Sebastian Seung: I am my connectome

翻译人员: Lili Liang 校对人员: Xiaoqiao Xie

We live in in a remarkable time,

我们生活在一个伟大的时代

the age of genomics.

基因组学时代

Your genome is the entire sequence of your DNA.

基因组是你的整套DNA序列

Your sequence and mine are slightly different.

你我的序列稍有不同

That's why we look different.

所以我们看上去不太一样

I've got brown eyes;

我的眼睛是棕色的

you might have blue or gray.

你的眼睛可能是蓝色或灰色的

But it's not just skin-deep.

但这序列的作用可没这么肤浅

The headlines tell us

新闻头条告诉我们

that genes can give us scary diseases,

基因可能产生可怕的疾病，

maybe even shape our personality,

甚至可能决定了我们的性格

or give us mental disorders.

让我们神经错乱

Our genes seem to have

我们的基因似乎有着

awesome power over our destinies.

主宰我们命运的神奇力量

And yet, I would like to think

但是， 我希望

that I am more than my genes.

我胜过我的基因。

What do you guys think?

你们怎么想？

Are you more than your genes?

你们认为你们胜过自己的基因吗？

(Audience: Yes.) Yes?

（观众：是的）是吗？

I think some people agree with me.

我看有一些人同意我的观点

I think we should make a statement.

我觉得我们应该做个声明

I think we should say it all together.

我们应该一起大声喊

All right: "I'm more than my genes" -- all together.

来吧：“我胜过我的基因”－预备起

Everybody: I am more than my genes.

众人：我胜过我的基因。

(Cheering)

（众人欢呼）

Sebastian Seung: What am I?

Sebastian Seung：那我是什么？

(Laughter)

（众人笑）

I am my connectome.

我是我的连接体

Now, since you guys are really great,

现在，既然大家万众一心

maybe you can humor me and say this all together too.

那么你们一起说这一句话，让我开开心

(Laughter)

（众人笑）

Right. All together now.

来吧，预备起

Everybody: I am my connectome.

众人：我是我的连接体

SS: That sounded great.

Sebastian Seung：太棒了！

You know, you guys are so great, you don't even know what a connectome is,

你们真是太合作了，你们连什么是连接体都不知道

and you're willing to play along with me.

就愿意听从我的指挥

I could just go home now.

我现在就可以回家歇着了

Well, so far only one connectome is known,

目前我们仅认识了一个连接体

that of this tiny worm.

就是这条小虫

Its modest nervous system

它简单的神经系统

consists of just 300 neurons.

仅由300个神经元组成

And in the 1970s and '80s,

二十世纪七八十年代

a team of scientists

一群科学家

mapped all 7,000 connections

绘制了神经元之间的

between the neurons.

7000个连接

In this diagram, every node is a neuron,

在这幅图里，每个结都是一个神经元

and every line is a connection.

每一条线都是一个连接

This is the connectome

这就是线虫的

of the worm C. elegans.

连接体

Your connectome is far more complex than this

你的连接体比这复杂多了

because your brain

因为你的大脑

contains 100 billion neurons

由一千亿个神经元组成

and 10,000 times as many connections.

连接数是线虫的一万倍

There's a diagram like this for your brain,

人脑也有类似的一张图

but there's no way it would fit on this slide.

但是这张幻灯片可放不下

Your connectome contains one million times more connections

你连接体中的连接数比你基因组中的字母

than your genome has letters.

还要多100万倍

That's a lot of information.

信息量非常大

What's in that information?

里面的信息有什么意义？

We don't know for sure, but there are theories.

我们还不得而知，但是有一些相关理论

Since the 19th century, neuroscientists have speculated

自十九世纪以来，神经元学家们就开始推测

that maybe your memories --

或许你的记忆－

the information that makes you, you --

那决定你是谁的信息－

maybe your memories are stored

也许你的记忆就储存在

in the connections between your brain's neurons.

你大脑神经元之间的连接里

And perhaps other aspects of your personal identity --

也许你个人身份的其它方面－

maybe your personality and your intellect --

你的个性与智力－

maybe they're also encoded

或许它们

in the connections between your neurons.

也被编译在你神经元的连接里

And so now you can see why I proposed this hypothesis:

现在你们明白我为什么提出这个假设了：

I am my connectome.

我是我的连接体

I didn't ask you to chant it because it's true;

我让大家一起喊并不是因为这是事实

I just want you to remember it.

我只是想让你们记住这句话

And in fact, we don't know if this hypothesis is correct,

事实上，我们不知道这假设是否正确

because we have never had technologies

因为我们的技术还没有发展到

powerful enough to test it.

足以测试其正确与否的程度

Finding that worm connectome

光是找出那条小虫的连接体

took over a dozen years of tedious labor.

就花了十几年的艰苦劳动

And to find the connectomes of brains more like our own,

而找到人脑的连接体

we need more sophisticated technologies, that are automated,

我们需要更加精尖的自动化技术

that will speed up the process of finding connectomes.

以提高寻找连接体的速度

And in the next few minutes, I'll tell you about some of these technologies,

下面的几分钟里，我将向大家介绍其中一些技术

which are currently under development

这些技术尚处于研发状态

in my lab and the labs of my collaborators.

在我和我同事的实验室里进行

Now you've probably seen pictures of neurons before.

你们可能已经见过神经元的照片

You can recognize them instantly

你们可以通过它们奇特的形状

by their fantastic shapes.

一眼就认出它们

They extend long and delicate branches,

它们延伸出长而纤细的枝条

and in short, they look like trees.

简单说，它们看起来像树一样

But this is just a single neuron.

而这只是一个神经元

In order to find connectomes,

想找到连接体

we have to see all the neurons at the same time.

我们必须同时看到所有神经元

So let's meet Bobby Kasthuri,

下面我们请出波比. 卡斯特里

who works in the laboratory of Jeff Lichtman

他在哈佛大学

at Harvard University.

利希曼实验室工作

Bobby is holding fantastically thin slices

波比拿在手里的是一片极薄的

of a mouse brain.

小鼠大脑切片

And we're zooming in by a factor of 100,000 times

我们把它放大了十万倍

to obtain the resolution,

达到所需分辨率

so that we can see the branches of neurons all at the same time.

这样我们就可以同时看到所有神经元的分枝

Except, you still may not really recognize them,

但是，你可能还是无法真正识别它们

and that's because we have to work in three dimensions.

我们必须在三维的效果下进行工作

If we take many images of many slices of the brain

如果我们给许多大脑切片拍照

and stack them up,

再把它们叠在一起

we get a three-dimensional image.

我们会得到一个三维图像

And still, you may not see the branches.

然而，你可能还是看不到那些分枝

So we start at the top,

我们从上至下

and we color in the cross-section of one branch in red,

把一个分枝的交叉部位涂成红色

and we do that for the next slice

我们对下一张切片进行同样处理

and for the next slice.

接着再下一张

And we keep on doing that,

我们持续这么处理

slice after slice.

一张接着一张

If we continue through the entire stack,

如果对一整叠切片进行处理

we can reconstruct the three-dimensional shape

我们就能重塑这一小段

of a small fragment of a branch of a neuron.

神经元分枝的三维图形

And we can do that for another neuron in green.

我们还可以把另一个神经元涂成绿色

And you can see that the green neuron touches the red neuron

你们可以看到绿色神经元与红色神经元

at two locations,

在两处接触了

and these are what are called synapses.

这两个就是神经突触

Let's zoom in on one synapse,

我们把一个神经突触放大

and keep your eyes on the interior of the green neuron.

大家注意看绿色的内部

You should see small circles --

你们可以看到一些小圆圈

these are called vesicles.

这些被称为囊泡

They contain a molecule know as a neurotransmitter.

它们包含了被称为神经递质的分子

And so when the green neuron wants to communicate,

当绿色神经元想进行沟通

it wants to send a message to the red neuron,

想给红色神经元发送信息

it spits out neurotransmitter.

它就释放出神经递质

At the synapse, the two neurons

在神经突触处，这两个神经元

are said to be connected

被认为是相互连接起来

like two friends talking on the telephone.

就像两个朋友通过电话聊天

So you see how to find a synapse.

你们了解了如何找到一个神经突触

How can we find an entire connectome?

那么我们怎么找到整个完整的连接体呢？

Well, we take this three-dimensional stack of images

我们把这个图形重叠形成的三维图像

and treat it as a gigantic three-dimensional coloring book.

处理成一本巨大的三维填图

We color every neuron in, in a different color,

我们把每一个神经元涂成一种颜色

and then we look through all of the images,

接着从所有图像中

find the synapses

找到神经突触

and note the colors of the two neurons involved in each synapse.

记录下任意两个组成神经突触的神经元的颜色,

If we can do that throughout all the images,

如果我们可以对所有图像进行这样的处理

we could find a connectome.

我们就能找到整个连接体

Now, at this point,

到目前为止

you've learned the basics of neurons and synapses.

大家已经对神经元和神经突触有了基本了解

And so I think we're ready to tackle

我想我们已经可以解决

one of the most important questions in neuroscience:

神经学上最重要的问题：

how are the brains of men and women different?

男性与女性的大脑有何不同？

(Laughter)

（众人笑）

According to this self-help book,

这本自学书上说

guys brains are like waffles;

男性的大脑像华孚饼

they keep their lives compartmentalized in boxes.

他们把自己的生活分别独立包装在盒子里

Girls' brains are like spaghetti;

而女性的大脑像意大利面

everything in their life is connected to everything else.

她们生活中的一切与其它所有东西都联系在一起

(Laughter)

（众人笑）

You guys are laughing,

大家都笑了

but you know, this book changed my life.

但是，你们知道吗，这本书改变了我一生

(Laughter)

（众人笑）

But seriously, what's wrong with this?

说正经的，这错在哪里？

You already know enough to tell me -- what's wrong with this statement?

你们已经足以回答这个问题了。这个说法错在哪里？

It doesn't matter whether you're a guy or girl,

不管你是男是女

everyone's brains are like spaghetti.

所有人的大脑都像意大利面

Or maybe really, really fine capellini with branches.

或者说像非常非常优质的、带枝条的细面条

Just as one strand of spaghetti

正如一条意大利面

contacts many other strands on your plate,

连接着你盘子里的其它面条一样

one neuron touches many other neurons

一个神经元与许多其它神经元

through their entangled branches.

通过它们缠绕的枝条相互接触

One neuron can be connected to so many other neurons,

一个神经元能够与其它众多神经元连接在一起

because there can be synapses

是因为在它们的接触点上

at these points of contact.

形成神经突触

By now, you might have sort of lost perspective

现在你们对这个大脑组织块的实际大小

on how large this cube of brain tissue actually is.

可能已经摸不着头脑了

And so let's do a series of comparisons to show you.

那么我们通过一系列对比给你们做展示

I assure you, this is very tiny. It's just six microns on a side.

我保证，这非常微小，边长仅为6微米

So, here's how it stacks up against an entire neuron.

看，这就是它与一个完整神经元的对比

And you can tell that, really, only the smallest fragments of branches

你们可以看到，真的，只有分枝最小的部分

are contained inside this cube.

被包含在这个方块里

And a neuron, well, that's smaller than brain.

而一个神经元，比大脑要小多了

And that's just a mouse brain --

而这还只是一只小鼠的脑

it's a lot smaller than a human brain.

比人类的脑小多了

So when show my friends this,

当我给朋友看这张图

sometimes they've told me,

他们有时会劝我

"You know, Sebastian, you should just give up.

“我说, Sebastian，你应该放弃了

Neuroscience is hopeless."

神经科学是没有出路的。”

Because if you look at a brain with your naked eye,

如果你只用肉眼来看一个大脑

you don't really see how complex it is,

你看不到它有多复杂

but when you use a microscope,

但是，在显微镜之下

finally the hidden complexity is revealed.

那隐藏的复杂性就最终显现出来了

In the 17th century,

在十七世纪

the mathematician and philosopher, Blaise Pascal,

数学家兼哲学家布莱士. 帕斯卡

wrote of his dread of the infinite,

在冥想浩瀚的外太空时

his feeling of insignificance

写下了他对无限性的恐惧

at contemplating the vast reaches of outer space.

以及自身的微不足道

And, as a scientist,

而，作为一个科学家

I'm not supposed to talk about my feelings --

我不应该谈论我的感受

too much information, professor.

太多隐私啊，教授

(Laughter)

（众人笑）

But may I?

还是让我说说吧？

(Laughter)

（众人笑）

(Applause)

（众人鼓掌）

I feel curiosity,

我感觉好奇

and I feel wonder,

我感觉迷惑，

but at times I have also felt despair.

但我也常常感觉绝望

Why did I choose to study

为什么我会选择

this organ that is so awesome in its complexity

学习这个复杂到绝美

that it might well be infinite?

但也复杂到无限的器官呢？

It's absurd.

太荒唐了

How could we even dare to think

我们怎敢想像

that we might ever understand this?

有一天我们能把大脑了解清楚

And yet, I persist in this quixotic endeavor.

但是，我坚持进行这项愚侠的事业

And indeed, these days I harbor new hopes.

而实际上，这些天我见到了一些新希望

Someday,

总有一天

a fleet of microscopes will capture

会有一大批显微镜

every neuron and every synapse

能够捕捉到每一个神经元与每一个神经突触

in a vast database of images.

得到一个巨大的图像数据库

And some day, artificially intelligent supercomputers

总有一天，人工智能超级计算机

will analyze the images without human assistance

能够对这些图像进行自主分析

to summarize them in a connectome.

把它们总结成连接体

I do not know, but I hope that I will live to see that day,

我不知道，但我希望我能在有生之年看到那一天

because finding an entire human connectome

因为，找到一个完整的人类连接体

is one of the greatest technological challenges of all time.

是历史上最重大的技术挑战之一

It will take the work of generations to succeed.

这要求许多代人的共同努力才能完成

At the present time, my collaborators and I,

在现今，我和我的同事们

what we're aiming for is much more modest --

我们的奋斗目标没有那么远大－

just to find partial connectomes

只是力求找到在小鼠大脑

of tiny chunks of mouse and human brain.

和人类大脑微小切片中的部分连接体

But even that will be enough for the first tests of this hypothesis

而这已经足够用来进行“我是我的连接体”

that I am my connectome.

这个假设的初期测试

For now, let me try to convince you of the plausibility of this hypothesis,

到此，我想告诉大家这个假设的合理性

that it's actually worth taking seriously.

这是值得严肃对待的

As you grow during childhood

你在童年时成长

and age during adulthood,

在成年之后逐渐变老

your personal identity changes slowly.

你个人身份慢慢地变化

Likewise, every connectome

同理，每个连接体

changes over time.

都会随着时间而变化

What kinds of changes happen?

发生什么样的变化呢？

Well, neurons, like trees,

神经元，像树

can grow new branches,

能够长出新的枝条

and they can lose old ones.

也会换下旧的枝条

Synapses can be created,

神经突触会产生

and they can be eliminated.

也会消失

And synapses can grow larger,

神经突触能够长大

and they can grow smaller.

也能变小

Second question:

第二个问题：

what causes these changes?

是什么促成了这些变化？

Well, it's true.

如人所说，

To some extent, they are programmed by your genes.

在某种程度上，它们是由你的基因决定的

But that's not the whole story,

但并不完全如此

because there are signals, electrical signals,

因为有许多信号，电子信号

that travel along the branches of neurons

沿着神经元的枝条游动

and chemical signals

还有化学信号

that jump across from branch to branch.

在枝条的交界处跳跃

These signals are called neural activity.

这些信号被称为神经活动

And there's a lot of evidence

有许多证据证明

that neural activity

神经活动

is encoding our thoughts, feelings and perceptions,

决定了我们的思想，感受与知觉

our mental experiences.

还有我们的精神经历

And there's a lot of evidence that neural activity

还有很多证据证明神经活动

can cause your connections to change.

能够促使你的连接体发生变化

And if you put those two facts together,

如果你把两个因素放在一起

it means that your experiences

它就意味着你的经历

can change your connectome.

能够改变你的连接体

And that's why every connectome is unique,

这就是为什么每个人的连接体都是独一无二的

even those of genetically identical twins.

即使是同卵双胞胎也不例外

The connectome is where nature meets nurture.

连接体是先天与后天的共同产物

And it might true

这很有可能是真的

that just the mere act of thinking

一个小小的思维动作

can change your connectome --

就能改变你的连接体——

an idea that you may find empowering.

你可能感觉这个概念很强势。

What's in this picture?

这幅图是什么？

A cool and refreshing stream of water, you say.

你会说是一条清凉的溪流

What else is in this picture?

图上还有什么？

Do not forget that groove in the Earth

别忘了那地表的深漕

called the stream bed.

我们叫它河床

Without it, the water would not know in which direction to flow.

没有了它，水就不知道往那个方向流了

And with the stream,

对于溪流

I would like to propose a metaphor

我想做一个暗喻

for the relationship between neural activity

来形容神经活动与连接体活动

and connectivity.

之间的关系

Neural activity is constantly changing.

神经活动不停地在变化

It's like the water of the stream; it never sits still.

就像溪流一样；永不停息

The connections

而脑部神经网络的

of the brain's neural network

连接处

determines the pathways

决定了神经活动

along which neural activity flows.

流动的路线

And so the connectome is like bed of the stream;

所以，连接体就像河床一样

but the metaphor is richer than that,

但这暗喻的内容比这丰富得多

because it's true that the stream bed

因为尽管河床

guides the flow of the water,

是流水的导向

but over long timescales,

但经过很长的时期

the water also reshapes the bed of the stream.

流水也会对河床进行重塑

And as I told you just now,

我刚才说过

neural activity can change the connectome.

神经活动能够改变连接体

And if you'll allow me to ascend

如果大家允许我

to metaphorical heights,

更进一步使用暗喻

I will remind you that neural activity

我会提醒大家，神经活动

is the physical basis -- or so neuroscientists think --

至少神经学家是这么认为的－

of thoughts, feelings and perceptions.

是思想，感受以及感知的生理基础

And so we might even speak of

这样我们甚至可以探讨

the stream of consciousness.

意识的溪流

Neural activity is its water,

神经活动是水

and the connectome is its bed.

连接体是河床

So let's return from the heights of metaphor

我们从暗喻中

and return to science.

回到科学上

Suppose our technologies for finding connectomes

假设我们寻找连接体的技术

actually work.

起到了作用

How will we go about testing the hypothesis

我们如何对假设进行测试

"I am my connectome?"

证明“我是我的连接体”呢？

Well, I propose a direct test.

我提出一个直接的测试

Let us attempt

我们尝试

to read out memories from connectomes.

通过连接体来解读记忆

Consider the memory

记忆是

of long temporal sequences of movements,

长期有序发生的动作

like a pianist playing a Beethoven sonata.

就像一个在弹奏贝多芬奏鸣曲的钢琴家

According to a theory that dates back to the 19th century,

根据十九世纪时提出的理论

such memories are stored

这些记忆以神经键链条的形式

as chains of synaptic connections inside your brain.

被储存在你的大脑里

Because, if the first neurons in the chain are activated,

因为，如果链条中第一批神经元被激活

through their synapses they send messages to the second neurons, which are activated,

它们会通过神经突触向第二批被激活的神经元发出信息

and so on down the line,

以此类推，一直往下

like a chain of falling dominoes.

就像是一路倒下的多米诺骨牌

And this sequence of neural activation

这有序的神经激活

is hypothesized to be the neural basis

被猜想为那些有序动作的

of those sequence of movements.

神经基础

So one way of trying to test the theory

所以，检验这一理论的一种途径

is to look for such chains

就是在连接体中

inside connectomes.

寻找这样的链条

But it won't be easy, because they're not going to look like this.

但这并非易事，因为它们可不像这样

They're going to be scrambled up.

它们会相互纠结成一团

So we'll have to use our computers

所以我们就必须使用我们的计算机

to try to unscramble the chain.

把这些链条解开

And if we can do that,

如果我们成功了

the sequence of the neurons we recover from that unscrambling

我们解开的神经元序列

will be a prediction of the pattern of neural activity

能够预测大脑中记忆回放时

that is replayed in the brain during memory recall.

神经活动的模式

And if that were successful,

如果成功了

that would be the first example of reading a memory from a connectome.

这将是由连接体读取记忆的第一例

(Laughter)

（众人笑）

What a mess --

真复杂

have you ever tried to wire up a system

你们有没有尝试过

as complex as this?

连接一个类似的复杂系统？

I hope not.

但愿没有

But if you have, you know it's very easy to make a mistake.

但是如果尝试过，你知道这很容易出错

The branches of neurons are like the wires of the brain.

神经元的枝条就像是大脑的电线一样

Can anyone guess: what's the total length of wires in your brain?

谁能猜一猜：你大脑里神经元的总长有多少？

I'll give you a hint. It's a big number.

给你一个提示：这个数字很大

(Laughter)

（众人笑）

I estimate, millions of miles,

我估计，有几百万英里

all packed in your skull.

全部装在你头颅里

And if you appreciate that number,

如果你惊叹于这个数字

you can easily see

你不难看到

there is huge potential for mis-wiring of the brain.

大脑中接错线的可能性极大

And indeed, the popular press loves headlines like,

确实，大众媒体特别青睐这样的头版头条

"Anorexic brains are wired differently,"

“”厌食症患者大脑结构与众不同

or "Autistic brains are wired differently."

或者“孤独症患者大脑结构与众不同”

These are plausible claims,

这听起来似乎有道理

but in truth,

但事实上

we can't see the brain's wiring clearly enough

我们不能够清楚地看到大脑中的连接情况

to tell if these are really true.

来证实这些说法正确与否

And so the technologies for seeing connectomes

因此，显示连接体的科技

will allow us to finally

最终能够让我们

read mis-wiring of the brain,

解读大脑中的连接错误

to see mental disorders in connectomes.

看到连接体中的精神错乱

Sometimes the best way to test a hypothesis

有时候，检验假设的最佳方式

is to consider its most extreme implication.

是考虑最极端的情况

Philosophers know this game very well.

哲学家对这一招特别在行

If you believe that I am my connectome,

如果你相信我是我的连接体

I think you must also accept the idea

我认为你就必须接受这个观点

that death is the destruction

那就是：死亡就是

of your connectome.

你连接体的消亡

I mention this because there are prophets today

我提出这一点是因为现今有一些预言家

who claim that technology

声称科技

will fundamentally alter the human condition

将会从根本上改变人类的身体条件

and perhaps even transform the human species.

甚至使人类发生变异

One of their most cherished dreams

他们最崇高的梦想之一

is to cheat death

就是躲避死亡

by that practice known as cryonics.

使用一种叫做人体冷冻的做法

If you pay 100,000 dollars,

如果你出十万美元

you can arrange to have your body frozen after death

你就可以安排在你死后把你的身体冷冻起来

and stored in liquid nitrogen

储存在液态氮中

in one of these tanks in an Arizona warehouse,

装进这样一个罐子里保存在亚利桑那州的一个仓库里

awaiting a future civilization

等待未来的先进文明

that is advanced to resurrect you.

来为你解冻

Should we ridicule the modern seekers of immortality,

我们应对这种寻求永生的现代人嗤之以鼻

calling them fools?

叫他们疯子？

Or will they someday chuckle

还是他们有朝一日

over our graves?

对着我们的墓碑发笑

I don't know --

我不知道

I prefer to test their beliefs, scientifically.

我更想通过科学的方法检验他们的信仰

I propose that we attempt to find a connectome

我提议我们争取找到

of a frozen brain.

一个冷冻大脑的连接体

We know that damage to the brain

我们知道脑部的损伤

occurs after death and during freezing.

是在死后以及冷冻期间发生的

The question is: has that damage erased the connectome?

问题是：这种损伤是否已将连接体抹去？

If it has, there is no way that any future civilization

若果真如此，那么任何未来先进文明

will be able to recover the memories of these frozen brains.

都无法使这些冷冻大脑的记忆复原

Resurrection might succeed for the body,

复活术也许能对身体奏效

but not for the mind.

但对思想却无能为力

On the other hand, if the connectome is still intact,

另一方面，如果连接体依旧完整

we cannot ridicule the claims of cryonics so easily.

我们就不能轻易说人体冷冻术是谬论了

I've described a quest

我已经描述了

that begins in the world of the very small,

在微观世界开始的探视

and propels us to the world of the far future.

并驱使我们去探寻未来的世界

Connectomes will mark a turning point in human history.

连接体会成为人类历史的转折点

As we evolved from our ape-like ancestors

我们是从非洲大草原上的

on the African savanna,

人猿祖先进化而来的

what distinguished us was our larger brains.

而我们与他们之间的不同之处在于我们的脑体积更大

We have used our brains to fashion

我们已经利用大脑

ever more amazing technologies.

创造了更为辉煌的科技成果

Eventually, these technologies will become so powerful

最后，这些科技的力量变得如此强大

that we will use them to know ourselves

以至于我们能利用它们

by deconstructing and reconstructing

来拆析并重组我们的大脑

our own brains.

以此了解我们自身

I believe that this voyage of self-discovery

我相信这一自我发现的旅程

is not just for scientists,

不仅只为了科学家

but for all of us.

更为了我们所有人

And I'm grateful for the opportunity to share this voyage with you today.

我很感谢能有这次机会与大家共享这一旅程

Thank you.

感谢大家

(Applause)

（热烈鼓掌）