Sebastian Seung: I am my connectome

譯者: Coco Shen 審譯者: Adrienne Lin

We live in in a remarkable time,

我們生在一個偉大的時代

the age of genomics.

一個染色體組的時代。

Your genome is the entire sequence of your DNA.

你的染色體是你所有的DNA序列

Your sequence and mine are slightly different.

你的序列和我的有些不同

That's why we look different.

因此我們長得不一樣

I've got brown eyes;

我的眼睛是褐色的

you might have blue or gray.

你的可能是藍或灰

But it's not just skin-deep.

但這不只是表面

The headlines tell us

新聞標題告訴我們

that genes can give us scary diseases,

基因裡可能隱藏著遺傳疾病

maybe even shape our personality,

甚至影響我們的個性

or give us mental disorders.

或給我們帶來精神異常

Our genes seem to have

我們的基因似乎

awesome power over our destinies.

對我們的命運有著極大的影響力

And yet, I would like to think

仍然﹐我希望

that I am more than my genes.

我不只是我的基因

What do you guys think?

你覺得呢﹖

Are you more than your genes?

你不只是你的基因吧﹖

(Audience: Yes.) Yes?

(觀眾﹕不只) 是嗎﹖

I think some people agree with me.

我想觀眾中有些人同意我的說法

I think we should make a statement.

我認為我們應該宣示一下

I think we should say it all together.

我認為我們應該一起宣示

All right: "I'm more than my genes" -- all together.

來吧﹕我不只是我的基因 -- 一起來

Everybody: I am more than my genes.

眾人﹕我不只是我的基因

(Cheering)

(歡呼)

Sebastian Seung: What am I?

那我是什麼﹖

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

I am my connectome.

我是我的聯結體。

Now, since you guys are really great,

你們實在太棒了

maybe you can humor me and say this all together too.

為了讓我開心﹐或許我們可以再宣示一次﹖

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

Right. All together now.

好﹐一起來

Everybody: I am my connectome.

眾人﹕我是我的聯結體。

SS: That sounded great.

這實在太棒了。

You know, you guys are so great, you don't even know what a connectome is,

你們實在太棒了﹐你們甚至不知道聯結體是什麼

and you're willing to play along with me.

配合度這麼高

I could just go home now.

或許我現在就可以走了

Well, so far only one connectome is known,

現在﹐我們只知道一個聯結體

that of this tiny worm.

在這個小蟲裡

Its modest nervous system

最小的神經系統

consists of just 300 neurons.

裡面有300個神經元

And in the 1970s and '80s,

在1970和80年代

a team of scientists

有一組科學家

mapped all 7,000 connections

畫出神經元中間

between the neurons.

的七千個聯繫

In this diagram, every node is a neuron,

這個圖表裡的每個結都是一個神經元

and every line is a connection.

每條線都是一個聯結。

This is the connectome

這就是秀麗隱桿線蟲的

of the worm C. elegans.

聯結體

Your connectome is far more complex than this

你的聯結體比這個複雜多了

because your brain

因為你的腦子裡

contains 100 billion neurons

有一百億個神經元

and 10,000 times as many connections.

以及一萬倍的聯結體

There's a diagram like this for your brain,

你的腦子也能做成像這樣的圖表

but there's no way it would fit on this slide.

只是不可能放得進這張投影片

Your connectome contains one million times more connections

你聯結體的聯結是

than your genome has letters.

基因體編碼的一百萬倍

That's a lot of information.

裡面有很多資料

What's in that information?

這些資料裡包含了什麼﹖

We don't know for sure, but there are theories.

我們還不能確定﹐但有一些學說

Since the 19th century, neuroscientists have speculated

從十九世紀以來﹐神經科學家推測

that maybe your memories --

你的記憶 -

the information that makes you, you --

那些讓你之所以為你的資料 -

maybe your memories are stored

說不定你的記憶就儲存在

in the connections between your brain's neurons.

腦子裡神經元的聯結裡

And perhaps other aspects of your personal identity --

或者你其他的個人特性

maybe your personality and your intellect --

你的個性和你的思維方式

maybe they're also encoded

說不定它們都寫在

in the connections between your neurons.

你的神經元的聯結裡

And so now you can see why I proposed this hypothesis:

現在你可以了解為什麼我要提出這個假設﹕

I am my connectome.

我就是我的聯結體。

I didn't ask you to chant it because it's true;

我要你和我一起吟誦不是因為它是真的

I just want you to remember it.

我只是希望你記住它

And in fact, we don't know if this hypothesis is correct,

事實上﹐我們不知道這個假設是否正確

because we have never had technologies

因為我們從來沒有如此強大的科技

powerful enough to test it.

足以測試這個假設

Finding that worm connectome

找到這個線蟲的聯結體

took over a dozen years of tedious labor.

花了12年的努力

And to find the connectomes of brains more like our own,

要找到我們腦子裡的這些聯結體

we need more sophisticated technologies, that are automated,

我們需要更精密的自動儀器

that will speed up the process of finding connectomes.

才能加速我們找尋聯結體的速度。

And in the next few minutes, I'll tell you about some of these technologies,

接下來的幾分鐘﹐我會告訴你們這些

which are currently under development

在我和我的合作者的實驗室裡

in my lab and the labs of my collaborators.

發展中的新科技。

Now you've probably seen pictures of neurons before.

你可能看過神經元的圖片

You can recognize them instantly

你可以從它們的姿態裡

by their fantastic shapes.

輕易的認出它來

They extend long and delicate branches,

它們延伸著長長的精密分支

and in short, they look like trees.

簡單來說﹐看上去就像棵樹

But this is just a single neuron.

但這只是一個神經元

In order to find connectomes,

如果我們要找尋聯結體

we have to see all the neurons at the same time.

我們需要同時看見所有神經元

So let's meet Bobby Kasthuri,

讓我們認識這位Bobby Kasthuri

who works in the laboratory of Jeff Lichtman

他在哈佛 Jeff Lichtman 實驗室

at Harvard University.

裡面工作

Bobby is holding fantastically thin slices

Bobby 手握著一片奇妙的

of a mouse brain.

老鼠腦。

And we're zooming in by a factor of 100,000 times

讓我們放大十萬倍

to obtain the resolution,

得到一個更清晰的分辨率

so that we can see the branches of neurons all at the same time.

讓我們一次看見神經元的所有分支

Except, you still may not really recognize them,

除了﹐你可能認不出它來

and that's because we have to work in three dimensions.

因為我們需要在三維度裡看

If we take many images of many slices of the brain

讓我們把一片片的腦部圖片

and stack them up,

堆起來

we get a three-dimensional image.

我們就得到了這個3D圖像

And still, you may not see the branches.

但是你還是看不到這些分支

So we start at the top,

於是我們從上面

and we color in the cross-section of one branch in red,

把橫斷面裡的分支塗成紅色

and we do that for the next slice

然後再塗下一片

and for the next slice.

再下一片

And we keep on doing that,

我們一直這樣做

slice after slice.

一片又一片

If we continue through the entire stack,

直到我們把整堆都塗完

we can reconstruct the three-dimensional shape

我們就可以在3D形狀裡重現

of a small fragment of a branch of a neuron.

神經元分支的一小部份

And we can do that for another neuron in green.

我們可以把另一個神經元涂成綠色

And you can see that the green neuron touches the red neuron

我們可以看到綠色和紅色神經元

at two locations,

在兩個地方接觸

and these are what are called synapses.

這就是所謂的突觸(synapses)

Let's zoom in on one synapse,

讓我們放大這個突觸

and keep your eyes on the interior of the green neuron.

繼續看著綠色神經元的內部

You should see small circles --

你會看到小小的圈

these are called vesicles.

這些就是突觸小泡(囊泡)

They contain a molecule know as a neurotransmitter.

裡面有叫神經傳遞素的分子

And so when the green neuron wants to communicate,

當綠色神經元想和紅色神經元溝通

it wants to send a message to the red neuron,

傳遞訊息的時候

it spits out neurotransmitter.

它就從突觸吐出神經傳遞素

At the synapse, the two neurons

兩個神經元

are said to be connected

就這樣聯繫

like two friends talking on the telephone.

像兩個朋友講電話一樣

So you see how to find a synapse.

這就是找到突觸的方法

How can we find an entire connectome?

但要怎麼找到整個聯結體呢

Well, we take this three-dimensional stack of images

我們把這堆層層疊起的3D畫面

and treat it as a gigantic three-dimensional coloring book.

把它變成一個超大型的3D塗色簿

We color every neuron in, in a different color,

把所有神經元涂成不同顏色

and then we look through all of the images,

看過所有切片圖

find the synapses

找到突觸

and note the colors of the two neurons involved in each synapse.

然後在記錄參與突觸的兩個神經元

If we can do that throughout all the images,

如果我們可以這樣處理所有圖片

we could find a connectome.

就可以找到一個聯結體

Now, at this point,

目前為止

you've learned the basics of neurons and synapses.

你們已經學到了神經元和突觸的基礎

And so I think we're ready to tackle

我想我們已經可以處理

one of the most important questions in neuroscience:

神經科學裡最重要的問題之一﹕

how are the brains of men and women different?

男人和女人的大腦有什麼不同﹖

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

According to this self-help book,

從這本勵志書裡看來

guys brains are like waffles;

男人的大腦像鬆餅

they keep their lives compartmentalized in boxes.

把生活分門別類放在小格子裡

Girls' brains are like spaghetti;

女人的大腦則像意大利麵

everything in their life is connected to everything else.

人生裡的每件事都習習相關

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

You guys are laughing,

你們現在在笑

but you know, this book changed my life.

但這本書改變了我的生命

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

But seriously, what's wrong with this?

但說真的﹐它錯在哪裡﹖

You already know enough to tell me -- what's wrong with this statement?

你們已經有能力可以告訴我﹐這句話錯在哪裡

It doesn't matter whether you're a guy or girl,

無論你是男人還是女人

everyone's brains are like spaghetti.

每個人的大腦都是意大利麵

Or maybe really, really fine capellini with branches.

或是﹐加上分支的超細天使髮麵

Just as one strand of spaghetti

就像在你盤子裡的一條意大利麵

contacts many other strands on your plate,

碰觸其它意大利麵一樣

one neuron touches many other neurons

一個神經元會用它們糾纏的分支

through their entangled branches.

觸碰許多其它神經元

One neuron can be connected to so many other neurons,

一個神經元可以和許多其它神經元連接

because there can be synapses

因為在這些聯結點

at these points of contact.

可以有許多突觸

By now, you might have sort of lost perspective

現在你可能已經忘記

on how large this cube of brain tissue actually is.

這塊腦尺度究竟有多小

And so let's do a series of comparisons to show you.

我們來比較一下

I assure you, this is very tiny. It's just six microns on a side.

這真的很小﹐只有六微米(百萬分之一米)

So, here's how it stacks up against an entire neuron.

面對整條神經元又是怎樣呢

And you can tell that, really, only the smallest fragments of branches

你可以發現﹐這個方塊

are contained inside this cube.

只是這個分支其中的一小小塊

And a neuron, well, that's smaller than brain.

而神經元﹐當然比腦還小

And that's just a mouse brain --

而這甚至只是老鼠的腦

it's a lot smaller than a human brain.

比人腦還小很多

So when show my friends this,

於是當我給朋友看這些的時候

sometimes they've told me,

他們會告訴我

"You know, Sebastian, you should just give up.

“Sebastian﹐我想你放棄好了。

Neuroscience is hopeless."

神經科學簡直無可救藥。”

Because if you look at a brain with your naked eye,

因為當你用肉眼看大腦時

you don't really see how complex it is,

你不知道它到底有多麼複雜

but when you use a microscope,

但當你把它放在顯微鏡下

finally the hidden complexity is revealed.

這些隱藏的複雜性就顯露出來了。

In the 17th century,

在十七世紀

the mathematician and philosopher, Blaise Pascal,

法國哲學家和數學家巴斯卡

wrote of his dread of the infinite,

寫下他對無限的恐懼

his feeling of insignificance

當他思考外太空時

at contemplating the vast reaches of outer space.

感到自己是如何的微不足道

And, as a scientist,

身為科學家

I'm not supposed to talk about my feelings --

我不應該談論我的感受

too much information, professor.

教授﹐我真的不想知道

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

But may I?

我...... 可以嗎﹖

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

(Applause)

(掌聲)

I feel curiosity,

我感到好奇

and I feel wonder,

我感到驚嘆

but at times I have also felt despair.

但有時我也感到絕望

Why did I choose to study

為什麼我要選擇學習

this organ that is so awesome in its complexity

這樣一個複雜到不可思議

that it might well be infinite?

有可能接近無限的器官﹖

It's absurd.

這太荒謬了

How could we even dare to think

我們怎麼敢妄想

that we might ever understand this?

我們有可能可以理解它呢﹖

And yet, I persist in this quixotic endeavor.

但﹐我仍然想踏上這唐吉訶德式的旅程

And indeed, these days I harbor new hopes.

最近﹐我有了新的希望

Someday,

或許某天

a fleet of microscopes will capture

某種顯微鏡能捕捉

every neuron and every synapse

巨大圖片資料庫裡的

in a vast database of images.

每一個神經元和突觸

And some day, artificially intelligent supercomputers

有這麼一天﹐一個人工智慧的超級電腦

will analyze the images without human assistance

能在無人操作的狀況下分析這些圖像

to summarize them in a connectome.

並把它們總結成一個聯結體

I do not know, but I hope that I will live to see that day,

我不知道能不能﹐但我希望我能看到這一天

because finding an entire human connectome

因為找出人類的所有聯結體

is one of the greatest technological challenges of all time.

是科技史上最大的挑戰之一

It will take the work of generations to succeed.

可能要幾個世代才能成功

At the present time, my collaborators and I,

目前﹐我和我的夥伴

what we're aiming for is much more modest --

我們的目標較為微小

just to find partial connectomes

不過是在鼠腦和人腦間

of tiny chunks of mouse and human brain.

找到部份的聯結體

But even that will be enough for the first tests of this hypothesis

但就算只是這樣﹐也足以實驗“我就是我的聯結體“

that I am my connectome.

這個假設

For now, let me try to convince you of the plausibility of this hypothesis,

現在我只是想說服你們﹐這個假設有它的可信度

that it's actually worth taking seriously.

它是值得被認真對待的

As you grow during childhood

在你的成長過程

and age during adulthood,

不同的經歷

your personal identity changes slowly.

你對自己的身份認同也逐漸改變

Likewise, every connectome

同樣地﹐每個聯結體

changes over time.

也隨著時間改變

What kinds of changes happen?

怎樣的改變呢﹖

Well, neurons, like trees,

神經元﹐就像樹一樣

can grow new branches,

可以長出新的枝幹

and they can lose old ones.

也可以失去一些老枝幹

Synapses can be created,

突觸可以被創造

and they can be eliminated.

也可以被淘汰

And synapses can grow larger,

突觸可以長大

and they can grow smaller.

也可以變小

Second question:

第二個問題是﹕

what causes these changes?

這些改變是從哪裡來的﹖

Well, it's true.

沒錯

To some extent, they are programmed by your genes.

某種程度而言﹐它們寫在你的基因裡

But that's not the whole story,

但那不是全部

because there are signals, electrical signals,

因為有訊號﹐電位訊號

that travel along the branches of neurons

在神經元枝幹裡運行

and chemical signals

還有化學訊號

that jump across from branch to branch.

從枝幹跳往枝幹

These signals are called neural activity.

這些訊號就叫神經活動

And there's a lot of evidence

有很多證據

that neural activity

神經活動

is encoding our thoughts, feelings and perceptions,

寫就了我們的想法﹐感覺和感知

our mental experiences.

我們所有的思考經驗

And there's a lot of evidence that neural activity

有許多的證據證明神經活動

can cause your connections to change.

可以改變這些連結

And if you put those two facts together,

如果你綜合這兩個事實

it means that your experiences

這代表著你的經驗

can change your connectome.

能改變你的聯結體

And that's why every connectome is unique,

這就是為什麼每個聯結體都獨一無二

even those of genetically identical twins.

就算是基因完全相同的雙胞胎也一樣

The connectome is where nature meets nurture.

聯結體便是先天加上後天的綜合體

And it might true

有可能

that just the mere act of thinking

就算只是想想而已

can change your connectome --

也能改變你的聯結體

an idea that you may find empowering.

你也許能從這想法中得到力量。

What's in this picture?

這是什麼﹖

A cool and refreshing stream of water, you say.

有人會說，一條清涼的小河

What else is in this picture?

還有呢﹖

Do not forget that groove in the Earth

別忘了下面那條刻在地球上的

called the stream bed.

河床

Without it, the water would not know in which direction to flow.

沒有它﹐河水不知往哪裡流

And with the stream,

我想以這條河流

I would like to propose a metaphor

作為說明神經活動和連接

for the relationship between neural activity

兩者關係

and connectivity.

的隱喻。

Neural activity is constantly changing.

神經活動是一直在改變的

It's like the water of the stream; it never sits still.

就像河水﹐從不停息

The connections

而連接

of the brain's neural network

大腦的神經組織

determines the pathways

則決定了

along which neural activity flows.

這些神經活動的方向

And so the connectome is like bed of the stream;

聯結體就像河床

but the metaphor is richer than that,

這個比喻還不止這樣

because it's true that the stream bed

因為雖然是河床帶領著

guides the flow of the water,

河水

but over long timescales,

在悠長的時間裡

the water also reshapes the bed of the stream.

河水也改變了河床的方向。

And as I told you just now,

就像我剛告訴你的

neural activity can change the connectome.

神經活動可以改變聯結體

And if you'll allow me to ascend

如果你允許我提昇到

to metaphorical heights,

一種文學的層次

I will remind you that neural activity

我再次提醒各位，神經活動是

is the physical basis -- or so neuroscientists think --

人類思想、感覺、感知的生物基礎﹐

of thoughts, feelings and perceptions.

至少神經科學家是這麼認為的。

And so we might even speak of

我們甚至可以說它是

the stream of consciousness.

意識流。

Neural activity is its water,

神經活動是河水

and the connectome is its bed.

聯結體是河床

So let's return from the heights of metaphor

讓我們從文學的高度回到

and return to science.

科學上

Suppose our technologies for finding connectomes

假設我們的科技真的可以找出

actually work.

所有的聯結體

How will we go about testing the hypothesis

我們該如何測試這個”我就是我的聯結體“

"I am my connectome?"

的假設﹖

Well, I propose a direct test.

讓我提議一個直接的測試法

Let us attempt

讓我們嘗試

to read out memories from connectomes.

從聯結體中解讀出我們的記憶

Consider the memory

想像記憶

of long temporal sequences of movements,

是一連串綿長的短樂章

like a pianist playing a Beethoven sonata.

就像一個彈奏貝多芬夜曲的鋼琴家。

According to a theory that dates back to the 19th century,

從一個十九世紀的學說看來

such memories are stored

這些回憶就儲存在

as chains of synaptic connections inside your brain.

你腦子裡的那串突觸聯結

Because, if the first neurons in the chain are activated,

如果這串聯結的第一個神經元被啟動了

through their synapses they send messages to the second neurons, which are activated,

開始對第二個神經元傳送訊息

and so on down the line,

一路延續下去

like a chain of falling dominoes.

就像一整條骨牌

And this sequence of neural activation

這一系列的神經活動

is hypothesized to be the neural basis

便是假設中的連續動態

of those sequence of movements.

的神經基礎

So one way of trying to test the theory

測試這個學說的辦法之一

is to look for such chains

便是找到聯結體中的

inside connectomes.

這串連接

But it won't be easy, because they're not going to look like this.

但這並不容易﹐因為它們看起來不會像這樣

They're going to be scrambled up.

它們會全部纏在一起

So we'll have to use our computers

我們需要用電腦

to try to unscramble the chain.

嘗試把它們解開

And if we can do that,

如果我們鬆開

the sequence of the neurons we recover from that unscrambling

這些纏在一起的神經元序列

will be a prediction of the pattern of neural activity

就能夠預測回憶時

that is replayed in the brain during memory recall.

所重放的神經活動模式

And if that were successful,

如果這也成功了

that would be the first example of reading a memory from a connectome.

那就會成為從聯結體中讀出記憶的第一例

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

What a mess --

真是一團亂

have you ever tried to wire up a system

你試過為這麼複雜的系統

as complex as this?

接上線嗎﹖

I hope not.

希望你沒有這種經驗

But if you have, you know it's very easy to make a mistake.

但如果你有這種經驗﹐你便知道犯錯是難免的

The branches of neurons are like the wires of the brain.

神經元的樹突就像腦子裡的電線

Can anyone guess: what's the total length of wires in your brain?

誰能猜出﹐腦中所有電線的長度﹖

I'll give you a hint. It's a big number.

給你一點提示﹐很長。

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

I estimate, millions of miles,

我測量過﹐幾百萬公里

all packed in your skull.

全擠在你的腦殼裡

And if you appreciate that number,

如果你想像這個數字

you can easily see

可以很容易發現

there is huge potential for mis-wiring of the brain.

頭腦裡很有可能會接錯線

And indeed, the popular press loves headlines like,

於是﹐許多媒體喜歡用這種頭條﹐

"Anorexic brains are wired differently,"

"厭食症患者腦神經異於常人“

or "Autistic brains are wired differently."

或"自閉症患者腦神經異於常人“

These are plausible claims,

這些聽上去都很可信

but in truth,

但事實上

we can't see the brain's wiring clearly enough

我們根本沒法看清楚這些腦連接

to tell if these are really true.

更不可能知道這樣說是否真實

And so the technologies for seeing connectomes

若我們有了能看見聯結體的科技

will allow us to finally

我們就能從大腦

read mis-wiring of the brain,

接錯的線路中

to see mental disorders in connectomes.

從聯結體來辨識神經疾病。

Sometimes the best way to test a hypothesis

有時候﹐證明假設最好的方法

is to consider its most extreme implication.

便是把可能性推到極限。

Philosophers know this game very well.

哲學家很擅長這個游戲

If you believe that I am my connectome,

如果你相信我就是我的聯結體

I think you must also accept the idea

你也必須接受

that death is the destruction

死亡便是破壞聯結體

of your connectome.

的想法

I mention this because there are prophets today

我這麼說是因為今日有許多先知

who claim that technology

聲明科技將會

will fundamentally alter the human condition

徹底的改變人類的生存狀態

and perhaps even transform the human species.

甚至改變人類這個物種

One of their most cherished dreams

其中一個最迷人的夢想

is to cheat death

就是克服死亡

by that practice known as cryonics.

用人體冷藏法

If you pay 100,000 dollars,

你付上十萬美金的代價

you can arrange to have your body frozen after death

就可以把死後的身體急速冷藏

and stored in liquid nitrogen

儲存在某個充滿液氮的鐵罐裡

in one of these tanks in an Arizona warehouse,

放在亞歷桑納州的某個倉庫

awaiting a future civilization

等待未來某個先進的文明

that is advanced to resurrect you.

來讓你復活

Should we ridicule the modern seekers of immortality,

我們應該開這些追求長生不老者

calling them fools?

的玩笑嗎﹖

Or will they someday chuckle

還是某天他們會在我們的墳前

over our graves?

呵呵地笑﹖

I don't know --

我不知道。

I prefer to test their beliefs, scientifically.

但我可以使用科學方法把他們的信念拿來實驗

I propose that we attempt to find a connectome

假設我們在某個冷凍的大腦裡找到

of a frozen brain.

一個聯結體

We know that damage to the brain

我們知道死後急凍將會

occurs after death and during freezing.

破壞大腦組織

The question is: has that damage erased the connectome?

於是問題是﹕聯結體被破壞了嗎﹖

If it has, there is no way that any future civilization

如果答案是肯定的﹐未來的文明

will be able to recover the memories of these frozen brains.

決不可能恢復這些冷凍大腦裡的記憶

Resurrection might succeed for the body,

身體或許可以復活

but not for the mind.

但思想卻沒有。

On the other hand, if the connectome is still intact,

另一種可能是﹐如果聯結體都還在

we cannot ridicule the claims of cryonics so easily.

我們便不能隨便嘲笑這些死後冷凍的想法

I've described a quest

我描繪了一個旅程

that begins in the world of the very small,

從一個很小的世界開始

and propels us to the world of the far future.

一直到很遠的未來

Connectomes will mark a turning point in human history.

連接體將會成為人類史上的轉捩點

As we evolved from our ape-like ancestors

在進化的過程中﹐我們較大的腦

on the African savanna,

是唯一讓我們和非洲老祖宗猩猩

what distinguished us was our larger brains.

唯一不同之處。

We have used our brains to fashion

我們用我們的大腦創造了

ever more amazing technologies.

更多令人驚異的科技

Eventually, these technologies will become so powerful

總有一天﹐這些科技會強大到

that we will use them to know ourselves

讓我們可以使用它們來了解自己

by deconstructing and reconstructing

用解構﹐再重新建構

our own brains.

我們大腦的方法。

I believe that this voyage of self-discovery

我相信這個自我尋找的旅程

is not just for scientists,

不只屬於科學家

but for all of us.

也是屬於我們所有人的。

And I'm grateful for the opportunity to share this voyage with you today.

我很榮幸今天有這個機會，能和你分享這個旅程

Thank you.

謝謝各位

(Applause)

(掌聲)