关心的问题，决定谁是做某事的最佳人选

motivation structures -- remember, money isn't always the best motivator.

并形成激励模式，要知道，金钱并不是最好的激励动机

If you leave a $50 check after dinner with friends,

如果朋友请你吃饭后，你在桌上留下一张五十美元的支票

you don't increase the probability of being invited back.

这并不会增加你下次被邀请的机率

And if dinner isn't entirely obvious, think of sex. (Laughter)

如果这个例子还不够明显的话，不妨想想性关系中的情况

It also requires certain new organizational approaches.

这种新框架还呼唤一种新的组织管理架构

And in particular, what we've seen is task organization.

尤其是，我们今天诞生了许多“任务组织”

You have to hire people who know what they're doing.

以前，你需要雇佣很专业人员，让他们投入很多时间

You have to hire them to spend a lot of time.

以前，你需要雇佣很专业人员，让他们投入很多时间

Now, take the same problem,

现在，同样的工作，你可以把它切分细化为很多小部分，只需要一点儿激励和动机就可以完成的很少的工作量

chunk it into little modules, and motivations become trivial.

现在，同样的工作，你可以把它切分细化为很多小部分，只需要一点儿激励和动机就可以完成的很少的工作量

Five minutes, instead of watching TV?

就五分钟，少看五分钟的电视怎么样？五分钟，好吧，反正我觉得它很有趣

Five minutes I'll spend just because it's interesting. Just because it's fun.

就五分钟，少看五分钟的电视怎么样？五分钟，好吧，反正我觉得它很有趣

Just because it gives me a certain sense of meaning, or, in places that are more

或者，因为我觉得这件事有意义，或着为了得到某种归属感

involved, like Wikipedia, gives me a certain set of social relations.

或者像编辑维基百科那样，带给人某种社会关系

So, a new social phenomenon is emerging.

随着这种全新的社会经济现象的形成发展，它也创造出一种新的显而易见的竞争

It's creating, and it's most visible when we see it as a new form of competition.

随着这种全新的社会经济现象的形成发展，它也创造出一种新的显而易见的竞争

Peer-to-peer networks assaulting the recording industry;

P2P共享对传统唱片业产生冲击，免费的开源软件正在从微软手中夺取市场份额

free and open source software taking market share from Microsoft;

P2P共享对传统唱片业产生冲击，免费的开源软件正在从微软手中夺取市场份额

Skype potentially threatening traditional telecoms;

Skype将会威胁到传统电信业的生存，维基百科对其他在线百科全书形成竞争

Wikipedia competing with online encyclopedias.

Skype将会威胁到传统电信业的生存，维基百科对其他在线百科全书形成竞争

But it's also a new source of opportunities for businesses.

但这也创造出全新的商机，一旦有新的社会关系和行为模式产生

As you see a new set of social relations and behaviors emerging,

但这也创造出全新的商机，一旦有新的社会关系和行为模式产生

you have new opportunities. Some of them are toolmakers.

就会随之产生新的机遇，其中包括新模式所需的工具

Instead of building well-behaved appliances

与其搭建那些常规的应用功能，那些你能够预期结果的传统应用

-- things that you know what they'll do in advance --

与其搭建那些常规的应用功能，那些你能够预期结果的传统应用

you begin to build more open tools. There's a new set of values,

不如开发一些开源工具，这里会涌现出新的价值，一些新的人们重视的价值

a new set of things people value.

不如开发一些开源工具，这里会涌现出新的价值，一些新的人们重视的价值

You build platforms for self-expression and collaboration.

你可以搭建人们自我表达与互相合作的平台，比如维基百科，比如开放索引工程

Like Wikipedia, like the Open Directory Project,

你可以搭建人们自我表达与互相合作的平台，比如维基百科，比如开放索引工程

you're beginning to build platforms, and you see that as a model.

你可以建立这样的平台，这就形成新的模式，然后会有浏览者，来查看你的平台

And you see surfers, people who see this happening, and in some sense

你可以建立这样的平台，这就形成新的模式，然后会有浏览者，来查看你的平台

build it into a supply chain, which is a very curious one. Right?

他们的浏览点击行为，从某种意义上将你的平台整合到巨大的网络信息供应链中

You have a belief: stuff will flow out of connected human beings.

你的信念变成：信息会在相互关联的人群中传播开来

That'll give me something I can use, and I'm going to contract with someone.

从中将会产生可以为我所用的东西，然后我会找到最合适的人帮我做事

I will deliver something based on what happens. It's very scary

最终成果完全取决于事情发展，听起来有点可怕，但Google的模式本质上就是这样的

-- that's what Google does, essentially.

最终成果完全取决于事情发展，听起来有点可怕，但Google的模式本质上就是这样的

That's what IBM does in software services, and they've done reasonably well.

IBM在软件服务领域也采取相同的做法，效果也不错

So, social production is a real fact, not a fad.

所以，社会化生产是一个实实在在的重要变革，而非转瞬即逝的短暂潮流

It is the critical long-term shift caused by the Internet.

它是随着互联网的出现而产生的根本性的长期变革

Social relations and exchange become significantly more important than they ever

社会关系以及社会交换作为一种经济现象变得比以往任何时候都更重要

were as an economic phenomenon. In some contexts, it's even more efficient

从某种意义上来说，它比以往的任何模式都更高效

because of the quality of the information, the ability to find the best person,

因为其获得的信息更高质，所找到的人更优秀，所费的交通成本更低

the lower transaction costs. It's sustainable and growing fast.

这一模式有可持续性，并且正在飞速成长

But -- and this is the dark lining -- it is threatened by

然而，从负面来说，这一模式正在受到传统工业模式的威胁

-- in the same way that it threatens -- the incumbent industrial systems.

当然，在同样意义上，它也威胁着传统工业模式

So next time you open the paper, and you see an intellectual property decision,

所以，以后大家翻开报纸看到某个关于知识产权决定

a telecoms decision, it's not about something small and technical.

或者某个关于电信通讯的决定，那不再仅仅是个细枝末节的技术问题

It is about the future of the freedom to be as social beings with each other,

而是与我们作为社会成员与他人建立联系的自由密切相关

and the way information, knowledge and culture will be produced.

并且与以后信息、知识和文化的生产方式密切相关

Because it is in this context that we see a battle over how easy or hard it will be

从这个意义上，我们看到的将是一场旧有的工业模式与新开源经济模式之间的拉据战，或者让工业经济模式继续发展下去

for the industrial information economy to simply go on as it goes,

从这个意义上，我们看到的将是一场旧有的工业模式与新开源经济模式之间的拉据战，或者让工业经济模式继续发展下去

or for the new model of production to begin to develop alongside that industrial model,

或者让新开源经济模式与旧有工业模式同步发展，进而改变我们认识世界描述世界的方式

and change the way we begin to see the world and report what it is that we see.

或者让新开源经济模式与旧有工业模式同步发展，进而改变我们认识世界描述世界的方式

Thank you.

谢谢