Yochai Benkler: Open-source economics

75,705 views ใƒป 2008-04-21

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jeong-Lan Kinser ๊ฒ€ํ† : Yong Choi
00:12
One of the problems of writing, and working, and looking at the Internet
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๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ , ์ผํ•˜๊ณ , ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด
00:15
is that it's very hard to separate fashion from deep change.
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์‚ฌ์†Œํ•œ ์œ ํ–‰๊ณผ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๊ฐ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ํž˜๋“ค ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
And so, to start helping that, I want to take us back to 1835.
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์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 1835๋…„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ณผ๊นŒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
In 1835, James Gordon Bennett founded the first mass-circulation newspaper
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1835๋…„์—, ์ œ์ž„์Šค ๊ณ ๋“  ๋ฒ ๋„ท์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜
00:33
in New York City.
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๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์„ ์ฐฝ๊ฐ„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
And it cost about 500 dollars to start it,
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์ฐฝ๊ฐ„์— 500๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:38
which was about the equivalent of 10,000 dollars of today.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋กœ๋Š” 1๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
By 15 years later, by 1850, doing the same thing
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15๋…„ ๋’ค์ธ 1850๋…„์—๋Š”, ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—,
00:46
-- starting what was experienced as a mass--circulation daily paper
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์ผ๊ฐ„์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ๊ฐ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—
00:49
-- would come to cost two and a half million dollars.
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๋“œ๋Š” ๋ˆ์ด 250๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
10,000, two and a half million, 15 years.
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1๋งŒ, 250๋งŒ, 15๋…„.
00:56
That's the critical change that is being inverted by the Net.
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๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด‰๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
And that's what I want to talk about today,
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋˜ํ•œ ์š”์ฆ˜ ๊ฐ๊ด‘๋ฐ›๋Š”
01:06
and how that relates to the emergence of social production.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
Starting with newspapers, what we saw was high cost as an initial requirement
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์‹ ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•„๋‘๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
01:17
for making information, knowledge and culture, which led to a stark bifurcation
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๋งŽ์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋น„์šฉ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ,
01:23
between producers -- who had to be able to raise financial capital,
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๊ธˆ์œต ์ž๋ณธ์„ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถœ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž์™€,
01:27
just like any other industrial organization --
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ƒํ’ˆ์„
01:31
and passive consumers that could choose from a certain set of
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์ˆ˜๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์‚ฌ์ด๋Š”
01:34
things that this industrial model could produce.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
Now, the term "information society," "information economy,"
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์ž, '์ •๋ณด ์‚ฌํšŒ'๋ผ๋“ ์ง€ '์ •๋ณด ๊ฒฝ์ œ'์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์šฉ์–ด๋Š”
01:42
for a very long time has been used as the thing that comes after
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์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช… ์ดํ›„ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์“ฐ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
the industrial revolution. But in fact, for purposes of understanding what's happening
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์ ๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
today, that's wrong. Because for 150 years, we've had an information economy.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ 150๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ •๋ณด ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์–ด์™”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
It's just been industrial,
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์ •๋ณด ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—…์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
which means those who were producing had to have a way of raising money
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์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” 250๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ
02:04
to pay those two and a half million dollars, and later, more for the telegraph,
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์กฐ๋‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ์ „๋ณด์™€ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค, ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ ผ,
02:08
and the radio transmitter, and the television, and eventually the mainframe.
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๋ฉ”์ธํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€, ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
And that meant they were market based, or they were government owned,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋‹ˆ, ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
02:16
depending on what kind of system they were in. And this characterized and anchored
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์ฃผ์‹ํšŒ์‚ฌ ํ˜น์€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
02:21
the way information and knowledge were produced for the next 150 years.
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๊ทธ ํ›„ 150๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ์ง€์‹์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์• ์ดˆ์— ์ •ํ•ด์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
Now, let me tell you a different story. Around June 2002,
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์ž, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2002๋…„ 6์›” ๊ฒฝ์—,
02:33
the world of supercomputers had a bombshell.
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์Šˆํผ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
The Japanese had, for the first time, created the fastest supercomputer --
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NEC ์ง€๊ตฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”, ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์Šˆํผ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒ„์œผ๋กœ์จ
02:41
the NEC Earth Simulator -- taking the primary from the U.S.,
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์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ์•ž์งˆ๋ €๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
and about two years later -- this, by the way, is measuring the trillion floating-point
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ฝ 2๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ๋’ค์—๋Š”, ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
02:48
operations per second that the computer's capable of running --
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์ดˆ๋‹น 1์กฐ ํšŒ์˜ ๋ถ€๋™์†Œ์ˆ˜์  ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
sigh of relief: IBM [Blue Gene] has just edged ahead of the NEC Earth Simulator.
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„, IBM์˜ ์ง„ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ(Gene Blue)๊ฐ€ NEC ์ง€๊ตฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ์†Œํ•œ ์ฐจ๋กœ ์•ž์„ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
All of this completely ignores the fact that throughout this period,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹น์‹œ, ์„ธ์ƒ์—๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜ํผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋™๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด
03:02
there's another supercomputer running in the world -- SETI@home.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐ„๊ณผ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์„ธํ‹ฐ์•ณํ™ˆ(SETI@Home)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
Four and a half million users around the world, contributing their
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์„ธํ‹ฐ์•ณํ™ˆ์€ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ 450๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€
03:10
leftover computer cycles, whenever their computer isn't working,
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์œ ํœด ์ž์›์„
03:14
by running a screen saver, and together sharing their resources to create
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ํ™”๋ฉด๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์Šˆํผ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ,
03:21
a massive supercomputer that NASA harnesses to analyze the data
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NASA์—์„œ ์ „ํŒŒ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—
03:26
coming from radio telescopes.
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ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
What this picture suggests to us is that we've got a radical change in the way
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š”, ์ •๋ณด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ตํ™˜์ด ์ž๋ณธํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์—
03:37
information production and exchange is capitalized. Not that it's become
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์ผ๋Œ€ ๊ฒฉ๋ณ€์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
less capital intensive -- that there's less money that's required
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์ž๋ณธ ์ง‘์•ฝ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋œํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š”, ์ฆ‰ ๋ˆ์ด ์ ๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
03:44
-- but that the ownership of this capital, the way the capitalization happens,
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์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ ๋ฐ ์ž๋ณธํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๊ถŒํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
is radically distributed. Each of us, in these advanced economies,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์ž๋Š”, ์ด ์ง„๋ณดํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ,
03:54
has one of these, or something rather like it -- a computer.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
They're not radically different from routers inside the middle of the network.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์™€ ๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
And computation, storage and communications capacity are in the hands of
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์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ ‘์†ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
04:09
practically every connected person -- and these are the basic physical
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๊ณ„์‚ฐ, ์ €์žฅ ๋ฐ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
04:15
capital means necessary for producing information, knowledge and culture,
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์ด๋Š” ์ •๋ณด, ์ง€์‹ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด
04:20
in the hands of something like 600 million to a billion people around the planet.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ 6์–ต์—์„œ 10์–ต ๋ช…์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์†์— ์ฅ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
What this means is that for the first time since the industrial revolution,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช… ์ดํ›„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ,
04:32
the most important means, the most important components of the core
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ์ง„๋ณดํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ,
04:38
economic activities -- remember, we are in an information economy
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๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„
04:42
-- of the most advanced economies, and there more than anywhere else,
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๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
are in the hands of the population at large. This is completely different than what we've
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ์—… ํ˜๋ช… ์ด๋ž˜๋กœ ๋ณด์•„์˜จ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ํŒ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–‘์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
seen since the industrial revolution. So we've got communications and computation
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํ†ต์‹  ๋ฐ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„
04:56
capacity in the hands of the entire population,
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๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
04:59
and we've got human creativity, human wisdom, human experience
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๊ทธ์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ, ์ง€ํ˜œ, ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
-- the other major experience, the other major input --
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
which unlike simple labor -- stand here turning this lever all day long --
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ข…์ผ ์„œ์„œ ์†์žก์ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋…ธ๋™๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
05:12
is not something that's the same or fungible among people.
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์•„๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
Any one of you who has taken someone else's job, or tried to give yours
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ผ์„ ๋„˜๊ฒจ๋ฐ›๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
05:18
to someone else, no matter how detailed the manual, you cannot transmit
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์ž๊ธฐ ์ผ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ•ด์ฃผ๋ ค ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๋งค๋‰ด์–ผ์„ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ๋“ค
05:24
what you know, what you will intuit under a certain set of circumstances.
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์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ด๋‚˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง๊ด€๋ ฅ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ํˆฌ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
In that we're unique, and each of us holds this critical input
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์ž๋Š”, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
05:33
into production as we hold this machine.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž…๋ ฅ๊ฐ’์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
What's the effect of this? So, the story that most people know
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๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”? ์ž, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ
05:42
is the story of free or open source software.
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์ž์œ  ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ํ˜น์€ ์˜คํ”ˆ ์†Œ์Šค ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
This is market share of Apache Web server
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„ํŒŒ์น˜ ์›น ์„œ๋ฒ„์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ ์œ ์œจ ๋„ํ‘œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
-- one of the critical applications in Web-based communications.
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์•„ํŒŒ์น˜๋Š” ์›น ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
In 1995, two groups of people said,
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1995๋…„์—, ์›น์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ„ํŒŒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
"Wow, this is really important, the Web! We need a much better Web server!"
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"์™€, ์›น์€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด! ๋” ์ข‹์€ ์›น ์„œ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ด!"
06:03
One was a motley collection of volunteers who just decided,
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ํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์›ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์ธ ์˜คํ•ฉ์ง€์กธ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
06:07
you know, we really need this, we should write one,
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์›น ์„œ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ๊ผญ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ˆ, ์ง์ ‘ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ž.
06:09
and what are we going to do with what --
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์ด๊ฑธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ฌด์–ผ ํ•œ๋‹ด...
06:12
well, we're gonna share it! And other people will be able to develop it.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•ด์„œ ๋” ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค์ž.
06:14
The other was Microsoft.
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๊ทธ์™€ ์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ์กฐ์ง์€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์˜€์ฃ .
06:16
Now, if I told you that 10 years later, the motley crew of people, who didn't control
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10๋…„ ํ›„์—๋Š”, ํ†ต์ œ๋ถˆ๋Šฅ์˜ ์˜คํ•ฉ์ง€์กธ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด
06:21
anything that they produced, acquired 20 percent of the market
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์‹œ์žฅ์˜ 20 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ํ‘œ์˜ ๋ถ‰์€ ์„ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
and was the red line, it would be amazing! Right?
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:27
Think of it in minivans. A group of automobile
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๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฐด์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์ทจ๋ฏธ๋กœ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์ง€๋Š”
06:30
engineers on their weekends are competing with Toyota. Right?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ† ์š”ํƒ€์™€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
But, in fact, of course, the story is it's the 70 percent,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ์ฃผ์š” ์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ 70 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊ฐ€,
06:38
including the major e-commerce site -- 70 percent of a critical application
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์›น ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๋ฐ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์˜ 70 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊ฐ€
06:43
on which Web-based communications and applications work is produced in this form, in
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์™€ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ๋ฒŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
direct competition with Microsoft. Not in a side issue --
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์€ ์‚ฌ์†Œํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ,
06:53
in a central strategic decision to try to capture a component of the Net.
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๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ํŒ๋„๋ฅผ ์›€์ผœ์ฅ๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์ „๋žต ๊ฒฐ์ •์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:00
Software has done this in a way that's been very visible, because
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์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์˜ ์ ์œ ์œจ์€ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ณด๋‹ˆ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋šœ๋ ท์ด ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
it's measurable. But the thing to see is that this actually happens throughout the Web.
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๋ฐฑ๋ฌธ์ด ๋ถˆ์—ฌ์ผ๊ฒฌ์ด๋‹ˆ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์›น์—์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
So, NASA, at some point, did an experiment where they took images of Mars
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NASA์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™”์„ฑ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
that they were mapping, and they said, instead of having three or four
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์ž˜ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋œ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ์„œ๋„ˆ๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ์ผ์„ ์ „๋‹ด์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์—
07:21
fully trained Ph.D.s doing this all the time, let's break it up into small components,
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๊ณผ์—…์„ ์ž‘์€ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์„œ ์›น์—๋‹ค ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“๊ณ ,
07:26
put it up on the Web, and see if people, using a very simple interface,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ,
07:30
will actually spend five minutes here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ 5๋ถ„,
07:32
10 minutes there, clicking. After six months,
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์ €๊ธฐ์„œ 10๋ถ„ ํด๋ฆญ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
85,000 people used this to generate mapping at a
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์œก๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ 85,000๋ช…์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ
07:41
faster rate than the images were coming in, which was, quote,
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์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ,
07:45
"practically indistinguishable from the markings of a fully-trained Ph.D.,"
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ํ‰๊ท ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ด ์ง€๋„๊ฐ€,
07:49
once you showed it to a number of people and computed the average.
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'ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค'๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
Now, if you have a little girl, and she goes and writes to
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š”, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋”ธ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค. ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ตฌ์š”.
07:59
-- well, not so little, medium little -- tries to do research on Barbie.
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์ด ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋น„ ์ธํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด
08:03
And she'll come to Encarta, one of the main online encyclopedias.
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์ฃผ์š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์‚ฌ์ „์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์—”์นด๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
08:07
This is what you'll find out about Barbie. This is it, there's nothing more to the definition,
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๋ฐ”๋น„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์ฐพ๊ฒ ์ฃ . ๊ธฐ๊ปํ•ด์•ผ, "์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ด์ œ
08:13
including, "manufacturers" -- plural -- "now more commonly produce
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๋ธ”๋ž™ ๋ฐ”๋น„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ธ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธํ˜•์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค"๋Š”
08:17
ethnically diverse dolls, like this black Barbie." Which is vastly better
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์„ค๋ช… ์ •๋„ ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
than what you'll find in the encyclopedia.com,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ธ์‚ฌ์ดํด๋กœํ”ผ๋””์•„ ๋‹ท ์ปด์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”
08:24
which is Barbie, Klaus. (Laughter)
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๋‚˜์น˜ ์ „๋ฒ” ๋ฐ”๋น„ ํด๋ผ์šฐ์Šค๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚ซ์ง€๋งŒ์š”. (์›ƒ์Œ)
08:28
On the other hand, if they go to Wikipedia, they'll find a genuine article
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ, ์œ„ํ‚ค๋ฐฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ข‹์€ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
-- and I won't talk a lot about Wikipedia, because Jimmy Wales is here --
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์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ์ž ์ง€๋ฏธ ์›จ์ผ์ฆˆ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๊ณ„์‹œ๋‹ˆ ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ.
08:36
but roughly equivalent to what you would find in the Britannica, differently written,
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๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ์ง€์–ธ์ •, ์œ„ํ‚ค๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์—๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํƒœ๋‹ˆ์ปค ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์‚ฌ์ „์— ํ•„์ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ธ€๋“ค์ด,
08:42
including the controversies over body image and commercialization,
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์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€, ์‹ ์ฒด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ์ƒ์—…ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ,
08:46
the claims about the way in which she's a good role model, etc.
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๋ฐ”๋น„๊ฐ€ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์—ญํ•  ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ก  ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
Another portion is not only how content is produced, but how relevance is produced.
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์ปจํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์งˆ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋„์ถœํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
The claim to fame of Yahoo! was, we hire people to look -- originally, not anymore
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์•ผํ›„์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค์ค€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€, ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ,
09:02
-- we hire people to look at websites and tell you --
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋“ค์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
if they're in the index, they're good. This, on the other hand, is what 60,000
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๊ทธ์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ, 6๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์—ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์ž์›์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด๋‚ธ
09:11
passionate volunteers produce in the Open Directory Project,
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์˜คํ”ˆ ๋””๋ ‰ํ† ๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
each one willing to spend an hour or two on something they really care about,
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ํ•œ๋ช…ํ•œ๋ช…์ด ํ•œ๋‘์‹œ๊ฐ„์”ฉ ํˆฌ์žํ•ด์„œ, ์ข‹์€ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ณจ๋ผ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
to say, this is good. So, this is the Open Directory Project, with 60,000 volunteers,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ 6๋งŒ๋ช…์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์˜คํ”ˆ ๋””๋ ‰ํ† ๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
each one spending a little bit of time, as opposed to a few hundred
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๋ช‡๋ฐฑ๋ช…์˜ ์ง์›์ด ๋ด‰๊ธ‰์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ฃ .
09:29
fully paid employees. No one owns it, no one owns the output,
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๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
it's free for anyone to use and it's the output of people acting out of social
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก, ์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
09:39
and psychological motivations to do something interesting.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด๋‚ธ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
This is not only outside of businesses. When you think of what is the critical innovation
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋น„์ง€๋‹ˆ์Šค์™€ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃฉํ•œ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ,
09:49
of Google, the critical innovation is outsourcing the one most important thing --
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด,
09:54
the decision about what's relevant -- to the community of the Web as a whole,
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์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ํž˜์„ ๋นŒ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ์›น ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:01
doing whatever they want to do: so, page rank.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ 'ํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
The critical innovation here is instead of our engineers, or our people saying
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋†’์€ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ, ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ง์›์ด ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
10:10
which is the most relevant, we're going to go out and count what you,
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์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋Œ๋ ค,
10:13
people out there on the Web, for whatever reason -- vanity, pleasure --
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์›น ์ƒ์—์„œ, ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ์•ผ ํ—ˆ์˜์‹ฌ์ด ๋๋“ , ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋“ ,
10:17
produced links, and tied to each other. We're going to count those, and count them up.
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๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ , ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ธ์–ด์„œ ๋”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
And again, here, you see Barbie.com, but also, very quickly,
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๋ฐ”๋น„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ž ๊น๋งŒ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ, ๋ฐ”๋น„ ๋‹ท ์ปด ๋ง๊ณ  ์•„๋””์˜ค์Šค๋ฐ”๋น„ ๋‹ท ์ปด์€
10:27
Adiosbarbie.com, the body image for every size. A contested cultural object,
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ํš์ผ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹ ์ฒด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๋ฐฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ปจํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ,
10:32
which you won't find anywhere soon on Overture, which is the classic
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์‹œ์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์ธ„์–ด - ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋“  ๋ˆ๋งŒ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚ด๋ฉด
10:36
market-based mechanism: whoever pays the most is highest on the list.
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์ตœ์ƒ๋‹จ์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
So, all of that is in the creation of content, of relevance, basic human expression.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ปจํ…์ธ ์˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ, ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
But remember, the computers were also physical. Just physical materials
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์ธ๋ฐ
10:50
-- our PCs -- we share them together. We also see this in wireless.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์šฉ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฌด์„ ๋ง์—์„œ๋„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
It used to be wireless was one person owned the license, they transmitted in an
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š”, ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ฌด์„ ๋ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ , ์˜์—ญ ๋‚ด์— ์ „์†ก์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ,
11:00
area, and it had to be decided whether they would be licensed or based on property.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค ํ˜น์€ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•ด์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
What we're seeing now is that computers and radios are becoming so sophisticated
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์š”์ฆ˜์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์™€ ํ†ต์‹ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ์ •๊ตํ•ด์ ธ์„œ
11:10
that we're developing algorithms to let people own machines, like Wi-Fi devices,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ์ž ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ์™€์ดํŒŒ์ด ์žฅ์น˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
11:16
and overlay them with a sharing protocol that would allow a community like this
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต์œ  ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ์จ์„œ ์ค‘์ฒฉ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ
11:21
to build its own wireless broadband network simply from the simple principle:
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๊ด‘๋Œ€์—ญ ๋ฌด์„ ๋ง์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๋Š” ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ๋‚˜์™€์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:27
When I'm listening, when I'm not using, I can help you transfer your messages;
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์‹  ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ƒํƒœ์ผ ๋•Œ๋Š”, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์ „์†ก์„ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
and when you're not using, you'll help me transfer yours.
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๋˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„๋•Œ๋Š”, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ „์†ก์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
And this is not an idealized version. These are working models that at least in some
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋“ฑ
11:41
places in the United States are being implemented, at least for public security.
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์ ์–ด๋„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:48
If in 1999 I told you, let's build a data storage and retrieval system.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ 1999๋…„์—, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ €์žฅ ๋ฐ ์กฐํšŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์…จ์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:54
It's got to store terabytes. It's got to be available 24 hours a day,
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ํ…Œ๋ผ๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•˜๋ฃจ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์ค‘๋‹จ ์—†๋Š”,
11:57
seven days a week. It's got to be available from anywhere in the world.
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์–ด๋Š๊ณณ์—์„œ๋“ ์ง€ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„์š”.
12:00
It has to support over 100 million users at any given moment. It's got to
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๋™์‹œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” 1์กฐ ๋ช… ์ฏค์€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผํ•˜๊ณ ,
12:04
be robust to attack, including closing the main index, injecting malicious files,
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๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์†์ƒ์ด๋‚˜, ์•…์„ฑ ํŒŒ์ผ ์ฃผ์ž…, ์ฃผ์š” ์„œ๋ฒ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„
12:09
armed seizure of some major nodes. You'd say that would take years.
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๊ฒฌ๋”œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ช‡๋…„์€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์…จ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
It would take millions. But of course, what I'm describing is P2P file sharing.
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ˆ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ตฌ์š”. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ P2P ํŒŒ์ผ ๊ณต์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
Right? We always think of it as stealing music, but fundamentally,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ์Œ์•…์„ ํ›”์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ P2P๋Š”,
12:24
it's a distributed data storage and retrieval system, where people,
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ €์žฅ ๋ฐ ์กฐํšŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
for very obvious reasons, are willing to share their bandwidth and their
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด๋‚ด๋ ค๋Š” ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ†ต์‹ ๋ง๊ณผ ์ €์žฅ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์•„
12:32
storage to create something.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
So, essentially what we're seeing is the emergence of a fourth transactional
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์š”์•ฝํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, 4์‚ฌ๋ถ„๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ์˜ ์ถœํ˜„์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:39
framework. It used to be that there were two primary dimensions along which
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘ ์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ,
12:45
you could divide things. They could be market based, or non-market based;
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ํ•œ ์ถ•์€ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด๋ƒ, ์‹œ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๋ƒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
12:48
they could be decentralized, or centralized.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ ์ถ•์€ ๋ถ„๊ถŒ์ ์ด๋ƒ, ์ค‘์•™์ง‘์ค‘์ ์ด๋ƒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:50
The price system was a market-based and decentralized system.
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๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ถ„๊ถŒ์ ์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
If things worked better because you actually had somebody organizing them,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ์ด ์ž˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:57
you had firms, if you wanted to be in the market -- or you had governments
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์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ๋ฉด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
13:00
or sometimes larger non-profits in the non-market.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ •๋ถ€๋‚˜ ํฐ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
13:03
It was too expensive to have decentralized social production,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ถ„๊ถŒ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:08
to have decentralized action in society. That was not about society itself.
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์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
That was, in fact, economic.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค๋ฌผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
But what we're seeing now is the emergence of this fourth system
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€
13:21
of social sharing and exchange.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ๊ณต์œ ์™€ ๊ตํ™˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด ๋„ค๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ถœํ˜„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
Not that it's the first time that we do nice things to each other, or for each other,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ์„œ ์ข‹์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:27
as social beings. We do it all the time.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Š˜ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
13:31
It's that it's the first time that it's having major economic impact.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ผ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:35
What characterizes them is decentralized authority.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์€ ๋ถ„๊ถŒ์ ์ธ ๊ถŒ์œ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:40
You don't have to ask permission, as you do in a property-based system.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์‚ฌ์œ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์ œ๋„์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ™์ด ํ—ˆ๋ฝ์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:43
May I do this? It's open for anyone to create and innovate and share,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด๋„ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”? ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ . ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
13:49
if they want to, by themselves or with others,
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์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
because property is one mechanism of coordination.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์žฌ์‚ฐ์€ ๋™๊ฒฉํ™”์˜ ๋™๋ ฅ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
13:55
But it's not the only one.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
Instead, what we see are social frameworks for all of the critical things that we use
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๋Œ€์‹ ์—, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ฒด์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:02
property and contract in the market: information flows to decide what are
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์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค, ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
14:05
interesting problems; who's available and good for something;
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์œ ์šฉํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:09
motivation structures -- remember, money isn't always the best motivator.
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ๋ˆ์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:13
If you leave a $50 check after dinner with friends,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ €๋… ์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋Œ“๊ฐ€๋กœ 50๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ,
14:17
you don't increase the probability of being invited back.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ดˆ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:21
And if dinner isn't entirely obvious, think of sex. (Laughter)
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์ €๋…์‹์‚ฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์™€๋‹ฟ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์‹œ๋ฉด, ์„น์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”. (์›ƒ์Œ)
14:27
It also requires certain new organizational approaches.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์กฐ์ง์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
And in particular, what we've seen is task organization.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:34
You have to hire people who know what they're doing.
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๊ธฐ์กด์— ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์จ์„œ
14:36
You have to hire them to spend a lot of time.
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์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ
14:39
Now, take the same problem,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ’€์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
14:41
chunk it into little modules, and motivations become trivial.
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ํฐ ์ผ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์€ ์ผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด, ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:45
Five minutes, instead of watching TV?
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TV ๋ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ 5๋ถ„ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์–ด๋•Œ์š”?
14:47
Five minutes I'll spend just because it's interesting. Just because it's fun.
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5๋ถ„ ์ฏค์€ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•„. ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ณ , ์‹ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ.
14:51
Just because it gives me a certain sense of meaning, or, in places that are more
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๊ฐ€์น˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด๊ณ , ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์„œ,
14:55
involved, like Wikipedia, gives me a certain set of social relations.
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์œ„ํ‚ค๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ.
15:01
So, a new social phenomenon is emerging.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
It's creating, and it's most visible when we see it as a new form of competition.
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๊ธฐ์กด ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ์™€์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ๊ตฌ๋„๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:10
Peer-to-peer networks assaulting the recording industry;
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ํ”ผ์–ด ํˆฌ ํ”ผ์–ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ์—…๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ ,
15:13
free and open source software taking market share from Microsoft;
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์ž์œ  ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๋ฐ ์˜คํ”ˆ ์†Œ์Šค ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋นผ์•—๊ณ ,
15:17
Skype potentially threatening traditional telecoms;
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์Šค์นด์ดํ”„๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ†ต์‹ ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ๋˜๋ฉฐ,
15:21
Wikipedia competing with online encyclopedias.
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์œ„ํ‚ค๋ฐฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์‚ฌ์ „๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:24
But it's also a new source of opportunities for businesses.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์›์ฒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:27
As you see a new set of social relations and behaviors emerging,
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ํ–‰์œ„๋“ค์ด ์ถœํ˜„ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ,
15:33
you have new opportunities. Some of them are toolmakers.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„๊ตฌ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:37
Instead of building well-behaved appliances
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์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์ •ํ•ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‹€์— ๋ฐ•ํžŒ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”,
15:40
-- things that you know what they'll do in advance --
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๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:42
you begin to build more open tools. There's a new set of values,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
15:45
a new set of things people value.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:48
You build platforms for self-expression and collaboration.
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์ž๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:52
Like Wikipedia, like the Open Directory Project,
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์œ„ํ‚ค๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ์˜คํ”ˆ ๋””๋ ‰ํ† ๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด,
15:56
you're beginning to build platforms, and you see that as a model.
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ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์‚ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:59
And you see surfers, people who see this happening, and in some sense
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š”
16:03
build it into a supply chain, which is a very curious one. Right?
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ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ํŒŒ๋„ํƒ€๊ธฐ๊พผ๋“ค๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
16:08
You have a belief: stuff will flow out of connected human beings.
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์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:11
That'll give me something I can use, and I'm going to contract with someone.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์™€๋Š” ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
16:14
I will deliver something based on what happens. It's very scary
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋‚ด๋‹ค ํŒŒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ง ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
16:18
-- that's what Google does, essentially.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์ด ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:20
That's what IBM does in software services, and they've done reasonably well.
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์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” IBM์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ๊ฝค ์ž˜ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:24
So, social production is a real fact, not a fad.
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์ž, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒ์‚ฐ์€ ์œ ํ–‰์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:28
It is the critical long-term shift caused by the Internet.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:32
Social relations and exchange become significantly more important than they ever
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์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ๊ตํ™˜์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:39
were as an economic phenomenon. In some contexts, it's even more efficient
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์ •๋ณด์˜ ์งˆ์ด๋‚˜, ์ ์ž„์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๋‹จ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ
16:43
because of the quality of the information, the ability to find the best person,
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
16:48
the lower transaction costs. It's sustainable and growing fast.
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์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:52
But -- and this is the dark lining -- it is threatened by
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด
16:58
-- in the same way that it threatens -- the incumbent industrial systems.
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—… ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:02
So next time you open the paper, and you see an intellectual property decision,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ์ง€์  ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด๋ผ๋“ ์ง€
17:07
a telecoms decision, it's not about something small and technical.
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๋ฌด์„ ํ†ต์‹ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์†Œ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ, ์‚ฌ์†Œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์น˜๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์…จ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:13
It is about the future of the freedom to be as social beings with each other,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ์„œ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋•…ํžˆ ๋ˆ„๋ ค์•ผ ํ•  ์ž์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ,
17:19
and the way information, knowledge and culture will be produced.
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์ •๋ณด์™€ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์‹์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ง“๋Š” ์ผ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:24
Because it is in this context that we see a battle over how easy or hard it will be
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๊ทธ์ € ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด์–ด์ ธ์˜จ ์‚ฐ์—…์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ชฉ์„ ์žก๋„๋ก ๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ ค ๋‘˜ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€,
17:31
for the industrial information economy to simply go on as it goes,
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ํ˜น์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์–‘์‹์ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋”์šฑ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ,
17:35
or for the new model of production to begin to develop alongside that industrial model,
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๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์ด ๋’ค๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์ข€ ๋” ์ˆ˜์›”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋ฅผ ์ขŒ์šฐํ•˜๋Š”
17:41
and change the way we begin to see the world and report what it is that we see.
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์น˜์—ดํ•œ ์‹ธ์›€์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:46
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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