The secrets I find on the mysterious ocean floor | Laura Robinson

128,302 views ใƒป 2016-03-30

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:12
Well, I'm an ocean chemist.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื›ื™ืžืื™ืช ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
00:14
I look at the chemistry of the ocean today.
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื™ื•ื.
00:16
I look at the chemistry of the ocean in the past.
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
00:19
The way I look back in the past
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
00:21
is by using the fossilized remains of deepwater corals.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ืžื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื.
00:24
You can see an image of one of these corals behind me.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™.
00:27
It was collected from close to Antarctica, thousands of meters below the sea,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืืกืฃ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”, ืืœืคื™ ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื,
00:31
so, very different than the kinds of corals
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ืื–, ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื
00:33
you may have been lucky enough to see if you've had a tropical holiday.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืจื™ ืžื–ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื›ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืช.
00:37
So I'm hoping that this talk will give you
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืจืฆืื” ื–ื• ืชืชืŸ ืœื›ื
00:39
a four-dimensional view of the ocean.
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืจืื•ืช ืืจื‘ืข ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
00:41
Two dimensions, such as this beautiful two-dimensional image
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ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื“ื• ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
00:45
of the sea surface temperature.
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ืฉืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
00:47
This was taken using satellite, so it's got tremendous spatial resolution.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืœืงื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช ืžืขื•ืœื”.
00:51
The overall features are extremely easy to understand.
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ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืงืœื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื ื”.
00:54
The equatorial regions are warm because there's more sunlight.
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ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืฉ.
00:58
The polar regions are cold because there's less sunlight.
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ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉ.
01:01
And that allows big icecaps to build up on Antarctica
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื™ืคื•ืช ืงืจื— ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”
01:04
and up in the Northern Hemisphere.
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ื•ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ื”ืžื™ืกืคืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช.
01:06
If you plunge deep into the sea, or even put your toes in the sea,
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ืื ืืชื ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ืœื™ื, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื,
01:09
you know it gets colder as you go down,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื,
01:11
and that's mostly because the deep waters that fill the abyss of the ocean
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืžืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
01:15
come from the cold polar regions where the waters are dense.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื ืฉื ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื.
01:19
If we travel back in time 20,000 years ago,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ 20,000 ืฉื ื”,
01:22
the earth looked very much different.
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืจืื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื”.
01:24
And I've just given you a cartoon version of one of the major differences
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ื•ืจืง ื ืชืชื™ ืœื›ื ื’ืจืกืช ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
01:28
you would have seen if you went back that long.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื ื”ื™ืชื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืขื‘ืจ.
01:30
The icecaps were much bigger.
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ื›ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืงืจื— ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
01:32
They covered lots of the continent, and they extended out over the ocean.
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ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ืกื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืžืฉื›ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
01:35
Sea level was 120 meters lower.
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ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ 120 ืžื˜ืจ.
01:38
Carbon dioxide [levels] were very much lower than they are today.
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ืจืžื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:42
So the earth was probably about three to five degrees colder overall,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืงืจ ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขื“ ื—ืžืฉ ืžืขืœื•ืช ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ,
01:45
and much, much colder in the polar regions.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื.
01:49
What I'm trying to understand,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ,
01:51
and what other colleagues of mine are trying to understand,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ,
01:54
is how we moved from that cold climate condition
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ื–ื” ืื™ืš ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืžืชื ืื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•
01:56
to the warm climate condition that we enjoy today.
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ืœืชื ืื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:59
We know from ice core research
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืžื—ืงืจ ืœื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื—
02:01
that the transition from these cold conditions to warm conditions
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ืฉื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœืชื ืื™ื ื—ืžื™ื
02:04
wasn't smooth, as you might predict from the slow increase in solar radiation.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžืขืœื™ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
02:10
And we know this from ice cores, because if you drill down into ice,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืžืœื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื—, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ืืชื ืงื•ื“ื—ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื—,
02:13
you find annual bands of ice, and you can see this in the iceberg.
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ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื—, ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ.
02:16
You can see those blue-white layers.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
02:18
Gases are trapped in the ice cores, so we can measure CO2 --
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ื’ื–ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื—, ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืคื“"ื— --
02:22
that's why we know CO2 was lower in the past --
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืคื“"ื— ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ --
02:24
and the chemistry of the ice also tells us about temperature
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื— ื’ื ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช
02:27
in the polar regions.
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื.
02:29
And if you move in time from 20,000 years ago to the modern day,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœืคื ื™ 20,000 ืฉื ื” ืœื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื,
02:32
you see that temperature increased.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืœื•ืช.
02:34
It didn't increase smoothly.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืขืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืง.
02:36
Sometimes it increased very rapidly,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
02:38
then there was a plateau,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืฉืชื˜ื—,
02:39
then it increased rapidly.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืขืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ.
02:40
It was different in the two polar regions,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื,
02:42
and CO2 also increased in jumps.
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ื•ื”ืคื“"ื— ื’ื ืขืœื” ื‘ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช.
02:46
So we're pretty sure the ocean has a lot to do with this.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื–ื” ืžืื•ื“.
02:49
The ocean stores huge amounts of carbon,
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ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืื•ื’ืจ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ,
02:52
about 60 times more than is in the atmosphere.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 60 ืžื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
02:54
It also acts to transport heat across the equator,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื—ื•ื ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืงืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”,
02:58
and the ocean is full of nutrients and it controls primary productivity.
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ื•ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืžืœื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
03:02
So if we want to find out what's going on down in the deep sea,
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ืื– ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ื,
03:05
we really need to get down there,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจื“ืช ืœืฉื,
03:06
see what's there
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื
03:07
and start to explore.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ.
03:09
This is some spectacular footage coming from a seamount
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ืืœื” ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ืจ ืชืช ืžื™ืžื™
03:12
about a kilometer deep in international waters
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
03:14
in the equatorial Atlantic, far from land.
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ื‘ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื ื™, ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื™ื‘ืฉื”.
03:17
You're amongst the first people to see this bit of the seafloor,
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ืืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื—ืœืง ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื•,
03:20
along with my research team.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™.
03:23
You're probably seeing new species.
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ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
03:25
We don't know.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
03:26
You'd have to collect the samples and do some very intense taxonomy.
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ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ืงืกื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช.
03:29
You can see beautiful bubblegum corals.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ืžืกื˜ื™ืง ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื™ื.
03:31
There are brittle stars growing on these corals.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
03:34
Those are things that look like tentacles coming out of corals.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
03:37
There are corals made of different forms of calcium carbonate
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ื™ืฉ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืคื—ืžืชื™
03:40
growing off the basalt of this massive undersea mountain,
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ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื–ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจ ื”ืชืช ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
03:43
and the dark sort of stuff, those are fossilized corals,
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื›ื”ื” ื”ื–ื”, ืืœื ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
03:46
and we're going to talk a little more about those
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืืœื”
03:49
as we travel back in time.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
03:51
To do that, we need to charter a research boat.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืจ ืกื™ืจืช ืžื—ืงืจ.
03:53
This is the James Cook, an ocean-class research vessel
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ื–ื• ื”ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืงื•ืง, ืกืคื™ื ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ืช
03:56
moored up in Tenerife.
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ืฉืขื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ื˜ื ืจื™ืฃ.
03:57
Looks beautiful, right?
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ื ืจืืช ื™ืคื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:59
Great, if you're not a great mariner.
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ืžืขื•ืœื”, ืื ืืชื ืœื ื™ืžืื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื.
04:01
Sometimes it looks a little more like this.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
04:04
This is us trying to make sure that we don't lose precious samples.
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ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉืœื ื ืื‘ื“ ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืขืจืš.
04:07
Everyone's scurrying around, and I get terribly seasick,
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžืžื”ืจื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžื—ืœืช ื™ื,
04:10
so it's not always a lot of fun, but overall it is.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื™ืฃ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื›ืŸ.
04:13
So we've got to become a really good mapper to do this.
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ืื– ื ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืœืžืžืคื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
04:15
You don't see that kind of spectacular coral abundance everywhere.
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ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฉืจ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
04:19
It is global and it is deep,
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ื–ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื•ื–ื” ืขืžื•ืง,
04:22
but we need to really find the right places.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
04:25
We just saw a global map, and overlaid was our cruise passage
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ืจืง ืจืื™ื ื• ืžืคื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช, ื•ืžืขืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœื ื•
04:28
from last year.
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ืžื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”.
04:29
This was a seven-week cruise,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
04:31
and this is us, having made our own maps
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ื•ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื•, ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžืคื•ืช ืžืฉืœื ื•
04:33
of about 75,000 square kilometers of the seafloor in seven weeks,
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 75,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืข ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
04:37
but that's only a tiny fraction of the seafloor.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืจืง ื—ืœืง ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืข ื”ื™ื.
04:40
We're traveling from west to east,
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ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœืžื–ืจื—,
04:41
over part of the ocean that would look featureless on a big-scale map,
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ืžืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉื™ืจืื” ื—ืกืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืคื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
04:45
but actually some of these mountains are as big as Everest.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜.
04:48
So with the maps that we make on board,
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ืื– ืขื ืžืคื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”,
04:50
we get about 100-meter resolution,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ืžื˜ืจ,
04:52
enough to pick out areas to deploy our equipment,
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื•,
04:55
but not enough to see very much.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื”.
04:57
To do that, we need to fly remotely-operated vehicles
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืก ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืžืจื—ื•ืง
05:00
about five meters off the seafloor.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืงืจืงืข ื”ื™ื.
05:02
And if we do that, we can get maps that are one-meter resolution
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ื•ืื ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืคื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“
05:05
down thousands of meters.
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ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
05:07
Here is a remotely-operated vehicle,
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ื”ื ื” ืจื›ื‘ ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืžืจื—ื•ืง,
05:09
a research-grade vehicle.
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ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืจืžืช ืžื—ืงืจ.
05:12
You can see an array of big lights on the top.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืขืœ.
05:14
There are high-definition cameras, manipulator arms,
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืคืขืœื”,
05:17
and lots of little boxes and things to put your samples.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช.
05:21
Here we are on our first dive of this particular cruise,
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ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื”,
05:24
plunging down into the ocean.
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ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
05:26
We go pretty fast to make sure the remotely operated vehicles
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขื™ื ื“ื™ ืžื”ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืžืจื—ื•ืง
05:29
are not affected by any other ships.
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ืœื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
05:31
And we go down,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื,
05:32
and these are the kinds of things you see.
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ื•ืืœื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื.
05:34
These are deep sea sponges, meter scale.
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ืืœื” ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื ืžืขื•ืžืง ืขืžื•ืง, ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžื˜ืจ.
05:38
This is a swimming holothurian -- it's a small sea slug, basically.
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ืฉื•ื—ื” -- ื–ื” ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ.
05:43
This is slowed down.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ืื˜.
05:44
Most of the footage I'm showing you is speeded up,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืžื•ืืฆื™ื,
05:46
because all of this takes a lot of time.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
05:49
This is a beautiful holothurian as well.
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ื’ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ื™ืคื”.
05:52
And this animal you're going to see coming up was a big surprise.
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืืชื ืชืจืื• ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืชืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
05:55
I've never seen anything like this and it took us all a bit surprised.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคืชื™ืข ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
05:59
This was after about 15 hours of work and we were all a bit trigger-happy,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 15 ืฉืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื“ืง,
06:03
and suddenly this giant sea monster started rolling past.
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ื•ืคืชืื•ื ืžืคืœืฆืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืžื•ืœื ื•.
06:05
It's called a pyrosome or colonial tunicate, if you like.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืคื™ืจื•ื–ื•ื ืื• ืžื™ื™ืชื™ืจืŸ ื–ื ื‘ ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™, ืื ืชืจืฆื•.
06:08
This wasn't what we were looking for.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉื ื•.
06:10
We were looking for corals, deep sea corals.
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ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ื™ื ืขืžื•ืง.
06:14
You're going to see a picture of one in a moment.
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข.
06:16
It's small, about five centimeters high.
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ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
06:19
It's made of calcium carbonate, so you can see its tentacles there,
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืคื—ืžืชื™, ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืคื”,
06:22
moving in the ocean currents.
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ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ื–ืจืžื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
06:25
An organism like this probably lives for about a hundred years.
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ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื—ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื.
06:28
And as it grows, it takes in chemicals from the ocean.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ, ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
06:31
And the chemicals, or the amount of chemicals,
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื, ืื• ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื,
06:34
depends on the temperature; it depends on the pH,
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ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”; ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช,
06:36
it depends on the nutrients.
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ื”ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื.
06:38
And if we can understand how these chemicals get into the skeleton,
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืฉืœื“,
06:41
we can then go back, collect fossil specimens,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื– ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ, ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
06:44
and reconstruct what the ocean used to look like in the past.
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ื•ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
06:47
And here you can see us collecting that coral with a vacuum system,
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ื•ืคื” ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ ื”ื”ื•ื ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืื™ื‘ื”,
06:50
and we put it into a sampling container.
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ื•ืฉืžื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื”.
06:53
We can do this very carefully, I should add.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ.
06:55
Some of these organisms live even longer.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:57
This is a black coral called Leiopathes, an image taken by my colleague,
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ื–ื” ืืœืžื•ื’ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืœื™ืื•ืคืช, ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื’ื” ืฉืœื™,
07:01
Brendan Roark, about 500 meters below Hawaii.
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ื‘ืจื ื“ืŸ ืจื•ืืง, ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 500 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื”ื•ื•ืื™.
07:04
Four thousand years is a long time.
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ืืจื‘ืขืช ืืœืคื™ื ืฉื ื” ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
07:06
If you take a branch from one of these corals and polish it up,
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ืื ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืขื ืฃ ืžืื—ื“ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื•ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
07:10
this is about 100 microns across.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ 100 ืžื™ืงืจื•ื ื™ื.
07:12
And Brendan took some analyses across this coral --
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ื•ื‘ืจื ื“ืŸ ืœืงื— ื›ืžื” ืื ืœื™ื–ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” --
07:15
you can see the marks --
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื --
07:17
and he's been able to show that these are actual annual bands,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืขื•ื ืชื™ื™ื•ืช,
07:20
so even at 500 meters deep in the ocean,
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ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืžืง 500 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
07:22
corals can record seasonal changes,
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ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืขื“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื ืชื™ื™ื,
07:24
which is pretty spectacular.
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ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
07:26
But 4,000 years is not enough to get us back to our last glacial maximum.
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ืื‘ืœ 4,000 ืฉื ื” ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื ื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
07:30
So what do we do?
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
07:31
We go in for these fossil specimens.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
07:34
This is what makes me really unpopular with my research team.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืชื™ ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™.
07:37
So going along,
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ืื– ื ืžืฉื™ืš,
07:38
there's giant sharks everywhere,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
07:39
there are pyrosomes, there are swimming holothurians,
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ื™ืฉ ืคื™ืจื•ืกื•ืžื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ืœื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื ืฉื•ื—ื™ื,
07:42
there's giant sponges,
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ื™ืฉ ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื,
07:43
but I make everyone go down to these dead fossil areas
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื›ืจื™ื—ื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ืœืจื“ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ื ื”ืืœื”
07:46
and spend ages kind of shoveling around on the seafloor.
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ื•ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืขื™ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืงืจืงืข ื”ื™ื.
07:49
And we pick up all these corals, bring them back, we sort them out.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื—ื–ืจื”, ืžืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
07:53
But each one of these is a different age,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื•ื ื”,
07:55
and if we can find out how old they are
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื”ื
07:57
and then we can measure those chemical signals,
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
08:00
this helps us to find out
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช
08:01
what's been going on in the ocean in the past.
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ืžื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
08:04
So on the left-hand image here,
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ืื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืคื”,
08:06
I've taken a slice through a coral, polished it very carefully
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ื—ืชื›ืชื™ ืคื™ืกื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ ืคื”, ืœื™ื˜ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช
08:09
and taken an optical image.
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ื•ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช.
08:11
On the right-hand side,
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ืžืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ,
08:12
we've taken that same piece of coral, put it in a nuclear reactor,
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ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืืœืžื•ื’, ืฉืžื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™,
08:15
induced fission,
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ื”ืืฆื ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข,
08:16
and every time there's some decay,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื• ื“ืขื™ื›ื”,
08:18
you can see that marked out in the coral,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืืœืžื•ื’,
08:20
so we can see the uranium distribution.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื.
08:22
Why are we doing this?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
08:23
Uranium is a very poorly regarded element,
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ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉ ืขืœื•ื‘ื”,
08:25
but I love it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื•.
08:27
The decay helps us find out about the rates and dates
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ื”ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืจืžื•ืช ื•ืœืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื
08:30
of what's going on in the ocean.
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
08:31
And if you remember from the beginning,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
08:33
that's what we want to get at when we're thinking about climate.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืืงืœื™ื.
08:36
So we use a laser to analyze uranium
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื–ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืชื— ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื
08:38
and one of its daughter products, thorium, in these corals,
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•, ืชื•ืจื™ื•ื, ื‘ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
08:41
and that tells us exactly how old the fossils are.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
08:44
This beautiful animation of the Southern Ocean
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ื”ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™
08:46
I'm just going to use illustrate how we're using these corals
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ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืจืง ืืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื
08:50
to get at some of the ancient ocean feedbacks.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
08:54
You can see the density of the surface water
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื
08:56
in this animation by Ryan Abernathey.
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ื‘ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ื™ืืŸ ืื‘ืจื ืชื™.
08:59
It's just one year of data,
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ื–ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
09:01
but you can see how dynamic the Southern Ocean is.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™.
09:04
The intense mixing, particularly the Drake Passage,
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ื”ืขืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
09:07
which is shown by the box,
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ืฉื ืจืื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ืคืกื”,
09:10
is really one of the strongest currents in the world
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
09:13
coming through here, flowing from west to east.
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืคื”, ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœืžื–ืจื—.
09:15
It's very turbulently mixed,
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ื”ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื”,
09:16
because it's moving over those great big undersea mountains,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืข ืžืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
09:19
and this allows CO2 and heat to exchange with the atmosphere in and out.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืคื“"ื— ื•ื—ื•ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืขื ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
09:24
And essentially, the oceans are breathing through the Southern Ocean.
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™.
09:28
We've collected corals from back and forth across this Antarctic passage,
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ืืกืคื ื• ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
09:34
and we've found quite a surprising thing from my uranium dating:
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื™ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืžืชื™ืืจื•ืš ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™:
09:37
the corals migrated from south to north
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ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื ื“ื“ื• ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ
09:39
during this transition from the glacial to the interglacial.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™.
09:43
We don't really know why,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื”,
09:44
but we think it's something to do with the food source
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ
09:46
and maybe the oxygen in the water.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื.
09:49
So here we are.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื•.
09:50
I'm going to illustrate what I think we've found about climate
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืชืืจ ืžื” ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืืงืœื™ื
09:53
from those corals in the Southern Ocean.
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ืžื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™.
09:55
We went up and down sea mountains. We collected little fossil corals.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ื•ื™ืจื“ื ื• ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ืืกืคื ื• ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
09:59
This is my illustration of that.
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ื–ื• ื”ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
10:00
We think back in the glacial,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ืช,
10:02
from the analysis we've made in the corals,
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ืžื”ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื,
10:04
that the deep part of the Southern Ocean was very rich in carbon,
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ืฉื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืคื—ืžืŸ,
10:07
and there was a low-density layer sitting on top.
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžืขืœ.
10:10
That stops carbon dioxide coming out of the ocean.
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ื–ื” ืขืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืžืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
10:13
We then found corals that are of an intermediate age,
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ืื– ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื,
10:16
and they show us that the ocean mixed partway through that climate transition.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืจืื• ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื‘ ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ืžื™.
10:20
That allows carbon to come out of the deep ocean.
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ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคื—ืžืŸ ืœืฆืืช ืžืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
10:24
And then if we analyze corals closer to the modern day,
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ื•ืื– ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื,
10:27
or indeed if we go down there today anyway
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ืื• ื‘ืืžืช ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืฉื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ
10:29
and measure the chemistry of the corals,
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ื•ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื,
10:31
we see that we move to a position where carbon can exchange in and out.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขื™ื ืœืขืžื“ื” ื‘ื” ืคื—ืžืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืœืฃ ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
10:35
So this is the way we can use fossil corals
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ืื– ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื
10:37
to help us learn about the environment.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
10:41
So I want to leave you with this last slide.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขื ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
10:43
It's just a still taken out of that first piece of footage that I showed you.
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ื–ื• ืจืง ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ืœืงื—ื” ืžื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจืืชื™ ืœื›ื.
10:47
This is a spectacular coral garden.
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ื–ื” ื’ืŸ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
10:50
We didn't even expect to find things this beautiful.
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ืœื ืฆื™ืคื™ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืคื™ื.
10:52
It's thousands of meters deep.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืืœืคื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
10:54
There are new species.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
10:56
It's just a beautiful place.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืงื•ื ื™ืคื™ืคื”.
10:58
There are fossils in amongst,
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ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื,
10:59
and now I've trained you to appreciate the fossil corals
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื™ืžื ืชื™ ืืชื›ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื
11:02
that are down there.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื”.
11:03
So next time you're lucky enough to fly over the ocean
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ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืžื–ืœ ืœื˜ื•ืก ืžืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
11:06
or sail over the ocean,
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ืื• ืœืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
11:08
just think -- there are massive sea mountains down there
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ืจืง ื—ืฉื‘ื• -- ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื ืชืช ืžื™ืžื™ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื”
11:10
that nobody's ever seen before,
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ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจืื” ืžืขื•ืœื,
11:12
and there are beautiful corals.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื™ื.
11:14
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
11:15
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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