The secrets I find on the mysterious ocean floor | Laura Robinson

128,179 views ・ 2016-03-30

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Hancheng Li 校对人员: Yinchun Rui
00:12
Well, I'm an ocean chemist.
0
12746
1453
我是一位海洋化学家。
00:14
I look at the chemistry of the ocean today.
1
14223
2119
我研究现代海洋的化学特性。
00:16
I look at the chemistry of the ocean in the past.
2
16366
3000
我也研究古代海洋的化学特性。
00:19
The way I look back in the past
3
19390
2064
我研究古代海洋的方式,
00:21
is by using the fossilized remains of deepwater corals.
4
21478
3151
是借助深海珊瑚的化石遗体。
00:24
You can see an image of one of these corals behind me.
5
24653
2642
各位可以在我的背后 看到这样一张图片。
00:27
It was collected from close to Antarctica, thousands of meters below the sea,
6
27319
4426
这是在南极洲附近, 海平面以下的数千米处采集的。
00:31
so, very different than the kinds of corals
7
31769
2088
所以这些珊瑚跟其它种类非常不同,
00:33
you may have been lucky enough to see if you've had a tropical holiday.
8
33881
3787
比如说你去热带度假的时候 有幸见到的一些。
00:37
So I'm hoping that this talk will give you
9
37692
2056
我希望我的演讲能够为大家
00:39
a four-dimensional view of the ocean.
10
39772
1793
呈现一幅四维的海洋图像。
00:41
Two dimensions, such as this beautiful two-dimensional image
11
41589
3873
其中的两个维度, 正如这个漂亮的平面图,
00:45
of the sea surface temperature.
12
45486
1594
描述了海平面的温度。
00:47
This was taken using satellite, so it's got tremendous spatial resolution.
13
47104
4024
这张照片是卫星拍摄的, 所以有着极高的空间分辨率。
00:51
The overall features are extremely easy to understand.
14
51898
2866
照片的大致内容是相当容易理解的。
00:54
The equatorial regions are warm because there's more sunlight.
15
54788
3664
赤道地区比较温暖, 因为接受的日照很多。
00:58
The polar regions are cold because there's less sunlight.
16
58476
2686
极地比较寒冷, 因为接受的日照较少。
01:01
And that allows big icecaps to build up on Antarctica
17
61186
2921
所以这就让南极洲的土地上 生成了巨大的冰盖,
01:04
and up in the Northern Hemisphere.
18
64131
1810
同样还有北半球的顶部。
01:06
If you plunge deep into the sea, or even put your toes in the sea,
19
66299
3418
如果你深潜入大海里, 或者只是让脚趾头碰到海水,
01:09
you know it gets colder as you go down,
20
69741
1943
你就会知道越深处越寒冷,
01:11
and that's mostly because the deep waters that fill the abyss of the ocean
21
71708
3979
这主要是因为, 填充海底沟壑的深海海水
01:15
come from the cold polar regions where the waters are dense.
22
75711
3165
是来自寒冷的极地地区, 而那里的水密度更大。
01:19
If we travel back in time 20,000 years ago,
23
79845
3106
如果我们让时光倒流两万年,
01:22
the earth looked very much different.
24
82975
1860
整个地球看上去非常不同。
01:24
And I've just given you a cartoon version of one of the major differences
25
84859
3467
我刚刚给你们看的是 其中一个巨大变化的漫画示意图,
01:28
you would have seen if you went back that long.
26
88350
2255
那个时代的景象就像这样。
01:30
The icecaps were much bigger.
27
90629
1682
冰盖要比现在大很多。
01:32
They covered lots of the continent, and they extended out over the ocean.
28
92335
3627
它们覆盖了大面积的陆地, 而且延展到各大洋。
01:35
Sea level was 120 meters lower.
29
95986
2493
海平面比现在低了120米。
01:38
Carbon dioxide [levels] were very much lower than they are today.
30
98503
3544
二氧化碳[水平]比现在要低很多。
01:42
So the earth was probably about three to five degrees colder overall,
31
102071
3644
地球上的平均气温比现在 大概要低3到5摄氏度,
01:45
and much, much colder in the polar regions.
32
105739
2820
而且在极地地区要更加寒冷。
01:49
What I'm trying to understand,
33
109908
1454
我想要研究清楚的东西,
01:51
and what other colleagues of mine are trying to understand,
34
111386
2802
也是我的同事们想要弄明白的东西,
就是我们如何从那种极端寒冷的气候
01:54
is how we moved from that cold climate condition
35
114212
2459
01:56
to the warm climate condition that we enjoy today.
36
116695
2896
转变成现在我们所享受的 这种温暖气候的。
01:59
We know from ice core research
37
119615
2059
对冰芯的研究告诉我们,
02:01
that the transition from these cold conditions to warm conditions
38
121698
3080
从寒冷气候到温暖气候的转变 并不是非常平缓的,
02:04
wasn't smooth, as you might predict from the slow increase in solar radiation.
39
124802
4748
你们可以通过太阳辐射的 缓慢增加中推测出来。
02:10
And we know this from ice cores, because if you drill down into ice,
40
130153
3231
我们可以得出这种结论, 是因为如果你在冰盖上钻孔,
02:13
you find annual bands of ice, and you can see this in the iceberg.
41
133408
3271
你可以发现按年份分层的冰, 就像这幅冰山的图片里。
02:16
You can see those blue-white layers.
42
136703
1991
你可以看到那些蓝白相间的条纹。
02:18
Gases are trapped in the ice cores, so we can measure CO2 --
43
138718
3626
气体被封闭在这些冰芯里, 所以我们可以据此测定二氧化碳。
02:22
that's why we know CO2 was lower in the past --
44
142368
2365
所以我们得知 以前的二氧化碳水平比现在要低。
02:24
and the chemistry of the ice also tells us about temperature
45
144757
2993
冰的化学组成同样可以告诉我们
极地地区的气温信息。
02:27
in the polar regions.
46
147774
1475
02:29
And if you move in time from 20,000 years ago to the modern day,
47
149273
3679
如果你从两万年前穿越到现代,
02:32
you see that temperature increased.
48
152976
1809
你会发现气温出现了增长。
02:34
It didn't increase smoothly.
49
154809
1625
它不是平缓地增长的。
02:36
Sometimes it increased very rapidly,
50
156458
1778
有时候气温上升得非常迅速,
02:38
then there was a plateau,
51
158260
1244
然后就稳定一段时间,
02:39
then it increased rapidly.
52
159528
1265
之后再次迅速上升。
02:40
It was different in the two polar regions,
53
160817
2024
气温在两极地区有些差异,
02:42
and CO2 also increased in jumps.
54
162865
2729
而且二氧化碳水平 也以这种跳跃方式增长。
02:46
So we're pretty sure the ocean has a lot to do with this.
55
166808
3046
于是我们可以确定, 海洋与这些变化有着密切联系。
02:49
The ocean stores huge amounts of carbon,
56
169878
2366
海洋里储存着大量的碳元素,
02:52
about 60 times more than is in the atmosphere.
57
172268
2554
比大气中的储量多了大约60倍。
02:54
It also acts to transport heat across the equator,
58
174846
3202
海洋还有的作用, 就是跨赤道地区输送热量,
02:58
and the ocean is full of nutrients and it controls primary productivity.
59
178072
3769
而且海洋里富含养分, 还提供了极高的初级产能。
03:02
So if we want to find out what's going on down in the deep sea,
60
182142
2984
如果我们想要研究 深海世界里发生了什么,
03:05
we really need to get down there,
61
185150
1593
我们真的需要潜入其中,
03:06
see what's there
62
186767
1166
看看那里有什么,
03:07
and start to explore.
63
187957
1404
并且开始努力探索。
03:09
This is some spectacular footage coming from a seamount
64
189385
3007
这是采自海底山峰的 一些精彩镜头,
03:12
about a kilometer deep in international waters
65
192416
2189
这个山峰位于赤道地区的公海, 而且远离大陆,
03:14
in the equatorial Atlantic, far from land.
66
194629
2980
大概在大西洋底1,000米深处。
03:17
You're amongst the first people to see this bit of the seafloor,
67
197633
3049
你们是最先欣赏到 这个地区的海底的一群人,
03:20
along with my research team.
68
200706
1642
跟我的研究团队差不多。
03:23
You're probably seeing new species.
69
203340
1744
你们可能看到的是一些新物种。
03:25
We don't know.
70
205108
1152
然而我们并不了解。
03:26
You'd have to collect the samples and do some very intense taxonomy.
71
206284
3660
你得采集很多样本, 然后做非常繁琐的生物学分类。
03:29
You can see beautiful bubblegum corals.
72
209968
1893
你可以看到这些美丽的 泡泡糖珊瑚。
03:31
There are brittle stars growing on these corals.
73
211885
2254
柔软的海星长在这些珊瑚上。
03:34
Those are things that look like tentacles coming out of corals.
74
214163
3056
它们看起来就像珊瑚上 延伸出的触手一样。
03:37
There are corals made of different forms of calcium carbonate
75
217243
2872
这些珊瑚由不同形式的碳酸钙组成,
03:40
growing off the basalt of this massive undersea mountain,
76
220139
3376
在这个巨大的海底山峰的 玄武岩上茁壮生长,
03:43
and the dark sort of stuff, those are fossilized corals,
77
223539
3364
那些颜色很黑的东西, 就是变成化石的珊瑚,
03:46
and we're going to talk a little more about those
78
226927
2311
让我们回到过去,
更仔细聊聊这些珊瑚的故事。
03:49
as we travel back in time.
79
229262
1348
03:51
To do that, we need to charter a research boat.
80
231030
2485
要做时光旅行, 我们得租一条考察船,
03:53
This is the James Cook, an ocean-class research vessel
81
233539
3040
这是詹姆斯·库克号, 一艘大洋级的调查船,
03:56
moored up in Tenerife.
82
236603
1270
停泊在特纳里夫港口。
03:57
Looks beautiful, right?
83
237897
1332
看上去很棒,对吧?
03:59
Great, if you're not a great mariner.
84
239554
1830
如果你不是个很好的海员, 你会觉得不错的。
04:01
Sometimes it looks a little more like this.
85
241702
2504
但是有时她看起来更像这样。
04:04
This is us trying to make sure that we don't lose precious samples.
86
244230
3199
我们正在努力保证 珍贵的样品不丢失。
04:07
Everyone's scurrying around, and I get terribly seasick,
87
247453
2817
每个人都手忙脚乱, 然后我也严重晕船,
04:10
so it's not always a lot of fun, but overall it is.
88
250294
2994
所以说这不全是有趣的经历, 但是总体还是不错的。
04:13
So we've got to become a really good mapper to do this.
89
253312
2586
我们必须要成为很好的测绘师 才能做这个工作。
04:15
You don't see that kind of spectacular coral abundance everywhere.
90
255922
3739
你不可能在处处都找到 如此丰富的珊瑚储量。
04:19
It is global and it is deep,
91
259685
3040
我们得走遍世界、潜入深海寻找,
04:22
but we need to really find the right places.
92
262749
2314
但是我们必须得找到正确的地方。
04:25
We just saw a global map, and overlaid was our cruise passage
93
265087
3166
我们刚刚看到一个世界地图, 上面重叠着我们去年的航线。
04:28
from last year.
94
268277
1205
04:29
This was a seven-week cruise,
95
269990
1396
那是一个为期七周的航程,
04:31
and this is us, having made our own maps
96
271410
2024
这就是我们自己做的地图,
04:33
of about 75,000 square kilometers of the seafloor in seven weeks,
97
273458
4071
在七周时间里,我们描绘了 大约75,000平方公里的海底地图,
04:37
but that's only a tiny fraction of the seafloor.
98
277553
2522
但那也只是整个海底的微小部分。
04:40
We're traveling from west to east,
99
280099
1769
我们自西向东航行,
04:41
over part of the ocean that would look featureless on a big-scale map,
100
281892
3500
穿过的一些海域, 在世界地图上没有任何特征可言,
04:45
but actually some of these mountains are as big as Everest.
101
285416
3257
但是这里的一些山峰 其实可以跟珠穆朗玛峰相提并论。
04:48
So with the maps that we make on board,
102
288697
1929
我们在船上制作的地图,
04:50
we get about 100-meter resolution,
103
290650
1992
大概有100米左右的分辨率,
04:52
enough to pick out areas to deploy our equipment,
104
292666
2889
这已经足够让我们 选定地址放置测绘仪器,
04:55
but not enough to see very much.
105
295579
1914
但是想要看得更清楚就不是很够。
04:57
To do that, we need to fly remotely-operated vehicles
106
297517
2722
为了使图像更清晰, 我们要操纵遥控的深潜器,
05:00
about five meters off the seafloor.
107
300263
2214
到距离海底5米左右的深处。
05:02
And if we do that, we can get maps that are one-meter resolution
108
302501
3215
如果我们这么做,我们可以得到 海平面以下数千米处
05:05
down thousands of meters.
109
305740
2094
分辨率小至1米的高清图像。
05:07
Here is a remotely-operated vehicle,
110
307858
1817
这就是一台遥控深潜器,
05:09
a research-grade vehicle.
111
309699
2311
科研级别的深潜器。
05:12
You can see an array of big lights on the top.
112
312034
2482
你可以在它顶部看到一排大灯。
05:14
There are high-definition cameras, manipulator arms,
113
314540
3055
上面还有高清摄影机、操纵臂,
05:17
and lots of little boxes and things to put your samples.
114
317619
2913
还有各种小盒子、小零件 来收集海底样本。
05:21
Here we are on our first dive of this particular cruise,
115
321087
3718
这是我们航程的第一次深潜,
05:24
plunging down into the ocean.
116
324829
1706
机器潜到大洋深处。
05:26
We go pretty fast to make sure the remotely operated vehicles
117
326559
2873
我们让它尽快下潜,
使它不会受其它过往船只的影响。
05:29
are not affected by any other ships.
118
329456
1723
05:31
And we go down,
119
331203
1198
我们不断下潜,
05:32
and these are the kinds of things you see.
120
332425
2174
这就是你们可以看到的东西。
05:34
These are deep sea sponges, meter scale.
121
334623
3500
这些是大小达到数米的深海海绵。
05:38
This is a swimming holothurian -- it's a small sea slug, basically.
122
338817
4248
这是个游动的海参—— 其实是一个小的海底蛞蝓。
05:43
This is slowed down.
123
343089
1187
这些是慢镜头。
05:44
Most of the footage I'm showing you is speeded up,
124
344300
2389
我展示的大部分视频资料 都是加速播放的,
05:46
because all of this takes a lot of time.
125
346713
1928
因为这些过程都耗时很长。
05:49
This is a beautiful holothurian as well.
126
349474
2939
这也是一个漂亮的海参。
05:52
And this animal you're going to see coming up was a big surprise.
127
352897
3072
接下来你们看到的这个动物 是一个很大的惊喜。
05:55
I've never seen anything like this and it took us all a bit surprised.
128
355993
3412
我从来没见过任何类似的东西, 这让我们所有人都震惊了。
我们已经连续工作了15个小时, 都累得很不耐烦了,
05:59
This was after about 15 hours of work and we were all a bit trigger-happy,
129
359429
3588
突然这个巨大的海怪 缓缓从我们旁边游过。
06:03
and suddenly this giant sea monster started rolling past.
130
363041
2737
06:05
It's called a pyrosome or colonial tunicate, if you like.
131
365802
3106
它叫做“火体虫”, 或者说是一种寄生性尾索动物。
06:08
This wasn't what we were looking for.
132
368932
1787
这可不是我们要找的东西。
06:10
We were looking for corals, deep sea corals.
133
370743
2646
我们在搜寻珊瑚, 深海里的珊瑚。
06:14
You're going to see a picture of one in a moment.
134
374194
2298
你们过一会儿就会 看到一张珊瑚的照片。
06:16
It's small, about five centimeters high.
135
376516
2635
它很小,只有5厘米高。
06:19
It's made of calcium carbonate, so you can see its tentacles there,
136
379175
3318
它是由碳酸钙构成的, 你们可以看到它的触手,
06:22
moving in the ocean currents.
137
382517
2131
在洋流之中摆动。
06:25
An organism like this probably lives for about a hundred years.
138
385180
3111
像这样的有机体 一般可以存活100年。
06:28
And as it grows, it takes in chemicals from the ocean.
139
388315
3540
在它生长过程中, 它从海洋中吸收化学成分。
06:31
And the chemicals, or the amount of chemicals,
140
391879
2206
这些化学成分, 或是说化学成分的量,
06:34
depends on the temperature; it depends on the pH,
141
394109
2674
取决于海水温度,还有pH值,
06:36
it depends on the nutrients.
142
396807
1546
以及水中的养分。
06:38
And if we can understand how these chemicals get into the skeleton,
143
398377
3234
如果我们可以理解 这些化学成分如何进入生物骨架,
06:41
we can then go back, collect fossil specimens,
144
401635
2498
我们就可以采集样本、回溯历史,
06:44
and reconstruct what the ocean used to look like in the past.
145
404157
3144
重现古代海洋的图景。
06:47
And here you can see us collecting that coral with a vacuum system,
146
407325
3436
现在你们可以看到我们在用 抽真空系统收集那个珊瑚样本,
06:50
and we put it into a sampling container.
147
410785
2601
然后把样本放在容器里。
06:53
We can do this very carefully, I should add.
148
413410
2059
我应该补充一下, 我们可以做得非常仔细。
06:55
Some of these organisms live even longer.
149
415493
2385
这类有机体有些可以活得更长。
06:57
This is a black coral called Leiopathes, an image taken by my colleague,
150
417902
3402
这是一种名叫“黑树”的黑角珊瑚, 在夏威夷海域500米深处找到,
07:01
Brendan Roark, about 500 meters below Hawaii.
151
421328
3262
照片是由我的同事 布兰登·洛克拍摄的。
07:04
Four thousand years is a long time.
152
424614
2043
四千年可是很长的时间啊。
07:06
If you take a branch from one of these corals and polish it up,
153
426962
3135
如果你从这种珊瑚中 摘取一段枝条,然后把它打磨,
07:10
this is about 100 microns across.
154
430121
2293
这张图横向大约有100微米宽。
07:12
And Brendan took some analyses across this coral --
155
432763
2491
布兰登对这个珊瑚做了横切分析,
07:15
you can see the marks --
156
435278
1806
你们可以看到横向的标记,
07:17
and he's been able to show that these are actual annual bands,
157
437108
2959
他由此证明了这其实是珊瑚的年轮,
07:20
so even at 500 meters deep in the ocean,
158
440091
1913
所以说即使在 海平面以下500米深处,
07:22
corals can record seasonal changes,
159
442028
2768
珊瑚可以记录季节的更替,
07:24
which is pretty spectacular.
160
444820
1732
这其实是挺惊人的。
07:26
But 4,000 years is not enough to get us back to our last glacial maximum.
161
446576
3798
然而四千年不足以让我们 回到最后一个冰川极盛期。
07:30
So what do we do?
162
450398
1158
那么我们怎么办呢?
07:31
We go in for these fossil specimens.
163
451580
2007
我们潜入海中寻找化石样本。
07:34
This is what makes me really unpopular with my research team.
164
454180
2931
其实这就是为什么 我在研究团队里特别不受人欢迎。
07:37
So going along,
165
457135
1150
所以潜到海底,
07:38
there's giant sharks everywhere,
166
458309
1618
到处都是巨大的鲨鱼,
07:39
there are pyrosomes, there are swimming holothurians,
167
459951
2498
还有火体虫、游动的海蛞蝓,
07:42
there's giant sponges,
168
462473
1271
以及巨大的海绵,
07:43
but I make everyone go down to these dead fossil areas
169
463768
2595
但是我要求每个人都 潜到这死气沉沉的化石区,
07:46
and spend ages kind of shoveling around on the seafloor.
170
466387
3556
然后花很长的时间 在海底铲来铲去。
07:49
And we pick up all these corals, bring them back, we sort them out.
171
469967
3365
我们拾取所有的珊瑚样本, 把它们带回来,然后做分类。
07:53
But each one of these is a different age,
172
473356
2295
但是每一个样本都来自不同的时代,
07:55
and if we can find out how old they are
173
475675
1901
如果我们可以知道它们有多古老,
07:57
and then we can measure those chemical signals,
174
477600
2512
然后我们去测定 其中的化学信号,
08:00
this helps us to find out
175
480136
1422
这就可以帮助我们
08:01
what's been going on in the ocean in the past.
176
481582
2483
研究出古代海洋中 发生了怎样的事。
08:04
So on the left-hand image here,
177
484558
1704
请看左侧的照片,
08:06
I've taken a slice through a coral, polished it very carefully
178
486286
3032
我对珊瑚做了一份纵切片, 很仔细地打磨,
08:09
and taken an optical image.
179
489342
1970
之后拍摄了光学影像。
08:11
On the right-hand side,
180
491336
1152
在右侧的照片中,
08:12
we've taken that same piece of coral, put it in a nuclear reactor,
181
492512
3100
我们提取了同一片珊瑚, 将它放进核反应堆,
08:15
induced fission,
182
495636
1152
诱发核裂变反应,
08:16
and every time there's some decay,
183
496812
1631
每一次都会产生一些衰减,
08:18
you can see that marked out in the coral,
184
498467
1982
你可以在珊瑚中看到一些标记,
08:20
so we can see the uranium distribution.
185
500473
1889
我们可以据此判断 铀元素的分布情况。
08:22
Why are we doing this?
186
502386
1151
我们为什么要这么做呢?
08:23
Uranium is a very poorly regarded element,
187
503561
2287
铀是一种很不被重视的元素,
08:25
but I love it.
188
505872
1159
但是我非常喜欢它。
08:27
The decay helps us find out about the rates and dates
189
507055
3212
这种衰减帮助我们研究出
海洋中何时发生了何事, 某种成分有多大的量。
08:30
of what's going on in the ocean.
190
510291
1539
08:31
And if you remember from the beginning,
191
511854
1898
如果你们还记得我开头所讲的,
08:33
that's what we want to get at when we're thinking about climate.
192
513776
3013
这就是我们思考气候问题时 想要进一步研究的东西。
08:36
So we use a laser to analyze uranium
193
516813
1751
所以我们用激光去分析铀元素,
08:38
and one of its daughter products, thorium, in these corals,
194
518588
2785
以及珊瑚中所含的, 铀的副产物钍元素,
08:41
and that tells us exactly how old the fossils are.
195
521397
2639
由此我们得知这些化石的精确年龄。
08:44
This beautiful animation of the Southern Ocean
196
524742
2192
这个漂亮的南极洋动画,
08:46
I'm just going to use illustrate how we're using these corals
197
526958
3135
展现了我们如何利用这些珊瑚
08:50
to get at some of the ancient ocean feedbacks.
198
530117
4071
来提取古代海洋的反馈信息。
08:54
You can see the density of the surface water
199
534212
2426
这个由莱恩·阿伯纳西制作的动画中,
08:56
in this animation by Ryan Abernathey.
200
536662
2398
你们可以看到表面海水的密度分布。
08:59
It's just one year of data,
201
539481
2037
这只是一年的数据,
09:01
but you can see how dynamic the Southern Ocean is.
202
541542
2610
但是各位已经可以看出 南极洋非常动态的变化。
09:04
The intense mixing, particularly the Drake Passage,
203
544500
3407
尤其是方框中的德雷克海峡,
09:07
which is shown by the box,
204
547931
2437
这里洋流交汇非常强烈,
09:10
is really one of the strongest currents in the world
205
550392
2612
其实是世界上 最强的洋流之一。
09:13
coming through here, flowing from west to east.
206
553028
2207
洋流从西到东穿过海峡。
09:15
It's very turbulently mixed,
207
555259
1349
洋流在此处汹涌地交汇,
09:16
because it's moving over those great big undersea mountains,
208
556632
2872
因为它经过了那些 巨大的海底山峰,
09:19
and this allows CO2 and heat to exchange with the atmosphere in and out.
209
559528
4481
这就让二氧化碳和热量 与大气进行交换。
09:24
And essentially, the oceans are breathing through the Southern Ocean.
210
564033
3507
本质上,海洋系统 通过南极洋进行“呼吸”作用。
09:28
We've collected corals from back and forth across this Antarctic passage,
211
568865
5464
我们在这个南极的海峡 来回穿行,采集珊瑚样本,
09:34
and we've found quite a surprising thing from my uranium dating:
212
574353
3027
从我的铀元素年代测定结果, 我们得到了很惊人的结论:
09:37
the corals migrated from south to north
213
577404
2503
从冰期到间冰期的过渡期,
09:39
during this transition from the glacial to the interglacial.
214
579931
3129
这些珊瑚从南方迁移到了北方。
09:43
We don't really know why,
215
583084
1207
我们并不知道为什么,
09:44
but we think it's something to do with the food source
216
584315
2549
但是我们认为这与 食物来源有一些关联,
09:46
and maybe the oxygen in the water.
217
586888
1957
或者是海水中的氧气含量。
09:49
So here we are.
218
589718
1155
所以讲到这儿,
09:50
I'm going to illustrate what I think we've found about climate
219
590897
3048
我接下来要展示, 我们从南极洋的珊瑚中
得出的有关气候的结论。
09:53
from those corals in the Southern Ocean.
220
593969
1960
我们在海底山脉中游走, 我们采集了细小的珊瑚化石。
09:55
We went up and down sea mountains. We collected little fossil corals.
221
595953
3275
这是我的图解。
09:59
This is my illustration of that.
222
599252
1526
10:00
We think back in the glacial,
223
600802
1405
在分析了珊瑚之后,
10:02
from the analysis we've made in the corals,
224
602231
2023
我们认为,在冰川期时,
南极洋的深处碳元素非常丰富,
10:04
that the deep part of the Southern Ocean was very rich in carbon,
225
604278
3086
10:07
and there was a low-density layer sitting on top.
226
607388
2689
并且一层低密度海水浮在大洋表面。
10:10
That stops carbon dioxide coming out of the ocean.
227
610101
2793
这就阻止了二氧化碳从海洋中逸出。
10:13
We then found corals that are of an intermediate age,
228
613752
2592
我们之后发现了一些 中等年龄的珊瑚,
10:16
and they show us that the ocean mixed partway through that climate transition.
229
616368
4580
它们告诉我们,洋流的激烈交汇 发生在气候过渡期的中段。
10:20
That allows carbon to come out of the deep ocean.
230
620972
2467
这让深海中的碳元素得以逸出。
10:24
And then if we analyze corals closer to the modern day,
231
624154
3099
那么如果我们研究 更接近现代的珊瑚,
10:27
or indeed if we go down there today anyway
232
627277
2254
或者我们干脆马上就潜到海里,
10:29
and measure the chemistry of the corals,
233
629555
2206
然后研究珊瑚的化学成分,
10:31
we see that we move to a position where carbon can exchange in and out.
234
631785
3994
我们可以看到现在是 二氧化碳进行进出交换的时代。
10:35
So this is the way we can use fossil corals
235
635803
2074
所以这就是我们利用珊瑚化石
10:37
to help us learn about the environment.
236
637901
1942
来研究环境变化的方法。
10:41
So I want to leave you with this last slide.
237
641827
2134
那么我给大家展示最后一张幻灯片。
10:43
It's just a still taken out of that first piece of footage that I showed you.
238
643985
3923
这是从最开始我播放的视频中 截取的一张图片。
10:47
This is a spectacular coral garden.
239
647932
2112
这是一个异常美丽的珊瑚花园。
10:50
We didn't even expect to find things this beautiful.
240
650068
2558
我们根本没有想象到 会发现如此之美的东西。
10:52
It's thousands of meters deep.
241
652650
1884
这里有数千米深。
10:54
There are new species.
242
654558
1374
这里有全新的物种。
10:56
It's just a beautiful place.
243
656416
1899
这就是一个美丽的圣地。
10:58
There are fossils in amongst,
244
658339
1381
这其中有很多化石,
10:59
and now I've trained you to appreciate the fossil corals
245
659744
2691
现在我教会大家 去欣赏这些化石珊瑚,
11:02
that are down there.
246
662459
1215
沉睡在海底深处。
11:03
So next time you're lucky enough to fly over the ocean
247
663698
2866
所以说下一次当你有幸飞过大洋时,
11:06
or sail over the ocean,
248
666588
1409
或者是航行在海洋之上,
11:08
just think -- there are massive sea mountains down there
249
668021
2667
请各位记得—— 海底世界有崇山峻岭,
11:10
that nobody's ever seen before,
250
670712
1867
无人领略过它的壮美,
11:12
and there are beautiful corals.
251
672603
1617
海底世界还有美丽的珊瑚。
11:14
Thank you.
252
674244
1151
谢谢各位。
11:15
(Applause)
253
675419
4930
(掌声)
关于本网站

这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7