Yochai Benkler: Open-source economics

75,705 views ใƒป 2008-04-21

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Esther Metzger ืžื‘ืงืจ: Dan Liebeschutz
00:12
One of the problems of writing, and working, and looking at the Internet
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ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื™ื
00:15
is that it's very hard to separate fashion from deep change.
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ืฉืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™.
00:22
And so, to start helping that, I want to take us back to 1835.
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœ-1835.
00:26
In 1835, James Gordon Bennett founded the first mass-circulation newspaper
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ื‘-1835, ื™ื™ืกื“ ื’'ื™ืžืก ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื˜ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืจื‘-ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
00:33
in New York City.
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง.
00:35
And it cost about 500 dollars to start it,
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ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœื” ื›-$500,
00:38
which was about the equivalent of 10,000 dollars of today.
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ืฉืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืœื‘ืขืจืš $10,000 ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
00:42
By 15 years later, by 1850, doing the same thing
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15 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื‘-1850, ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ
00:46
-- starting what was experienced as a mass--circulation daily paper
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- ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืชืคืก ื›ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืžื™ ืจื‘-ืชืคื•ืฆื”
00:49
-- would come to cost two and a half million dollars.
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ- ยฝ2 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
00:53
10,000, two and a half million, 15 years.
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10,000, ยฝ2 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ, 15 ืฉื ื”.
00:56
That's the critical change that is being inverted by the Net.
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืžื’ืžืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื“ ื”ื–ื”.
01:03
And that's what I want to talk about today,
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ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:06
and how that relates to the emergence of social production.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™.
01:09
Starting with newspapers, what we saw was high cost as an initial requirement
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ, ื•ืจืื™ื ื• ืขืœื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื›ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืคืชื™ื—ื”
01:17
for making information, knowledge and culture, which led to a stark bifurcation
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ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข, ื™ื“ืข ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜
01:23
between producers -- who had to be able to raise financial capital,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื - ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื”ื•ืŸ ื›ืกืคื™,
01:27
just like any other industrial organization --
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ -
01:31
and passive consumers that could choose from a certain set of
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืชื•ืš
01:34
things that this industrial model could produce.
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืฉื“ื’ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื–ื” ื™ื›ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ.
01:39
Now, the term "information society," "information economy,"
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ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข" ืื• "ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืžื™ื“ืข"
01:42
for a very long time has been used as the thing that comes after
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ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืื—ืจื™
01:46
the industrial revolution. But in fact, for purposes of understanding what's happening
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ื”ืžื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ื™ื•ื
01:52
today, that's wrong. Because for 150 years, we've had an information economy.
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ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืฉื’ื•ื™. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžืฉืš 150 ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืžื™ื“ืข.
01:58
It's just been industrial,
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ืจืง ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช:
02:00
which means those who were producing had to have a way of raising money
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ื™ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื›ืกืฃ
02:04
to pay those two and a half million dollars, and later, more for the telegraph,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื ืืช ืื•ืชื ยฝ2 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื•ืื—"ื›, ืขื•ื“ ืœื˜ืœื’ืจืฃ,
02:08
and the radio transmitter, and the television, and eventually the mainframe.
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ื•ืœืžืฉื“ืจ ื”ืจื“ื™ื•, ื•ืœื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™.
02:13
And that meant they were market based, or they were government owned,
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ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™-ืฉื•ืง, ืื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”,
02:16
depending on what kind of system they were in. And this characterized and anchored
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ืžืฆืื•. ื•ื–ื” ืื™ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืงื™ื‘ืข
02:21
the way information and knowledge were produced for the next 150 years.
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ืื™ืš ืฉืžื™ื“ืข ื•ื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘-150 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
02:28
Now, let me tell you a different story. Around June 2002,
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ. ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ 2002,
02:33
the world of supercomputers had a bombshell.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™-ื”ืขืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืฆืฆื”.
02:37
The Japanese had, for the first time, created the fastest supercomputer --
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ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘-ื”ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ -
02:41
the NEC Earth Simulator -- taking the primary from the U.S.,
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ืืช ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ NEC - ื•ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ืืช ืืจื”"ื‘,
02:44
and about two years later -- this, by the way, is measuring the trillion floating-point
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ื•ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืื—"ื› - ื–ื”, ืื’ื‘, ืžื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืœื•ืคืกื™ื
02:48
operations per second that the computer's capable of running --
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ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข.
02:52
sigh of relief: IBM [Blue Gene] has just edged ahead of the NEC Earth Simulator.
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ืœื”ืจื’ืข: ื’'ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื• ืฉืœ IBM ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขื‘ืจื” ืืช ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ NEC.
02:58
All of this completely ignores the fact that throughout this period,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื "ืœ ืžืชืขืœื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
03:02
there's another supercomputer running in the world -- SETI@home.
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ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื—ืฉื‘-ืขืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ: SETI@Home
03:06
Four and a half million users around the world, contributing their
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- ยผ4 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืชื•ืจืžื™ื
03:10
leftover computer cycles, whenever their computer isn't working,
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ื›ื•ื— ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœื ืคื•ืขืœ,
03:14
by running a screen saver, and together sharing their resources to create
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ืข"ื™ ื”ืจืฆืช ืฉื•ืžืจ-ืžืกืš, ื•ืžืฆืจืคื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื”ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
03:21
a massive supercomputer that NASA harnesses to analyze the data
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ืžื—ืฉื‘-ืขืœ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉื ืืกื ืจื•ืชืžืช ืœื ืชื— ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
03:26
coming from radio telescopes.
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ ืจื“ื™ื•.
03:30
What this picture suggests to us is that we've got a radical change in the way
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ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ
03:37
information production and exchange is capitalized. Not that it's become
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ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžื™ื“ืข, ืœื”ื•ืŸ. ืœื ืฉื ื”ื™ื•
03:41
less capital intensive -- that there's less money that's required
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ื•ืŸ - ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ
03:44
-- but that the ownership of this capital, the way the capitalization happens,
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- ืืœื ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืชื•,
03:49
is radically distributed. Each of us, in these advanced economies,
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ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืฉื›ื–ื•,
03:54
has one of these, or something rather like it -- a computer.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื–ื” - ืžื—ืฉื‘.
03:59
They're not radically different from routers inside the middle of the network.
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจืฉืช.
04:04
And computation, storage and communications capacity are in the hands of
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ืื™ื—ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™
04:09
practically every connected person -- and these are the basic physical
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ - ื•ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื
04:15
capital means necessary for producing information, knowledge and culture,
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ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข, ื™ื“ืข ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
04:20
in the hands of something like 600 million to a billion people around the planet.
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื›-600 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ื‘ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:26
What this means is that for the first time since the industrial revolution,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื– ื”ืžื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช,
04:32
the most important means, the most important components of the core
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ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ - ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ
04:38
economic activities -- remember, we are in an information economy
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ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช - ื–ื™ื›ืจื•, ืื ื• ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืžื™ื“ืข
04:42
-- of the most advanced economies, and there more than anywhere else,
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- ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืฉื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืœ,
04:47
are in the hands of the population at large. This is completely different than what we've
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื”. ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื›ืœ
04:51
seen since the industrial revolution. So we've got communications and computation
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ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืžืื– ื”ืžื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช. ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
04:56
capacity in the hands of the entire population,
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ื•ืœืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื”,
04:59
and we've got human creativity, human wisdom, human experience
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ื•ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™
05:04
-- the other major experience, the other major input --
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- ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ.
05:07
which unlike simple labor -- stand here turning this lever all day long --
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ืฉื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” - ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื›ืืŸ ื•ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืžื ื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื -
05:12
is not something that's the same or fungible among people.
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ืื™ื ื• ืื—ื™ื“ ืื• ื‘ืจ-ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื.
05:15
Any one of you who has taken someone else's job, or tried to give yours
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืœื•
05:18
to someone else, no matter how detailed the manual, you cannot transmit
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ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ, ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœืจืžืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืกื•ืจ
05:24
what you know, what you will intuit under a certain set of circumstances.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืžื” ืฉื™ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
05:29
In that we're unique, and each of us holds this critical input
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ื‘ื–ื” ืื ื• ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
05:33
into production as we hold this machine.
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ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
05:37
What's the effect of this? So, the story that most people know
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ืžื” ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”? ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื
05:42
is the story of free or open source software.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ืช ืงื•ื“-ืžืงื•ืจ ืคืชื•ื— ืื• ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช.
05:46
This is market share of Apache Web server
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ื–ื”ื• ื ืชื— ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ืฉืจืช ื”ืจืฉืช ืืคืืฆ'ื™
05:49
-- one of the critical applications in Web-based communications.
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- ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช-ืจืฉืช.
05:55
In 1995, two groups of people said,
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ื‘-1995, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื˜ืขื ื•,
05:59
"Wow, this is really important, the Web! We need a much better Web server!"
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"ื”ืจืฉืช ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”! ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืจืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ!"
06:03
One was a motley collection of volunteers who just decided,
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ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื•,
06:07
you know, we really need this, we should write one,
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ืžืžืฉ ืฆืจื™ืš ืืช ื–ื”, ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ื–ื”,
06:09
and what are we going to do with what --
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ื•ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื–ื” -
06:12
well, we're gonna share it! And other people will be able to develop it.
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ื ืฉืชืฃ! ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืคืชื—.
06:14
The other was Microsoft.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜.
06:16
Now, if I told you that 10 years later, the motley crew of people, who didn't control
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ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉ-10 ืฉื ื™ื ืื—"ื›, ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื’ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ืฉืœื˜ื”
06:21
anything that they produced, acquired 20 percent of the market
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ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื”, ื›ื‘ืฉื” 20% ืžื”ืฉื•ืง
06:24
and was the red line, it would be amazing! Right?
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ื•ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ืงื• ื”ืื“ื•ื, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื!
06:27
Think of it in minivans. A group of automobile
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ. ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืจื›ื‘
06:30
engineers on their weekends are competing with Toyota. Right?
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžืชื—ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื”.
06:35
But, in fact, of course, the story is it's the 70 percent,
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœื• 70%,
06:38
including the major e-commerce site -- 70 percent of a critical application
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืืชืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืžื™ืกื—ืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ - 70% ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™
06:43
on which Web-based communications and applications work is produced in this form, in
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ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช-ืจืฉืช
06:49
direct competition with Microsoft. Not in a side issue --
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ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜, ืœื ื›ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื“ื™
06:53
in a central strategic decision to try to capture a component of the Net.
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- ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืชืคื•ืก ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
07:00
Software has done this in a way that's been very visible, because
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš, ื›ื™
07:05
it's measurable. But the thing to see is that this actually happens throughout the Web.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื™ื“. ืืš ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉืช.
07:11
So, NASA, at some point, did an experiment where they took images of Mars
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ื ืืกื ืขืฉืชื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืขื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื“ื™ื
07:17
that they were mapping, and they said, instead of having three or four
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ืฉืื•ืชื• ืจืฆื• ืœืžืคื•ืช. ื”ื ืืžืจื•: ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉ3 - 4 ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™
07:21
fully trained Ph.D.s doing this all the time, let's break it up into small components,
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ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื™ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื›ืš ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื ืคืจืง ื–ืืช ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
07:26
put it up on the Web, and see if people, using a very simple interface,
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ื ืขืœื” ื–ืืช ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื•ื ืจืื” ืื ืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืžืฉืง ืงืœ,
07:30
will actually spend five minutes here,
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ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉืงื™ืขื• 5 ื“ืง' ืคื”,
07:32
10 minutes there, clicking. After six months,
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10 ื“ืง' ืฉื, ื‘ื”ืงืœืงื”. ืœืื—ืจ 6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
07:36
85,000 people used this to generate mapping at a
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85,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืžื™ืคื•ื™
07:41
faster rate than the images were coming in, which was, quote,
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ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื”ื™ื”,
07:45
"practically indistinguishable from the markings of a fully-trained Ph.D.,"
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"ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ืžื”ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืขื ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžืœืื”",
07:49
once you showed it to a number of people and computed the average.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
07:56
Now, if you have a little girl, and she goes and writes to
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืœื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืœ-
07:59
-- well, not so little, medium little -- tries to do research on Barbie.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœื ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ื ื”, ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช - ืฉืขื•ืจื›ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืืจื‘ื™.
08:03
And she'll come to Encarta, one of the main online encyclopedias.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืื ืงืืจื˜ื”, ืื—ืช ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช,
08:07
This is what you'll find out about Barbie. This is it, there's nothing more to the definition,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื’ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืืจื‘ื™. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื”,
08:13
including, "manufacturers" -- plural -- "now more commonly produce
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ื›ื•ืœืœ "ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ ืฉืชืขืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื - ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื - ืžื™ืฆืจื™ื
08:17
ethnically diverse dolls, like this black Barbie." Which is vastly better
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ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืืชื ื™, ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ืืจื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•." ืฉื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
08:21
than what you'll find in the encyclopedia.com,
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ืžืžื” ืฉืชืžืฆืื• ื‘ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” com,
08:24
which is Barbie, Klaus. (Laughter)
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืจื‘ื™, ืงืœืื•ืก. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:28
On the other hand, if they go to Wikipedia, they'll find a genuine article
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืื ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช
08:33
-- and I won't talk a lot about Wikipedia, because Jimmy Wales is here --
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- ื•ืœื ืืจื—ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื›ื™ ื’'ื™ืžื™ ื•ื•ืœืก ื›ืืŸ -
08:36
but roughly equivalent to what you would find in the Britannica, differently written,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ืงื”, ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื—ืจืช,
08:42
including the controversies over body image and commercialization,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื“ืžื™ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืžื™ืกื—ื•ืจ,
08:46
the claims about the way in which she's a good role model, etc.
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ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืช ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื•ื›ื•'.
08:54
Another portion is not only how content is produced, but how relevance is produced.
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ื•ืขื•ื“, ืœื ืจืง ืื™ืš ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืชื•ื›ืŸ, ืืœื ืื™ืš ืžื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
08:58
The claim to fame of Yahoo! was, we hire people to look -- originally, not anymore
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!Yahoo ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื›ื™ ื”ืขืกื™ืง ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื - ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื
09:02
-- we hire people to look at websites and tell you --
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- ื”ืขืกื™ืง ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืชืจื™ื ื•ืœื•ืžืจ -
09:07
if they're in the index, they're good. This, on the other hand, is what 60,000
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ืื ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ื“ืงืก, ื”ื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉ-60,000
09:11
passionate volunteers produce in the Open Directory Project,
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ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื‘"ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืคืชื•ื—."
09:15
each one willing to spend an hour or two on something they really care about,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืฉืขื” - ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื•,
09:20
to say, this is good. So, this is the Open Directory Project, with 60,000 volunteers,
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ื•ืœื•ืžืจ, ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘. ื–ื”ื• "ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืคืชื•ื—," ืขื 60,000 ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื,
09:26
each one spending a little bit of time, as opposed to a few hundred
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืงื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืขื˜, ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžืื•ืช
09:29
fully paid employees. No one owns it, no one owns the output,
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ืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื. ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืืฃ ืœืื—ื“, ื•ื’ื ืœื ื”ืชืคื•ืงื”,
09:34
it's free for anyone to use and it's the output of people acting out of social
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ืœื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื•ื–ื• ืชื•ืฆืจืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืžืžื ื™ืขื™ื
09:39
and psychological motivations to do something interesting.
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ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
09:43
This is not only outside of businesses. When you think of what is the critical innovation
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื–ื ืก. ืžื”ื• ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ?
09:49
of Google, the critical innovation is outsourcing the one most important thing --
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ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื;
09:54
the decision about what's relevant -- to the community of the Web as a whole,
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ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืœื™ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื,
10:01
doing whatever they want to do: so, page rank.
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืจื•ื—ื•. ืžื›ืืŸ - ืœื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืขืžื•ื“.
10:04
The critical innovation here is instead of our engineers, or our people saying
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ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™: ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉื™ืืžืจื•
10:10
which is the most relevant, we're going to go out and count what you,
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ืžื” ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ืฆื ืื ื• ื•ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉืืชื
10:13
people out there on the Web, for whatever reason -- vanity, pleasure --
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ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื, ืžื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื - ืฉื˜ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืชืขื ื•ื’ -
10:17
produced links, and tied to each other. We're going to count those, and count them up.
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ื™ื™ืฆืจืชื ืœื™ื ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจืชื. ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ื•ื ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”ื.
10:23
And again, here, you see Barbie.com, but also, very quickly,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื ื” ื‘ืืจื‘ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื” com, ืืš ื’ื, ืžื™ื™ื“,
10:27
Adiosbarbie.com, the body image for every size. A contested cultural object,
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ืื“ื™ื•ืกื‘ืืจื‘ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื” com, ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ. ื—ืคืฅ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช,
10:32
which you won't find anywhere soon on Overture, which is the classic
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ืฉืœื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืชืžืฆืื• ื‘"ืื•ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืจ", ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ
10:36
market-based mechanism: whoever pays the most is highest on the list.
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืก-ืฉื•ืง ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™. ืžื™ ืฉืžืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื ืžืฆื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื”.
10:41
So, all of that is in the creation of content, of relevance, basic human expression.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ, ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.
10:46
But remember, the computers were also physical. Just physical materials
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ืืš ื–ื™ื›ืจื•, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื’ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื. ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื
10:50
-- our PCs -- we share them together. We also see this in wireless.
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- ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืื ื• ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื. ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื’ื ื‘ืืœื—ื•ื˜.
10:54
It used to be wireless was one person owned the license, they transmitted in an
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ืคืขื ื‘ืืœื—ื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉื™ื“ืจื•
11:00
area, and it had to be decided whether they would be licensed or based on property.
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช.
11:05
What we're seeing now is that computers and radios are becoming so sophisticated
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ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื• ื›ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื™ื
11:10
that we're developing algorithms to let people own machines, like Wi-Fi devices,
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ืฉืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื›ืžื• wi-fi
11:16
and overlay them with a sharing protocol that would allow a community like this
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ
11:21
to build its own wireless broadband network simply from the simple principle:
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืจืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ืช ืชื“ืจื™ื ืžืฉืœื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜:
11:27
When I'm listening, when I'm not using, I can help you transfer your messages;
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ ื•ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
11:33
and when you're not using, you'll help me transfer yours.
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื” ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ, ืืชื” ืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ.
11:36
And this is not an idealized version. These are working models that at least in some
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ื–ื• ืœื ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ืช. ืืœื• ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื”
11:41
places in the United States are being implemented, at least for public security.
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ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ืžื™ื•ืฉืžื™ื, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.
11:48
If in 1999 I told you, let's build a data storage and retrieval system.
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ืœื• ืืžืจืชื™ ื‘-1999, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื™ื—ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืœื™ืคืช ืžื™ื“ืข.
11:54
It's got to store terabytes. It's got to be available 24 hours a day,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืชืื—ืกืŸ ื˜ืจื” ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื, ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” 24 ืฉืขื•ืช,
11:57
seven days a week. It's got to be available from anywhere in the world.
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7 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
12:00
It has to support over 100 million users at any given moment. It's got to
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ืฉืชืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืขืœ 100,000,000 ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ืฉืชื”ื™ื”
12:04
be robust to attack, including closing the main index, injecting malicious files,
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ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืคื ื™: ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืื™ื ื“ืงืก ื”ืจืืฉื™, ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื,
12:09
armed seizure of some major nodes. You'd say that would take years.
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ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆืžืชื™ื ืจืืฉื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ืืจืš ืฉื ื™ื.
12:14
It would take millions. But of course, what I'm describing is P2P file sharing.
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ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื. ืืš ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืชืืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื P2P.
12:21
Right? We always think of it as stealing music, but fundamentally,
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื ื• ื’ื ื™ื‘ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืืš ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช,
12:24
it's a distributed data storage and retrieval system, where people,
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ื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื™ื—ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืœื™ืคืช ืžื™ื“ืข, ืฉื‘ื”, ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช
12:28
for very obvious reasons, are willing to share their bandwidth and their
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ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช, ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืคืก
12:32
storage to create something.
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ื•ื‘ืื™ื—ืกื•ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ.
12:35
So, essentially what we're seeing is the emergence of a fourth transactional
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื• ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื’ืจืช ืขื™ืกืงื™ืช
12:39
framework. It used to be that there were two primary dimensions along which
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ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช. ืคืขื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ื”ื
12:45
you could divide things. They could be market based, or non-market based;
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืœืง. ืžื‘ื•ืกืก-ืฉื•ืง, ืื• ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก-ืฉื•ืง;
12:48
they could be decentralized, or centralized.
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ื•ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืื• ืžืžื•ืงื“ื•ืช.
12:50
The price system was a market-based and decentralized system.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช-ืฉื•ืง.
12:53
If things worked better because you actually had somebody organizing them,
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ืื ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
12:57
you had firms, if you wanted to be in the market -- or you had governments
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื•ืง - ืื• ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช
13:00
or sometimes larger non-profits in the non-market.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœืœื-ืจื•ื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืฉื•ืง.
13:03
It was too expensive to have decentralized social production,
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ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ืงืจ ืžื“ื™ื™,
13:08
to have decentralized action in society. That was not about society itself.
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ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” - ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
13:15
That was, in fact, economic.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืœื›ืœื™.
13:17
But what we're seeing now is the emergence of this fourth system
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ืืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช
13:21
of social sharing and exchange.
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ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื•ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื.
13:22
Not that it's the first time that we do nice things to each other, or for each other,
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ืœื ืฉืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื,
13:27
as social beings. We do it all the time.
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ื›ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื. ื–ืืช ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
13:31
It's that it's the first time that it's having major economic impact.
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ืืš ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช.
13:35
What characterizes them is decentralized authority.
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ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช.
13:40
You don't have to ask permission, as you do in a property-based system.
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ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืจืฉื•ืช, ื›ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช.
13:43
May I do this? It's open for anyone to create and innovate and share,
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ืžื•ืชืจ? ื–ื” ืคืชื•ื— ืœื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื•ืœืฉืชืฃ,
13:49
if they want to, by themselves or with others,
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ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื, ืœื‘ื“ ืื• ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื,
13:53
because property is one mechanism of coordination.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืชื™ืื•ื ืื—ื“.
13:55
But it's not the only one.
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ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“.
13:57
Instead, what we see are social frameworks for all of the critical things that we use
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•, ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืฉื•ืง
14:02
property and contract in the market: information flows to decide what are
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื”. ื–ืจื™ืžืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืœื• ื”ืŸ
14:05
interesting problems; who's available and good for something;
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ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช, ืžื™ ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
14:09
motivation structures -- remember, money isn't always the best motivator.
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ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” - ื–ื™ื›ืจื•, ื›ืกืฃ ืื™ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืžื ื™ืข ื”ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:13
If you leave a $50 check after dinner with friends,
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ืžื™ ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจ ืฉื™ืง ืฉืœ $50 ืœืื—ืจ ืืจื•ื—ื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
14:17
you don't increase the probability of being invited back.
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ืœื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื‘.
14:21
And if dinner isn't entirely obvious, think of sex. (Laughter)
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ื•ืื ืœื ื“ื™ ื‘ื–ื”, ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:27
It also requires certain new organizational approaches.
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ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
14:30
And in particular, what we've seen is task organization.
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช.
14:34
You have to hire people who know what they're doing.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ืงื™ืื™ื ื‘ืžืœืื›ืชื.
14:36
You have to hire them to spend a lot of time.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขืกื™ืงื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
14:39
Now, take the same problem,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ื”,
14:41
chunk it into little modules, and motivations become trivial.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืœืง ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืžืื‘ื“ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช.
14:45
Five minutes, instead of watching TV?
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5 ื“ืงื•ืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”?
14:47
Five minutes I'll spend just because it's interesting. Just because it's fun.
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5 ื“ืงื•ืช ืืฉืงื™ืข ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื›ื™ืฃ.
14:51
Just because it gives me a certain sense of meaning, or, in places that are more
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ืง ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ืื•, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช
14:55
involved, like Wikipedia, gives me a certain set of social relations.
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ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
15:01
So, a new social phenomenon is emerging.
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ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”.
15:05
It's creating, and it's most visible when we see it as a new form of competition.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉืช; ื•ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ืฉื ืชืคืกืช ื›ืฆื•ืจืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช:
15:10
Peer-to-peer networks assaulting the recording industry;
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ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืชื•ืงืฃ ืืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช,
15:13
free and open source software taking market share from Microsoft;
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ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื— ื ื•ื’ืกื™ื ื ืชื—ื™-ืฉื•ืง ืžืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜,
15:17
Skype potentially threatening traditional telecoms;
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ืœืกืงื™ื™ืค ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ืช,
15:21
Wikipedia competing with online encyclopedias.
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ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืžืชื—ืจื” ืขื ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื•ื ื•ืช.
15:24
But it's also a new source of opportunities for businesses.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืขืกืงื™ื.
15:27
As you see a new set of social relations and behaviors emerging,
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ื›ืฉืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช,
15:33
you have new opportunities. Some of them are toolmakers.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ื—ืœืงืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ื.
15:37
Instead of building well-behaved appliances
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืชื ื”ื’ื• ื›ื™ืื•ืช
15:40
-- things that you know what they'll do in advance --
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- ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืคืขืœื• -
15:42
you begin to build more open tools. There's a new set of values,
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ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื”.
15:45
a new set of things people value.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื.
15:48
You build platforms for self-expression and collaboration.
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ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™-ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ-ืคืขื•ืœื”.
15:52
Like Wikipedia, like the Open Directory Project,
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ื›ืžื• ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืคืชื•ื—,
15:56
you're beginning to build platforms, and you see that as a model.
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ื‘ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืงืžื•ืช, ื•ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื’ื.
15:59
And you see surfers, people who see this happening, and in some sense
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ื•ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื, ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
16:03
build it into a supply chain, which is a very curious one. Right?
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ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืกืคืงื”, ืžืกืงืจื ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
16:08
You have a belief: stuff will flow out of connected human beings.
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ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื: ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื• ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื.
16:11
That'll give me something I can use, and I'm going to contract with someone.
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ื–ื” ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš, ื•ืื ื™ ืืขืจื•ืš ื”ืกื›ื ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•.
16:14
I will deliver something based on what happens. It's very scary
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ืืฉืœื— ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”. ื–ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืžืื•ื“
16:18
-- that's what Google does, essentially.
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- ื–ื• ื”ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื’ืœ.
16:20
That's what IBM does in software services, and they've done reasonably well.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉ-IBM ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื”, ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
16:24
So, social production is a real fact, not a fad.
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ืื– ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”, ืœื ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืฃ.
16:28
It is the critical long-term shift caused by the Internet.
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ื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืฉื’ืจื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื•ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจื—ื•ืง.
16:32
Social relations and exchange become significantly more important than they ever
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ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™-ืคืขื
16:39
were as an economic phenomenon. In some contexts, it's even more efficient
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ื›ืชื•ืคืขื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ืœืขืชื™ื, ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ
16:43
because of the quality of the information, the ability to find the best person,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข, ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
16:48
the lower transaction costs. It's sustainable and growing fast.
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ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืกืงื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช. ื–ื” ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื•ื ื•ื’ื“ืœ ืžื”ืจ.
16:52
But -- and this is the dark lining -- it is threatened by
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ืื‘ืœ - ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืืคืœ - ื–ื” ืžืื•ื™ื
16:58
-- in the same way that it threatens -- the incumbent industrial systems.
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- ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืื™ื™ื - ืข"ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื•ืช.
17:02
So next time you open the paper, and you see an intellectual property decision,
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ื›ืฉืชืคืชื—ื• ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ, ื•ืชื™ืจืื• ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช,
17:07
a telecoms decision, it's not about something small and technical.
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ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ืช, ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื˜ื›ื ื™.
17:13
It is about the future of the freedom to be as social beings with each other,
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ื–ื” ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื.
17:19
and the way information, knowledge and culture will be produced.
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ื•ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื™ื“ืข ื•ืžื™ื“ืข.
17:24
Because it is in this context that we see a battle over how easy or hard it will be
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืื‘ืง ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืงืœ ืื• ืงืฉื” ื™ื”ื™ื”
17:31
for the industrial information economy to simply go on as it goes,
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ืœื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”,
17:35
or for the new model of production to begin to develop alongside that industrial model,
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ืื• ืœื“ื’ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืฆื“ ื”ื“ื’ื ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™,
17:41
and change the way we begin to see the world and report what it is that we see.
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ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
17:46
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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