The secrets I find on the mysterious ocean floor | Laura Robinson

128,140 views ใƒป 2016-03-30

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Kyo young Chu ๊ฒ€ํ† : JY Kang
00:12
Well, I'm an ocean chemist.
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์ €๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘ ํ™”ํ•™์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
I look at the chemistry of the ocean today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ํ•ด์–‘ ํ™”ํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ,
00:16
I look at the chemistry of the ocean in the past.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ•ด์–‘ ํ™”ํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์ฃ .
00:19
The way I look back in the past
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์€
00:21
is by using the fossilized remains of deepwater corals.
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์‹ฌํ•ด ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์˜ ํ™”์„ํ™”๋œ ์ž”์œ ๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
You can see an image of one of these corals behind me.
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์ œ ๋’ค์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
00:27
It was collected from close to Antarctica, thousands of meters below the sea,
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์ด๊ฑด ๋‚จ๊ทน ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊นŠ์ด์˜ ํ•ด์ €์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
so, very different than the kinds of corals
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์—ด๋Œ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ
00:33
you may have been lucky enough to see if you've had a tropical holiday.
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์šด์ด ์ข‹์œผ๋ฉด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ด์ฃ .
00:37
So I'm hoping that this talk will give you
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
00:39
a four-dimensional view of the ocean.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ 4์ฐจ์›์  ๋ชจ์Šต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
Two dimensions, such as this beautiful two-dimensional image
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2์ฐจ์›์  ๋ชจ์Šต์€
์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์˜จ๋„ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
of the sea surface temperature.
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00:47
This was taken using satellite, so it's got tremendous spatial resolution.
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์œ„์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด๊ธฐ์— ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
The overall features are extremely easy to understand.
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์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค๋„ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์ฃ .
00:54
The equatorial regions are warm because there's more sunlight.
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์ ๋„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ ํ–‡๋น›์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›์•„์„œ ๋” ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
The polar regions are cold because there's less sunlight.
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๊ทน์ง€๋ฐฉ์€ ํ–‡๋น›์ด ์ ๊ธฐ์— ๋” ์ฐจ๊ฐ‘์ฃ .
01:01
And that allows big icecaps to build up on Antarctica
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ทน๊ณผ ๋ถ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ ์œ—์ชฝ์—
01:04
and up in the Northern Hemisphere.
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์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋งŒ๋…„๋น™์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
If you plunge deep into the sea, or even put your toes in the sea,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ฐœ๋งŒ ๋‹ด๊ทธ๋”๋ผ๋„
01:09
you know it gets colder as you go down,
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์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์›Œ์ง์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
and that's mostly because the deep waters that fill the abyss of the ocean
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๊ทธ ์ฃผ๋œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ํ•ด์ €์˜ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ˆ˜๋Š”
์ถ”์šด ๊ทน์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ์˜จ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
come from the cold polar regions where the waters are dense.
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01:19
If we travel back in time 20,000 years ago,
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2๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ฉด,
01:22
the earth looked very much different.
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
And I've just given you a cartoon version of one of the major differences
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ
01:28
you would have seen if you went back that long.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ „์— ๋งŒํ™”๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
01:30
The icecaps were much bigger.
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๋งŒ๋…„๋น™์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ปธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
They covered lots of the continent, and they extended out over the ocean.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์„ ๋’ค๋ฎ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ป—์–ด์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:35
Sea level was 120 meters lower.
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ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ณด๋‹ค 120๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
Carbon dioxide [levels] were very much lower than they are today.
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋†๋„๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:42
So the earth was probably about three to five degrees colder overall,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ๋ณด๋‹ค 3์—์„œ 5๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์•˜์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
and much, much colder in the polar regions.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทน์ง€๋ฐฉ์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ถ”์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
01:49
What I'm trying to understand,
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์ €์™€ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€
01:51
and what other colleagues of mine are trying to understand,
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๊ทธ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์› ๋˜ ๊ธฐํ›„์—์„œ
01:54
is how we moved from that cold climate condition
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ๊ธฐํ›„๋กœ
01:56
to the warm climate condition that we enjoy today.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
We know from ice core research
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๋น™ํ•ต ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
02:01
that the transition from these cold conditions to warm conditions
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ํ•œ๋Œ€ ๊ธฐํ›„์—์„œ ์˜จ๋Œ€ ๊ธฐํ›„๋กœ ์™„๋งŒํžˆ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
wasn't smooth, as you might predict from the slow increase in solar radiation.
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ํƒœ์–‘ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ฃ .
02:10
And we know this from ice cores, because if you drill down into ice,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋น™ํ•ต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์–ผ์Œ์„ ํŒŒ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด ๋น™ํ•˜์—์„œ ์–ผ์Œ ๋‚˜์ดํ…Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
02:13
you find annual bands of ice, and you can see this in the iceberg.
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02:16
You can see those blue-white layers.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ณ  ํฐ ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
Gases are trapped in the ice cores, so we can measure CO2 --
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๋น™ํ•ต ์•ˆ์— ๊ฐ‡ํ˜€์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ฒด์—์„œ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•ด์„œ
02:22
that's why we know CO2 was lower in the past --
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ๊ณ ,
02:24
and the chemistry of the ice also tells us about temperature
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์–ผ์Œ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์„ฑ์งˆ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทน์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์˜จ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„
02:27
in the polar regions.
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์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
And if you move in time from 20,000 years ago to the modern day,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜„์žฌ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์—
02:32
you see that temperature increased.
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์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:34
It didn't increase smoothly.
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๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
Sometimes it increased very rapidly,
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๊ฐ€๋” ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค๊ฐ€
02:38
then there was a plateau,
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์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
02:39
then it increased rapidly.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
It was different in the two polar regions,
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๋‘ ๊ทน์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ ,
02:42
and CO2 also increased in jumps.
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋†๋„๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
So we're pretty sure the ocean has a lot to do with this.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
The ocean stores huge amounts of carbon,
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ํ•ด์–‘์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ 60์—ฌ ๋ฐฐ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์˜
02:52
about 60 times more than is in the atmosphere.
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋…น์•„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
It also acts to transport heat across the equator,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๋„์˜ ์—ด์„ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
02:58
and the ocean is full of nutrients and it controls primary productivity.
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ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹๋ฌผ ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜์ฃ .
03:02
So if we want to find out what's going on down in the deep sea,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹ฌํ•ด์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:05
we really need to get down there,
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€
03:06
see what's there
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ 
03:07
and start to explore.
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ํƒํ—˜ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
This is some spectacular footage coming from a seamount
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์ด ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์˜์ƒ์€ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„
03:12
about a kilometer deep in international waters
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์ ๋„ ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ 1km์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ
03:14
in the equatorial Atlantic, far from land.
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ํ•ด์ €์‚ฐ์„ ์ฐ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
You're amongst the first people to see this bit of the seafloor,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜์„œ๋Š” ์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด
03:20
along with my research team.
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์ด ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ณด์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
You're probably seeing new species.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค๋„ ๋ณด์ด์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
We don't know.
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์ €ํฌ๋„ ์•„์ง ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
You'd have to collect the samples and do some very intense taxonomy.
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ์„ธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
You can see beautiful bubblegum corals.
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ํ’์„ ๊ปŒ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
There are brittle stars growing on these corals.
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์–ด์„œ ์ž๋ผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
03:34
Those are things that look like tentacles coming out of corals.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ด‰์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
There are corals made of different forms of calcium carbonate
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์ €์‚ฐ๋งฅ์˜ ํ˜„๋ฌด์•”์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„
03:40
growing off the basalt of this massive undersea mountain,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํƒ„์‚ฐ ์นผ์Š˜์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
and the dark sort of stuff, those are fossilized corals,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์–ด๋‘์šด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํ™”์„ํ™”๋œ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
03:46
and we're going to talk a little more about those
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ
03:49
as we travel back in time.
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์ข€ ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
To do that, we need to charter a research boat.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ ์„ ๋„์›Œ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
This is the James Cook, an ocean-class research vessel
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์ด ๋ฐฐ๋Š” ํ…Œ๋„ˆ๋ฆฌํ”„์— ์ •๋ฐ•์ค‘์ธ ํ•ด์–‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ 
03:56
moored up in Tenerife.
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์ œ์ž„์Šค ์ฟก ํ˜ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
Looks beautiful, right?
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๋ฉ‹์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?
03:59
Great, if you're not a great mariner.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํ•˜์ฃ . ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๋ฑƒ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉด
04:01
Sometimes it looks a little more like this.
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๊ฐ€๋”์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ๋„ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
This is us trying to make sure that we don't lose precious samples.
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์†Œ์ค‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ์žƒ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
Everyone's scurrying around, and I get terribly seasick,
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์ฃ„๋‹ค ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ €๊ธฐ ๋‚ ๋ ค๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ์ €๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๋ฉ€๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฌ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
04:10
so it's not always a lot of fun, but overall it is.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
So we've got to become a really good mapper to do this.
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์ด ์ผ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์ง€๋„์ œ์ž‘์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
You don't see that kind of spectacular coral abundance everywhere.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์›…์žฅํ•œ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋””์„œ๋‚˜ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
04:19
It is global and it is deep,
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ด‘๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊นŠ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
but we need to really find the right places.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ์— ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
04:25
We just saw a global map, and overlaid was our cruise passage
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์ž‘๋…„์— ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ๊ธธ์„ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ง€๋„์— ๊ทธ๋ ค๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
from last year.
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04:29
This was a seven-week cruise,
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7์ฃผ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•ญํ•ด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
04:31
and this is us, having made our own maps
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ํ•ด์ €์ง€๋„ ๋ฉด์ ์€
04:33
of about 75,000 square kilometers of the seafloor in seven weeks,
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75,000 ํ‰๋ฐฉ km์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
04:37
but that's only a tiny fraction of the seafloor.
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์ „์ฒด ํ•ด์ €์˜ ๊ทนํžˆ ์ผ๋ถ€์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
We're traveling from west to east,
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์„œ์—์„œ ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ,
04:41
over part of the ocean that would look featureless on a big-scale map,
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ํฐ ์ง€๋„๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ณ„ ๊ฒƒ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
04:45
but actually some of these mountains are as big as Everest.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํ•ด์ € ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์€ ์—๋ฒ ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋งŒํผ ๋†’์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
So with the maps that we make on board,
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๋ฐฐ ์œ„์—์„œ 100 m์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋กœ
04:50
we get about 100-meter resolution,
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์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
04:52
enough to pick out areas to deploy our equipment,
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์žฅ๋น„ ์„ค์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ์ ํ•ฉํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
04:55
but not enough to see very much.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—” ๋ถ€์กฑํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
To do that, we need to fly remotely-operated vehicles
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์ € ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด์ €์—์„œ 5 m ์ •๋„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ๊นŒ์ง€
05:00
about five meters off the seafloor.
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๋ฌด์„  ์กฐ์ข… ํƒ์‚ฌ์„ ์„ ๋„์›Œ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
And if we do that, we can get maps that are one-meter resolution
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•ด์ € ์ˆ˜์ฒœ m๊นŒ์ง€๋„
05:05
down thousands of meters.
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1 m ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์˜ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
Here is a remotely-operated vehicle,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฌด์„ ์กฐ์ข…์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ
05:09
a research-grade vehicle.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์šฉ ํƒ์‚ฌ์„ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
You can see an array of big lights on the top.
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์œ„์ชฝ์— ์กฐ๋ช…์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:14
There are high-definition cameras, manipulator arms,
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๊ณ ํ™”์งˆ์˜ ์˜์ƒ ์žฅ๋น„์™€ ๋กœ๋ด‡ํŒ”,
05:17
and lots of little boxes and things to put your samples.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
Here we are on our first dive of this particular cruise,
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๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋ฒˆ ํ•ญํ•ด์—์„œ
์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ค„์ง€๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
05:24
plunging down into the ocean.
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05:26
We go pretty fast to make sure the remotely operated vehicles
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๋ฌด์„  ํƒ์‚ฌ์„ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
05:29
are not affected by any other ships.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ํ•ด์ €๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
And we go down,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
05:32
and these are the kinds of things you see.
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๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ๋“ค์ด ํŽผ์ณ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
These are deep sea sponges, meter scale.
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๋ฏธํ„ฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹ฌํ•ด ํ•ด๋ฉด ๋™๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
This is a swimming holothurian -- it's a small sea slug, basically.
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๋– ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ด์‚ผ์ธ๋ฐ์š”. ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ๋ฏผ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
This is slowed down.
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๋Š๋ฆฐ ์˜์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
Most of the footage I'm showing you is speeded up,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์˜์ƒ์€ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์€ ์˜์ƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
because all of this takes a lot of time.
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์ดฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
05:49
This is a beautiful holothurian as well.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ํ•ด์‚ผ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋” ์žˆ๋„ค์š”.
05:52
And this animal you're going to see coming up was a big surprise.
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์ด๋ฒˆ์— ๋ณด์‹ค ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋…€์„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
I've never seen anything like this and it took us all a bit surprised.
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์ €ํฌ๋„ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋…€์„์ด๋ผ ๋‹ค๋“ค ์ ์ž–์ด ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ 15์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ์ด์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค๋ผ ๋‹ค๋“ค ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๊ณค๋‘์„  ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
05:59
This was after about 15 hours of work and we were all a bit trigger-happy,
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์ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๊ดด๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:03
and suddenly this giant sea monster started rolling past.
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06:05
It's called a pyrosome or colonial tunicate, if you like.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ถˆ์šฐ๋ ์‰ฅ์ด ํ˜น์€ ํŒ๋ฉ๊ฒŒ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
This wasn't what we were looking for.
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:10
We were looking for corals, deep sea corals.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์‹ฌํ•ด ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
You're going to see a picture of one in a moment.
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์ž ์‹œ ๋’ค์— ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”.
06:16
It's small, about five centimeters high.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์•„์š”. ๋†’์ด๋„ 5 cm ์ •๋„์ด์ฃ .
06:19
It's made of calcium carbonate, so you can see its tentacles there,
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ํƒ„์‚ฐ ์นผ์Š˜์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ,
06:22
moving in the ocean currents.
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์ด‰์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
An organism like this probably lives for about a hundred years.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 100๋…„์„ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
And as it grows, it takes in chemicals from the ocean.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:31
And the chemicals, or the amount of chemicals,
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ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์™€ ์–‘์€
06:34
depends on the temperature; it depends on the pH,
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์˜จ๋„์™€ pH๊ฐ’์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ ,
06:36
it depends on the nutrients.
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์˜์–‘๋ถ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
And if we can understand how these chemicals get into the skeleton,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์˜ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:41
we can then go back, collect fossil specimens,
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ํ™”์„ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•ด์„œ
06:44
and reconstruct what the ocean used to look like in the past.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ์–ด๋– ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
And here you can see us collecting that coral with a vacuum system,
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์ด ์˜์ƒ์€ ์ง„๊ณต ์žฅ์น˜๋กœ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•ด์„œ
06:50
and we put it into a sampling container.
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์‹œ๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์ž์— ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
We can do this very carefully, I should add.
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์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ž‘์—…์ด๋ž€ ๊ฑธ ๊ผญ ๋งํ•ด๋‘๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋„ค์š”.
06:55
Some of these organisms live even longer.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
This is a black coral called Leiopathes, an image taken by my colleague,
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์ด๊ฑด ํ•˜์™€์ด ํ•ด์ € 500 m์—์„œ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“  ๋กœ์•„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐ์€
07:01
Brendan Roark, about 500 meters below Hawaii.
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๊ฒ€์€ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ(Leiopathes)์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
Four thousand years is a long time.
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4000๋…„์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
If you take a branch from one of these corals and polish it up,
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๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์–ป์–ด์„œ ๋‹ค๋“ฌ์œผ๋ฉด
07:10
this is about 100 microns across.
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ํญ์ด 100 ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋ก  ์ •๋„๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
And Brendan took some analyses across this coral --
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๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“ ์ด ์ด ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
07:15
you can see the marks --
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ž๊ตญ์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:17
and he's been able to show that these are actual annual bands,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ํ•ด์ € 500 m์—์„œ๋„
07:20
so even at 500 meters deep in the ocean,
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๋‚˜์ดํ…Œ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
07:22
corals can record seasonal changes,
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๊ธฐํ›„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์— ๊ธฐ๋ก๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:24
which is pretty spectacular.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ฉ‹์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?
07:26
But 4,000 years is not enough to get us back to our last glacial maximum.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ตœ๋Œ€๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ์—๋Š” 4000๋…„์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
So what do we do?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
07:31
We go in for these fossil specimens.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด ํ™”์„ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
This is what makes me really unpopular with my research team.
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๋•๋ถ„์— ์ €๋Š” ์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์—์„œ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ธ๊ธฐ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
07:37
So going along,
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๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„
07:38
there's giant sharks everywhere,
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ์–ด์™€
07:39
there are pyrosomes, there are swimming holothurians,
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๋ถˆ์šฐ๋ ์‰ฅ์ด, ํ•ด์‚ผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํฐ ํ•ด๋ฉด๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
07:42
there's giant sponges,
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07:43
but I make everyone go down to these dead fossil areas
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์ €๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค์ด ์ฃฝ์€ ํ™”์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ
07:46
and spend ages kind of shoveling around on the seafloor.
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๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์„ ์“ธ์–ด๋‹ด๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
07:49
And we pick up all these corals, bring them back, we sort them out.
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์ด ์‚ฐํ˜ธํ™”์„๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:53
But each one of these is a different age,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ž๊ธฐ์—
07:55
and if we can find out how old they are
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๋‚˜์ด์™€ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:57
and then we can measure those chemical signals,
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ•ด์–‘์— ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
this helps us to find out
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08:01
what's been going on in the ocean in the past.
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08:04
So on the left-hand image here,
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์™ผ์ชฝ ์‚ฌ์ง„์€
08:06
I've taken a slice through a coral, polished it very carefully
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋–ผ์„œ ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋ ˆ ๋‹ฆ์•„๋‚ธ ํ›„
08:09
and taken an optical image.
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๊ด‘ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
On the right-hand side,
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ๋Š”
08:12
we've taken that same piece of coral, put it in a nuclear reactor,
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๋™์ผํ•œ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ์›์ž๋กœ์— ๋„ฃ์–ด์„œ
08:15
induced fission,
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์œ ๋„ ํ•ต๋ถ„์—ด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ต๋ถ•๊ดด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
08:16
and every time there's some decay,
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08:18
you can see that marked out in the coral,
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์— ํ”์ ์ด ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
08:20
so we can see the uranium distribution.
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ผ๋Š„์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
Why are we doing this?
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์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๊ฑฐ์น ๊นŒ์š”?
08:23
Uranium is a very poorly regarded element,
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์šฐ๋ผ๋Š„์€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋Œ€์ ‘๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์›์†Œ์ง€๋งŒ
08:25
but I love it.
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์ €๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
The decay helps us find out about the rates and dates
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ํ•ต๋ถ•๊ดด๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ •๋„๋‚˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
08:30
of what's going on in the ocean.
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์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์ฃ .
08:31
And if you remember from the beginning,
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์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด,
08:33
that's what we want to get at when we're thinking about climate.
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๊ธฐํ›„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
So we use a laser to analyze uranium
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
์‚ฐํ˜ธ ์•ˆ์˜ ์šฐ๋ผ๋Š„๊ณผ ํ•ต๋ถ•๊ดด ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ํ† ๋ฅจ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ ,
08:38
and one of its daughter products, thorium, in these corals,
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™”์„์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
and that tells us exactly how old the fossils are.
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08:44
This beautiful animation of the Southern Ocean
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ์ด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์˜์ƒ์€ ๋‚จ๊ทนํ•ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
I'm just going to use illustrate how we're using these corals
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ํ•ด์–‘์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
08:50
to get at some of the ancient ocean feedbacks.
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
08:54
You can see the density of the surface water
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๋ผ์ด์–ธ ์•„๋ฒ„๋‚˜์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ด ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ
08:56
in this animation by Ryan Abernathey.
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ํ‘œ์ธต์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
It's just one year of data,
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๋น„๋ก 1๋…„ ๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ์ง€๋งŒ,
09:01
but you can see how dynamic the Southern Ocean is.
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๋‚จ๊ทนํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์—ญ๋™์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
The intense mixing, particularly the Drake Passage,
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ƒ์žํ‘œ์‹œ ์•ˆ์˜ ๋“œ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ ํ•ดํ˜‘์—์„œ
09:07
which is shown by the box,
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๋งน๋ ฌํ•œ ๋’ค์„ž์ž„์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
09:10
is really one of the strongest currents in the world
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์ด๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํ•ด๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ์„œ
09:13
coming through here, flowing from west to east.
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์„œ์—์„œ ๋™์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
It's very turbulently mixed,
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ํ•ด๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์ € ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
09:16
because it's moving over those great big undersea mountains,
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์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด ์น˜๋ฉฐ ๋’ค์„ž์ด๊ณ ,
09:19
and this allows CO2 and heat to exchange with the atmosphere in and out.
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๋•๋ถ„์— ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์™€ ์—ด์ด ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ตํ™˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
And essentially, the oceans are breathing through the Southern Ocean.
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๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚จ๊ทนํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆจ์‰ฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:28
We've collected corals from back and forth across this Antarctic passage,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‚จ๊ทน ํ•ดํ˜‘ ์ด๊ณณ์ €๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์•˜๊ณ ,
09:34
and we've found quite a surprising thing from my uranium dating:
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์šฐ๋ผ๋Š„ ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ธก์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฝค ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
the corals migrated from south to north
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๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ„๋น™๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
09:39
during this transition from the glacial to the interglacial.
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์—์„œ ๋ถ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
We don't really know why,
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์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ,
09:44
but we think it's something to do with the food source
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๋จน์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ์šฉ์กด์‚ฐ์†Œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:46
and maybe the oxygen in the water.
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09:49
So here we are.
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์ž ์ด์ œ,
09:50
I'm going to illustrate what I think we've found about climate
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๋‚จ๊ทนํ•ด์˜ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐํ›„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
from those corals in the Southern Ocean.
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ํ•ด์ € ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์„ ์˜ค๋ฅด๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์ž‘์€ ํ™”์„ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
We went up and down sea mountains. We collected little fossil corals.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ €๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—์š”.
09:59
This is my illustration of that.
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10:00
We think back in the glacial,
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
10:02
from the analysis we've made in the corals,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š”
10:04
that the deep part of the Southern Ocean was very rich in carbon,
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๋‚จ๊ทนํ•ด์˜ ๊นŠ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ณ ,
10:07
and there was a low-density layer sitting on top.
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์ €๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ์ธต์ด ๊ทธ ์œ„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
That stops carbon dioxide coming out of the ocean.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:13
We then found corals that are of an intermediate age,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
10:16
and they show us that the ocean mixed partway through that climate transition.
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐํ›„๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ๋’ค์„ž์ž„๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
That allows carbon to come out of the deep ocean.
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๋•๋ถ„์— ์‹ฌํ•ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:24
And then if we analyze corals closer to the modern day,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
10:27
or indeed if we go down there today anyway
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์˜ค๋Š˜์ด๋ผ๋„ ํ•ด์ €๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€์„œ
10:29
and measure the chemistry of the corals,
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
10:31
we see that we move to a position where carbon can exchange in and out.
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ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆํŒŽ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋‚˜๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณ€์ฒœ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:35
So this is the way we can use fossil corals
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
10:37
to help us learn about the environment.
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ํ™”์„ํ™”๋œ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
So I want to leave you with this last slide.
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์ด ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋งŒ ๋งˆ์น˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
It's just a still taken out of that first piece of footage that I showed you.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์˜์ƒ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
This is a spectacular coral garden.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ ์ •์›์ด์ฃ .
10:50
We didn't even expect to find things this beautiful.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณค ์ €ํฌ๋„ ์ƒ๊ฐ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
It's thousands of meters deep.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœm ๊นŠ์ด์˜ ํ•ด์ €์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:54
There are new species.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:56
It's just a beautiful place.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ณณ์ด์—์š”.
10:58
There are fossils in amongst,
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์‚ฐํ˜ธ ํ™”์„์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:59
and now I've trained you to appreciate the fossil corals
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์† ์‚ฐํ˜ธ ํ™”์„๋“ค์„
11:02
that are down there.
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์•„๊ปด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
So next time you're lucky enough to fly over the ocean
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ํ–‰์—ฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋น„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
11:06
or sail over the ocean,
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๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‹ค ๋•Œ,
11:08
just think -- there are massive sea mountains down there
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๊ทธ ์•„๋ž˜์— ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์ € ์‚ฐ๋งฅ๊ณผ
11:10
that nobody's ever seen before,
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ
11:12
and there are beautiful corals.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์ฃผ์‹œ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:15
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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