Sebastian Seung: I am my connectome

Prevoditelj: Antun Zupanc Recezent: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG

We live in in a remarkable time,

Živimo u izuzetnom vremenu,

the age of genomics.

dobu genomike.

Your genome is the entire sequence of your DNA.

Vaš genom predstavlja potpuni niz vaše DNA.

Your sequence and mine are slightly different.

Vaš niz i moj se jedva razlikuju.

That's why we look different.

Zbog toga izgledamo drugačije.

I've got brown eyes;

Ja imam smeđe oči.

you might have blue or gray.

Vi plave, ili možda sive.

But it's not just skin-deep.

No nije sve tako očigledno.

The headlines tell us

Naslovnice nam govore

that genes can give us scary diseases,

kako geni uzrokuju strašne bolesti,

maybe even shape our personality,

možda čak oblikuju našu osobnost,

or give us mental disorders.

ili utječu na razvoj duševnih bolesti.

Our genes seem to have

Naši geni čini se imaju

awesome power over our destinies.

impresivnu moć nad našim sudbinama.

And yet, I would like to think

Pa ipak, želio bih misliti

that I am more than my genes.

kako sam više od samih gena.

What do you guys think?

Što vi mislite?

Are you more than your genes?

Jeste li više no skup gena?

(Audience: Yes.) Yes?

(Publika: Da.) Da?

I think some people agree with me.

Neki se očito slažu sa mnom.

I think we should make a statement.

Možda da to kažemo naglas.

I think we should say it all together.

Recimo to zajedno.

All right: "I'm more than my genes" -- all together.

U redu: "Ja sam više od mojih gena" -- svi zajedno.

Everybody: I am more than my genes.

Svi: Ja sam više od mojih gena.

(Cheering)

(Ovacije)

Sebastian Seung: What am I?

Sebastian Seung: Što sam ja?

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

I am my connectome.

Ja sam moj konektom.

Now, since you guys are really great,

Budući ste tako dobra publika,

maybe you can humor me and say this all together too.

udovoljite mi i recimo još ovo svi zajedno.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Right. All together now.

U redu. Svi zajedno.

Everybody: I am my connectome.

Svi: Ja sam moj konektom.

SS: That sounded great.

SS: Ovo je bilo odlično.

You know, you guys are so great, you don't even know what a connectome is,

Divim vam se, nemate pojma što je konektom,

and you're willing to play along with me.

a ipak ste voljni to ponoviti.

I could just go home now.

Mogao bih sada otići kući.

Well, so far only one connectome is known,

Do sada je poznat samo jedan konektom,

that of this tiny worm.

i to onaj malenog crva.

Its modest nervous system

Skroman živčani sustav,

consists of just 300 neurons.

od samo 300 neurona.

And in the 1970s and '80s,

U 1970-tim i 80-tim godinama,

a team of scientists

tim znanstvenika

mapped all 7,000 connections

mapirao je svih 7,000 veza

between the neurons.

među tim neuronima.

In this diagram, every node is a neuron,

Na ovom dijagramu, svaki je čvor neuron,

and every line is a connection.

a svaka linija je veza.

This is the connectome

Ovo predstavlja konektom

of the worm C. elegans.

crva C. elegans.

Your connectome is far more complex than this

Vaš konektom mnogo je složeniji,

because your brain

jer vaš mozak

contains 100 billion neurons

ima 100 milijardi neurona

and 10,000 times as many connections.

i 10,000 puta više veza.

There's a diagram like this for your brain,

Postoji dijagram poput ovog za vaš mozak,

but there's no way it would fit on this slide.

ali ne postoji način na koji bi mogao stati na ovaj slajd.

Your connectome contains one million times more connections

Vaš konektom ima milijun puta više veza

than your genome has letters.

nego vaš genom ima slova.

That's a lot of information.

To je puno informacija.

What's in that information?

Što se krije u tim informacijama?

We don't know for sure, but there are theories.

Ne znamo pouzdano, no postoje teorije.

Since the 19th century, neuroscientists have speculated

Od 19. stoljeća, neuroznanstvenici pretpostavljaju

that maybe your memories --

kako možda naša sjećanja --

the information that makes you, you --

informacije koje nas čine nama samima --

maybe your memories are stored

kako su sjećanja pohranjena

in the connections between your brain's neurons.

u vezama između neurona u mozgu.

And perhaps other aspects of your personal identity --

Čak i drugi vidovi vašeg identiteta --

maybe your personality and your intellect --

možda vaša osobnost i intelekt --

maybe they're also encoded

možda su i oni kodirani

in the connections between your neurons.

u vezama između vaših neurona.

And so now you can see why I proposed this hypothesis:

Sada vam je jasnija moja hipoteza:

I am my connectome.

Ja sam moj konektom.

I didn't ask you to chant it because it's true;

Ne trebate je ponavljati, jer je istinita,

I just want you to remember it.

želim samo da je upamtite.

And in fact, we don't know if this hypothesis is correct,

Činjenica jest, kako nismo sigurni u točnost hipoteze,

because we have never had technologies

stoga što nije postojala tehnologija

powerful enough to test it.

toliko napredna da ju testira.

Finding that worm connectome

Za pronalazak konektoma crva

took over a dozen years of tedious labor.

trebalo je 10-tak godina napornog rada.

And to find the connectomes of brains more like our own,

A za pronalazak konektoma u mozgu sličnom našemu,

we need more sophisticated technologies, that are automated,

trebamo sofisticiranu tehnologiju, koja je automatizirana,

that will speed up the process of finding connectomes.

kako bi ubrzali proces nalaženja konektoma.

And in the next few minutes, I'll tell you about some of these technologies,

U nastavku, predstavit ću vam takvu tehnologiju,

which are currently under development

koja je u razvojnoj fazi

in my lab and the labs of my collaborators.

u mojem i laboratorijima mojih suradnika.

Now you've probably seen pictures of neurons before.

Vjerojatno ste već vidjeli slike neurona.

You can recognize them instantly

Možete ih odmah prepoznati

by their fantastic shapes.

po njihovim fantastičnim oblicima.

They extend long and delicate branches,

Pružajući duge profinjene grane,

and in short, they look like trees.

ukratko, izgledaju poput stabla.

But this is just a single neuron.

No ovo je samo jedan neuron.

In order to find connectomes,

Kako bismo našli konektom,

we have to see all the neurons at the same time.

potrebno je proučiti sve neurone istovremeno.

So let's meet Bobby Kasthuri,

Upoznajmo stoga Bobbyja Kasthurija

who works in the laboratory of Jeff Lichtman

zaposlenika Jeff Lichtman laboratorija

at Harvard University.

na Sveučilištu u Harvardu.

Bobby is holding fantastically thin slices

Bobby pokazuje izuzetno tanke odreske

of a mouse brain.

mišjeg mozga.

And we're zooming in by a factor of 100,000 times

Što uvećavamo 100,000 puta

to obtain the resolution,

kako bismo jasno vidjeli,

so that we can see the branches of neurons all at the same time.

sve grane neurona istovremeno.

Except, you still may not really recognize them,

No, možda ih ni sada ne zamjećujete,

and that's because we have to work in three dimensions.

stoga što je potrebno raditi u tri dimenzije.

If we take many images of many slices of the brain

Ako uzmemo slike mnogo odrezaka mozga

and stack them up,

i spojimo ih,

we get a three-dimensional image.

dobit ćemo 3D sliku.

And still, you may not see the branches.

I možda ni sada ne vidite grane.

So we start at the top,

Stoga ćemo početi od vrha,

and we color in the cross-section of one branch in red,

i u presijeku obojiti jednu granu crveno,

and we do that for the next slice

I učiniti isto na sljedećem odresku

and for the next slice.

i na sljedećem.

And we keep on doing that,

Radit ćemo to,

slice after slice.

odrezak po odrezak.

If we continue through the entire stack,

Nastavimo li tako kroz cijeli niz odrezaka,

we can reconstruct the three-dimensional shape

sastaviti ćemo 3D oblik

of a small fragment of a branch of a neuron.

malenog fragmenta grane neurona.

And we can do that for another neuron in green.

A drugi ćemo neuron obojiti u zeleno.

And you can see that the green neuron touches the red neuron

Vidljivo je da zeleni neuron dodiruje crveni

at two locations,

na dva mjesta,

and these are what are called synapses.

i to je ono što nazivamo sinapse.

Let's zoom in on one synapse,

Povećajmo jednu sinapsu.

and keep your eyes on the interior of the green neuron.

Obratite pažnju na nutrinu zelenog neurona.

You should see small circles --

Vidjet ćete male krugove.

these are called vesicles.

Nazivaju se vezikule.

They contain a molecule know as a neurotransmitter.

Sadrže molekule koje nazivamo neurotransmiteri.

And so when the green neuron wants to communicate,

Kada zeleni neuron želi komunicirati,

it wants to send a message to the red neuron,

želi poslati informaciju crvenom neuronu,

it spits out neurotransmitter.

ispušta neurotransmiter.

At the synapse, the two neurons

Na sinapsi, dva neurona

are said to be connected

se spajaju

like two friends talking on the telephone.

poput prijatelja koji razgovaraju na telefon.

So you see how to find a synapse.

Sada znate kako pronaći sinapsu.

How can we find an entire connectome?

Kako ćemo naći cijeli konektom?

Well, we take this three-dimensional stack of images

Uzet ćemo hrpu 3D slika

and treat it as a gigantic three-dimensional coloring book.

i zamisliti kako se radi o velikoj slikovnici.

We color every neuron in, in a different color,

Svaki će neuron biti u drugoj boji,

and then we look through all of the images,

te ćemo promatrajući sve zajedno,

find the synapses

naći sinapse

and note the colors of the two neurons involved in each synapse.

i zabilježiti boje dva neurona spojena u sinapsi.

If we can do that throughout all the images,

Uspijemo li to na svim slikama,

we could find a connectome.

pronaći ćemo konektom.

Now, at this point,

Sada ste,

you've learned the basics of neurons and synapses.

naučili osnove o neuronu i sinapsi.

And so I think we're ready to tackle

Stoga smo spremni dotaknuti

one of the most important questions in neuroscience:

jedno od najvažnijih pitanja u neuroznanosti:

how are the brains of men and women different?

po čemu se razlikuje mozak žene i muškarca?

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

According to this self-help book,

Prema jednoj od knjiga o samopomoći,

guys brains are like waffles;

muški je mozak kao kutija keksa;

they keep their lives compartmentalized in boxes.

oni drže svoj život pospremljen u kutijama.

Girls' brains are like spaghetti;

Ženski je mozak poput špageta;

everything in their life is connected to everything else.

sve je međusobno povezano.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

You guys are laughing,

Smijete se,

but you know, this book changed my life.

no ta mi je knjiga promijenila život.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

But seriously, what's wrong with this?

Ozbiljno, što je ovdje krivo?

You already know enough to tell me -- what's wrong with this statement?

Znate dovoljno za odgovor. Što je netočno kod ove izjave?

It doesn't matter whether you're a guy or girl,

Nije bitno jesi li muško ili žensko,

everyone's brains are like spaghetti.

mozak svih nas je poput špageta.

Or maybe really, really fine capellini with branches.

Ili možda poput rezanaca s granama.

Just as one strand of spaghetti

Kao što jedan kraj špageta

contacts many other strands on your plate,

dodiruje više mjesta na tanjuru,

one neuron touches many other neurons

tako i jedan neuron dodiruje mnogo drugih

through their entangled branches.

svojim zamršenim granama.

One neuron can be connected to so many other neurons,

Jedan se neuron može spajati s mnogo drugih,

because there can be synapses

jer sinapsa može postojati

at these points of contact.

na svakoj dodirnoj točki.

By now, you might have sort of lost perspective

Do sada ste možda izgubili perspektivu

on how large this cube of brain tissue actually is.

koliko je velika ta kocka moždanog tkiva.

And so let's do a series of comparisons to show you.

Napravimo nekoliko usporedba da vidite.

I assure you, this is very tiny. It's just six microns on a side.

Pokazat ću vam. Vrlo je tanka. Tek 6 mikrona.

So, here's how it stacks up against an entire neuron.

A ovo je usporedba s cijelim neuronom.

And you can tell that, really, only the smallest fragments of branches

Vidljvo je kako su tek mali fragmenti grana

are contained inside this cube.

sadržani u toj kocki.

And a neuron, well, that's smaller than brain.

A neuron je manji od mozga.

And that's just a mouse brain --

I ovo je tek mozak miša.

it's a lot smaller than a human brain.

Mnogo je manji od čovjekova mozga.

So when show my friends this,

Pokazujući to prijateljima,

sometimes they've told me,

ponekad bi mi rekli,

"You know, Sebastian, you should just give up.

"Znaš, Sebastian, trebao bi odustati.

Neuroscience is hopeless."

Neuroznanost je beznadna."

Because if you look at a brain with your naked eye,

Jer ako pogledate mozak golim okom,

you don't really see how complex it is,

ne uviđate njegovu složenost,

but when you use a microscope,

no ako koristite mikroskop,

finally the hidden complexity is revealed.

konačno je pritajena složenost otkrivena.

In the 17th century,

U 17. stoljeću,

the mathematician and philosopher, Blaise Pascal,

matematičar i filozof, Blaise Pascal,

wrote of his dread of the infinite,

pisao je o strahu od beskonačnosti,

his feeling of insignificance

svom osjećaju nevažnosti

at contemplating the vast reaches of outer space.

i promišljao o svemirskim prostranstvima.

And, as a scientist,

Kao znanstvenik,

I'm not supposed to talk about my feelings --

ne bih smio iznositi svoje osjećaje.

too much information, professor.

Previše informacija, profesore.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

But may I?

Smijem li ipak?

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

I feel curiosity,

Osjećam znatiželju,

and I feel wonder,

i osjećam čuđenje,

but at times I have also felt despair.

no osjećam i očaj.

Why did I choose to study

Zašto sam izabrao proučavati

this organ that is so awesome in its complexity

organ koji je toliko impresivan u svojoj složenosti

that it might well be infinite?

da se čini beskonačnim?

It's absurd.

Apsurdno je.

How could we even dare to think

Kako se usuđujemo i pomisliti

that we might ever understand this?

da ga možemo razumjeti?

And yet, I persist in this quixotic endeavor.

Pa ipak, ustrajem u tom besmislenom pothvatu.

And indeed, these days I harbor new hopes.

I stvarno, ovih dana se rađaju nove nade.

Someday,

Jednog dana,

a fleet of microscopes will capture

cijela flota mikroskopa uhvatit će

every neuron and every synapse

svaki neuron i sinapsu

in a vast database of images.

u beskrajnoj podatkovnoj bazi slika.

And some day, artificially intelligent supercomputers

I jednog će dana, superračunala

will analyze the images without human assistance

analizirati slike bez ljudske pomoći

to summarize them in a connectome.

i objediniti ih u konektome.

I do not know, but I hope that I will live to see that day,

Ne znam, ali se nadam kako ću doživjeti dan da to vidim.

because finding an entire human connectome

Jer pronalazak cijelog ljudskog konektoma

is one of the greatest technological challenges of all time.

najveći je tehnološki izazov svih vremena.

It will take the work of generations to succeed.

Biti će potreban rad generacija kako bi se uspjelo.

At the present time, my collaborators and I,

Danas, moji suradnici i ja,

what we're aiming for is much more modest --

stremimo skromnijem postignuću --

just to find partial connectomes

otkriću dijela konektoma

of tiny chunks of mouse and human brain.

sitnih komadića mišjeg i ljudskog mozga.

But even that will be enough for the first tests of this hypothesis

No i to je dovoljno za potvrđivanje hipoteze

that I am my connectome.

kako sam ja moj konektom.

For now, let me try to convince you of the plausibility of this hypothesis,

Dozvolite mi da vas uvjerim u vjerodostojnost hipoteze,

that it's actually worth taking seriously.

da je uistinu vrijedna pažnje.

As you grow during childhood

Tijekom vašeg rasta i razvoja

and age during adulthood,

i u odrasloj dobi,

your personal identity changes slowly.

vaš se identitet polako mijenja.

Likewise, every connectome

Na isti se način svaki konektom

changes over time.

mijenja tijekom vremena.

What kinds of changes happen?

O kakvim se promjenama radi?

Well, neurons, like trees,

Poput stabla, i neuronoma

can grow new branches,

mogu izrasti nove grane,

and they can lose old ones.

a neke stare nestati.

Synapses can be created,

Sinapse se stvaraju,

and they can be eliminated.

i nestaju.

And synapses can grow larger,

Sinapse se i povećavaju,

and they can grow smaller.

i smanjuju.

Second question:

Sljedeće je pitanje:

what causes these changes?

što je uzrok promjena?

Well, it's true.

Istina je dakako.

To some extent, they are programmed by your genes.

Kako su donekle uvjetovane vašim genima.

But that's not the whole story,

No to nije sve,

because there are signals, electrical signals,

jer postoje i signali, električni signali,

that travel along the branches of neurons

koji se šire granama neurona

and chemical signals

i kemijski signali

that jump across from branch to branch.

koji skaču s grane na granu.

These signals are called neural activity.

Te signale nazivamo moždana aktivnost.

And there's a lot of evidence

I postoji niz dokaza

that neural activity

da moždana aktivnost

is encoding our thoughts, feelings and perceptions,

kodira naše misli, osjećaje i percepciju,

our mental experiences.

naša mentalna iskustva.

And there's a lot of evidence that neural activity

Postoji i niz dokaza da moždana aktivnost

can cause your connections to change.

uzrokuje promjene na spojevima.

And if you put those two facts together,

Uzmete li te dvije činjenice u obzir,

it means that your experiences

uviđate kako vaše iskustvo

can change your connectome.

može promijeniti vaš konektom.

And that's why every connectome is unique,

Upravo to čini svaki konektom jedinstvenim,

even those of genetically identical twins.

čak i onaj jednojajčanih blizanaca.

The connectome is where nature meets nurture.

Konektom je mjesto gdje se susreću nasljeđe i odgoj.

And it might true

I moguće je

that just the mere act of thinking

kako sam misaoni proces

can change your connectome --

može promijeniti vaš konektom --

an idea that you may find empowering.

moćna ideja, zar ne?

What's in this picture?

Što je na ovoj slici?

A cool and refreshing stream of water, you say.

Divan i osvježavajući planinski potok, reći ćete.

What else is in this picture?

Što još vidite na slici?

Do not forget that groove in the Earth

Ne zaboravite njegov put u Zemlji

called the stream bed.

kojeg nazivamo korito toka.

Without it, the water would not know in which direction to flow.

Bez njega, voda ne bi znala u kojem bi smjeru tekla.

And with the stream,

A s potokom,

I would like to propose a metaphor

predložio bih metaforu

for the relationship between neural activity

koja opisuje odnos moždane aktivnosti

and connectivity.

i povezivanja.

Neural activity is constantly changing.

Moždana aktivnost se stalno mijenja.

It's like the water of the stream; it never sits still.

Ona je poput vode u potoku, nikada ne miruje.

The connections

Veze

of the brain's neural network

u moždanoj mreži

determines the pathways

određuju smjer

along which neural activity flows.

kojim se moždana aktivnost kreće.

And so the connectome is like bed of the stream;

I zato je konektom poput korita vodenog toka.

but the metaphor is richer than that,

Ali metafora je bitno bogatija.

because it's true that the stream bed

Jer istina je da korito vodenog toka

guides the flow of the water,

usmjerava vodeni tok,

but over long timescales,

no također, kroz vrijeme,

the water also reshapes the bed of the stream.

voda oblikuje i samo korito.

And as I told you just now,

I kao što sam napomenuo,

neural activity can change the connectome.

moždana aktivnost mijenja konektom.

And if you'll allow me to ascend

Dozvolite mi da još jednom

to metaphorical heights,

iskoristim snagu metafore,

I will remind you that neural activity

podsjećam vas da moždana aktivnost

is the physical basis -- or so neuroscientists think --

čini fiziološku osnovu -- ili tako neuroznanstvenici misle --

of thoughts, feelings and perceptions.

mišljenja, osjećaja i percepcija.

And so we might even speak of

Moguće je stoga govoriti čak i o

the stream of consciousness.

toku svjesnosti.

Neural activity is its water,

Moždana aktivnost je voda,

and the connectome is its bed.

a konektom, korito.

So let's return from the heights of metaphor

Vratimo se iz visina metafore

and return to science.

natrag u znanost.

Suppose our technologies for finding connectomes

Pretpostavimo da tehnologija otkrivanja konektoma

actually work.

uistinu funkcionira.

How will we go about testing the hypothesis

Kako ćemo ispitati hipotezu

"I am my connectome?"

"Ja sam moj konektom"?

Well, I propose a direct test.

Predlažem izravan test.

Let us attempt

Pokušajmo pročitati

to read out memories from connectomes.

naša sjećanja iz konektoma.

Consider the memory

Uzmimo pamćenje

of long temporal sequences of movements,

dugih povremenih nizova pokreta,

like a pianist playing a Beethoven sonata.

poput onih pijanista dok svira Beethovenovu sonatu.

According to a theory that dates back to the 19th century,

Prema teoriji iz davnog 19. stoljeća,

such memories are stored

takva vrsta sjećanja pohranjuje se

as chains of synaptic connections inside your brain.

kao lanac sinaptičkih veza u vašem mozgu.

Because, if the first neurons in the chain are activated,

Jer, ako se aktivira prvi neuron u tom lancu,

through their synapses they send messages to the second neurons, which are activated,

informacija se putem sinapsi šalje na sljedeći neuron, koji se aktivira

and so on down the line,

i tako kroz cijeli lanac,

like a chain of falling dominoes.

poput domino efekta.

And this sequence of neural activation

Taj se niz moždane aktivnosti

is hypothesized to be the neural basis

smatra neurološkom osnovom

of those sequence of movements.

tih slijedova pokreta.

So one way of trying to test the theory

Jedan od načina da testiramo teoriju

is to look for such chains

jest traženje takvih lanaca

inside connectomes.

unutar konektoma.

But it won't be easy, because they're not going to look like this.

Ali to neće biti jednostavno, jer neće ovako izgledati.

They're going to be scrambled up.

Ti će lanci biti zapetljani.

So we'll have to use our computers

Pa ćemo koristiti naša računala

to try to unscramble the chain.

kako bi ih otpetljali.

And if we can do that,

Ako to uspijemo,

the sequence of the neurons we recover from that unscrambling

neuronski niz koji otkrijemo

will be a prediction of the pattern of neural activity

biti će pretpostavka uzorka moždane aktivnosti

that is replayed in the brain during memory recall.

koja se odigrava u mozgu prilikom prisjećanja.

And if that were successful,

Ako to uspijemo,

that would be the first example of reading a memory from a connectome.

dobit ćemo prvi primjer čitanja misli iz konektoma.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

What a mess --

Kakav nered.

have you ever tried to wire up a system

Jeste li ikada pokušali povezati sustav

as complex as this?

koji je ovako složen?

I hope not.

Nadam se da niste.

But if you have, you know it's very easy to make a mistake.

No ako jeste, znate kako se vrlo lagano može pogriješiti.

The branches of neurons are like the wires of the brain.

Grane neurona ustvari su žice u mozgu.

Can anyone guess: what's the total length of wires in your brain?

Možete li pogoditi: kolika je dužina svih žica u mozgu?

I'll give you a hint. It's a big number.

Pomoći ću vam. Broj je velik.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

I estimate, millions of miles,

Moja procjena je milijuni milja.

all packed in your skull.

Svi zbijeni u vašoj lubanji.

And if you appreciate that number,

Prihvaćate li ovaj iznos,

you can easily see

jasno vam je

there is huge potential for mis-wiring of the brain.

kako je mogućnost za krivi spoj iznimno velika.

And indeed, the popular press loves headlines like,

Istina je, često čitamo naslove poput,

"Anorexic brains are wired differently,"

"Anoreksični mozak spojen je drukčije",

or "Autistic brains are wired differently."

ili "Autistični mozak spojen drugačije".

These are plausible claims,

Ovo su vjerojatne tvrdnje,

but in truth,

ali u stvari,

we can't see the brain's wiring clearly enough

ne možemo dovoljno jasno vidjeti povezivanje u mozgu

to tell if these are really true.

kako bismo utvrditi je li to istina.

And so the technologies for seeing connectomes

Tehnologija za analiziranje konektoma

will allow us to finally

napokon će nam omogućiti

read mis-wiring of the brain,

pronalazak krivih spojeva u mozgu,

to see mental disorders in connectomes.

i naći duševne poremećaje u konektomima.

Sometimes the best way to test a hypothesis

Ponekad je najbolji način testiranja hipoteze

is to consider its most extreme implication.

razmotriti njenu najekstremniju implikaciju.

Philosophers know this game very well.

Filozofima je ova igra dobro poznata.

If you believe that I am my connectome,

Ako mislite kako sam ja moj konektom,

I think you must also accept the idea

smatram kako također morate prihvatiti ideju

that death is the destruction

kako je smrt uništenje

of your connectome.

vašeg konektoma.

I mention this because there are prophets today

Spominjem to jer česti su današnji proroci

who claim that technology

koji tvrde kako će tehnologija

will fundamentally alter the human condition

u samoj osnovi izmijeniti ljudski život

and perhaps even transform the human species.

pa čak i utjecati na transformaciju ljudske vrste.

One of their most cherished dreams

Jedan od njihovih najboljih snova

is to cheat death

jest kako prevariti smrt

by that practice known as cryonics.

postupkom krionizacije.

If you pay 100,000 dollars,

Platite li 100,000 dolara

you can arrange to have your body frozen after death

vaše tijelo će nakon smrti biti zamrznuto

and stored in liquid nitrogen

i pohranjeno u tekućem dušiku

in one of these tanks in an Arizona warehouse,

u jednom od spremnika skladišta u Arizoni,

awaiting a future civilization

čekajući tako buduće civilizacije

that is advanced to resurrect you.

koje vas mogu uskrsnuti.

Should we ridicule the modern seekers of immortality,

Je li u redu ismijavati moderne tragače za besmrtnosti,

calling them fools?

i nazivati to glupošću?

Or will they someday chuckle

Ili će se oni jednoga dana hihotati

over our graves?

nad našim grobovima?

I don't know --

Ne znam.

I prefer to test their beliefs, scientifically.

Ono što mogu jest, znanstveno analizirati njihova uvjerenja.

I propose that we attempt to find a connectome

Predlažem da pokušamo pronaći konektom

of a frozen brain.

smrznutog mozga.

We know that damage to the brain

Znamo kako oštećenje mozga

occurs after death and during freezing.

nastupa nakon smrti i tijekom zamrzavanja.

The question is: has that damage erased the connectome?

Pitanje jest: Je li oštećenje izbrisalo konektom?

If it has, there is no way that any future civilization

Ako jest, buduće civilizacije neće moći

will be able to recover the memories of these frozen brains.

vratiti memoriju iz smrznutog mozga.

Resurrection might succeed for the body,

Uskrsnuće je možda moguće za tijelo,

but not for the mind.

ali ne i za um.

On the other hand, if the connectome is still intact,

Naprotiv, ostane li konektom netaknut,

we cannot ridicule the claims of cryonics so easily.

nemamo razloga za ishitreno ismijavanje krionizacije.

I've described a quest

Opisao sam vam pothvat

that begins in the world of the very small,

koji započinje u mikro svijetu,

and propels us to the world of the far future.

i vodi nas u svijet daleke budućnosti.

Connectomes will mark a turning point in human history.

Konektomi će obilježiti ljudsku povijest.

As we evolved from our ape-like ancestors

Razvivši se od naših dalekih predaka

on the African savanna,

iz Afričke savane,

what distinguished us was our larger brains.

ono što nas razlikuje je naš veći mozak.

We have used our brains to fashion

Koristili smo taj mozak za razvoj

ever more amazing technologies.

fascinantnih tehnologija i izuma.

Eventually, these technologies will become so powerful

I jednog dana, te će tehnologije postati toliko snažne

that we will use them to know ourselves

da ćemo upoznati sebe

by deconstructing and reconstructing

razlažući i slažući natrag

our own brains.

naš vlastiti mozak

I believe that this voyage of self-discovery

Ovo putovanje ka samootkrivenju

is not just for scientists,

nije samo putovanje znanstvenika,

but for all of us.

nego svih nas.

And I'm grateful for the opportunity to share this voyage with you today.

I čast mi je bila podijeliti ovo putovanje s vama danas.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)