The real harm of the global arms trade | Samantha Nutt

翻译人员: Gu Yu 校对人员: Kairan Wang

Thank you very much. Good evening.

非常感谢，晚上好

Some of you may have noticed that my last name is Nutt.

有些人可能发现 我的姓有疯子的意思

And if you did, you are forgiven for wondering

所以如果你在想 一个疯子是如何

how a Nutt managed to end up in a war zone.

进入到一个战争区域的 我不会怪你的

I actually was offered, right out of medical school, and accepted

我在医学院毕业后 作为一名志愿者加入了

a volunteer contract to work with UNICEF in war-torn Somalia,

联合国儿童基金会进入了 饱受战争蹂躏的索马里

that was worth one dollar.

这个工作的工资是一美元

And, you see, I had to be paid this dollar

我必须要这一美元的工资

in the event that the UN needed to issue an evacuation order,

这样当联合国有必要颁布疏散令时

so that I would be covered.

我将被包含在内

I was, after all, heading into one of the world's most dangerous places.

随后我义无反顾地进入了 世界上最危险的地区

And by now, some of you may be asking yourselves,

此时此刻有些人 可能会在暗自猜测

and I just want to reassure you,

我向各位保证

that I did get half the money up front.

我确实提前拿到了一半的钱

(Laughter)

（笑声）

But you see, this is how, with 50 cents in my pocket,

揣着兜里的仅有的50美分

I ended up in Baidoa, Somalia.

我来到了索马里的拜多阿

Journalists called it the "city of death."

媒体记者们口中的“死亡之城”

And they called it the city of death

之所以叫做死亡之城

because 300,000 people had lost their lives there --

因为三十万人已经失去了他们的生命

300,000 people,

整整三十万人

mostly as a result of war-related famine and disease.

大多数死于战争引发的饥荒和疾病

I was part of a team that was tasked with trying to figure out

我所属的团队致力于解决

how best to respond to this humanitarian catastrophe.

如何应对这种人道主义灾难

It was right on the heels of the Rwandan genocide,

这场灾难紧随卢旺达大屠杀之后

and aid money to the region was drying up.

地区的救助资金已经捉襟见肘

Many aid organizations, unfortunately,

很不幸，很多救援机构

had been forced to close their doors.

被迫关上了救助的大门

And so the question that I was asked to specifically help answer,

我被派来帮助回答的主要问题

which is one that aid workers ask themselves in war zones the world over,

也是全世界在战区的 志愿者们问他们自己的：

is: What the hell do we do now?

我们现在怎么做？

You know, the security environment in Somalia at that moment in time --

那时候索马里的治安环境

and nothing has really changed too much --

到目前为止也没有任何改观

can best be described as "Mad Max" by way of "A Clockwork Orange."

那简直可以用《疯狂的麦克斯》 与《发条橙》的结合体来形容

And I remember very distinctly a couple of days after my arrival,

我清楚地记得在我来了几天之后

I went up to a feeding clinic.

我去了一家喂养诊疗所

There were dozens of women who were standing in line,

几十个妇女在排队等待

and they were clutching their infants very close.

每一个人都 紧紧地抱着自己的婴儿。

About 20 minutes into this conversation I was having

在和其中一位 年轻的女性聊天的

with this one young woman,

20分钟时间里

I leaned forward

我靠上前

and tried to put my finger in the palm of her baby's hand.

试图把我的手指 放在孩子小小的手掌中。

And when I did this,

放上去的那一刻

I discovered that her baby was already in rigor.

我发现婴儿已经僵硬了

She was stiff,

她已经死了

and her little, lifeless hand was curled into itself.

她毫无生气的小手自然地蜷缩在一起

She had died hours before

因为营养不良和缺水她已经

of malnutrition and dehydration.

死去几个小时了。

I later learned that as her baby was dying,

我后来了解到 就在这个婴儿奄奄一息的时候

this young woman had been held for two days

这位年轻的女人已经 被一群拿着卡拉希尼科夫步枪的年轻人

by some teenage boys who were armed with Kalashnikov rifles,

勒索了两天

and they were trying to shake her down for more money,

他们试图从她那儿搜刮一些

money she very clearly did not have.

她很明显没有的钱财

And this is a scene that I have confronted

这种景象在世界各地陷入战争的地区

in war zones the world over;

随处可见

places where kids, some as young as eight -- they are this big --

有些孩子只有八岁 这么高

and those kids, they have never been to school.

他们从没上过学

But they have fought and they have killed with automatic rifles.

但是他们出入战火 全副武装

Is this just the way the world is?

这是世界应该有的样子么？

Some will you tell you that war is unavoidably human.

有人说战争是人类不可避免的

After all, it is as old as existence itself.

自古以来就是这样

We say never again, and yet it happens again and again and again.

我们说停止战争 然而战争却一而再再而三的发生

But I will tell you that I have seen the absolute worst

虽然我可以说见过了

of what we as human beings are capable of doing to one another,

人类之间最惨绝人寰的 相互杀害

and yet I still believe a different outcome is possible.

我仍然相信 有解决这个问题的方法

Do you want to know why?

你们想知道为什么？

Because over 20 years of doing this work,

因为超过20年的工作

going in and out of war zones around the world,

让我穿梭于世界上各大战区，

I have come to understand

我逐渐明白

that there are aspects of this problem

这个问题的某些部分

that we, all of us, as people occupying this shared space,

我们大家 作为一起生活的人民

that we can change --

是可以做出改变的

not through force or coercion or invasion,

不是通过威胁或入侵的方式改变

but by simply looking at all of the options available to us

而是通过寻找所有合适的方法

and choosing the ones that favor peace at the expense of war,

用崇尚和平，放弃战争的方式

instead of war at the expense of peace.

取代以牺牲和平为代价的战争

How so?

我们怎么做呢？

Well, I want you to consider this:

各位请看：

there are at least 800 million small arms and light weapons

如今至少有8亿的轻武器

in circulation in the world today.

在世界各地流通

The vast majority of civilians, like that young baby,

绝大多数死于战区的平民

who are dying in war zones around the world,

比如刚才说的那个婴儿

are dying at the hands of various armed groups

是死于这些武装力量之手

who rely on a near-infinite supply of cheap, easy and efficient weapons

他们依靠唾手可得的 便宜、简单、有效的武器

to rape, threaten, intimidate and brutalize those civilians

动辄去强奸，威胁，恐吓 和残酷对待

at every turn.

那些平民。

How cheap?

有多便宜？

Well, in some parts of the world,

世界上的某些地区

you can buy an AK-47 for as little as 10 dollars.

10美元就可以买下一把 AK-47。

In many places in which I have worked,

在我工作过的很多地方，

it is easier to get access to an automatic rifle

得到一把自动步枪

than it is to get access to clean drinking water.

比得到干净的直饮水要容易得多。

And so now the important part:

接下来重要的是：

Can anything be done about this?

我们可以改变这个现状么？

To answer that question,

为了回答这个问题

let's take a look at this map of the world.

我们看一下世界地图。

And now, let's add in all of the countries that are currently at war,

我们先看一下所有 正在战火中的国家

and the number of people who have either died

和在灾难中死亡

or have been displaced as a result of that violence.

或者无家可归的人的数字。

It is a staggering number --

这是一个让人震惊的数字

more than 40 million people.

超过四千万人。

But you will also notice something else about this map.

在这张地图上 还可以注意到一个事实

You will notice that most of those countries

你会发现 绝大多数这些国家

are in the Global South.

都在全球的南方。

Now, let's look at the countries

接下来请看

that are the world's top 20 exporters of small arms in the world.

世界上前20轻武器输出国。

And what do we notice?

我们发现了什么？

Well, you see them in green.

他们被涂了绿色。

You will notice that those are mostly countries in the Global North,

我们发现绝大多数的国家 都在全球的北方

primarily Western countries.

主要是西方国家。

What does this tell us?

这说明了什么？

This tells us that most of the people who are dying in war

这说明那些饱受战争折磨的人

are living in poor countries,

都是贫困国家的人，

and yet most of the people who are profiting from war

而那些在战争中获利的人

are living in rich countries -- people like you and me.

都是发达国家的人 就像你我这样的人。

And then what if we go beyond small arms for a second.

如果我们先把 轻武器的话题放在一边

What if we look at all weapons in circulation in the world?

我们看一下世界上 所有武器的流通情况。

Who does the biggest business?

谁是最大的贸易国？

Well, roughly 80 percent of those weapons

大约80%的武器市场

come from none other than the five permanent members

不是由别人控制

of the United Nations Security Council,

正是联合国安理会的五个国家

plus Germany.

加上德国所控制。

It's shocking, isn't it?

令人震惊，是吧？

Now, some of you might be saying at this moment in time,

也许有些人这时候会说

"Oh yeah, but OK, hang on a second there ... Nutt."

“是的，不过等一下...纳特”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Grade school was spectacular for me.

小学的那段时光很神奇

It was, really, a wonderful experience.

真的是一段美妙的经历。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

But you might be saying to yourselves,

也许你们会这样说

You know, all of these weapons in war zones -- they're not a cause,

这些战区的武器泛滥 并不是战争的起因

but an effect of the violence that plagues them

而是在战争与暴力 夜以继日的折磨下

each and every single day.

产生的结果。

You know, places like Iraq and Afghanistan,

像伊拉克和阿富汗这样的地区

where they need these weapons to be able to maintain law and order,

他们需要武器去维持法律和秩序

promote peace and security, to combat terror groups --

去维护和平和治安 去打击恐怖组织

surely this is a good thing.

这当然是好的。

Let's take a look at that assumption for just one moment,

我们来仔细思考一下这个说法

because you see there has been a boom in the small-arms trade

因为自从反恐战争开始之后 你可以看到轻武器的交易

since the start of the War on Terror.

呈井喷上升的趋势。

In fact, it is a business that has grown threefold

实际上在过去的15年里总交易量

over the past 15 years.

已经翻了三倍。

And now let's compare that to the number of people

现在我们比对一下同样时间内

who have directly died in armed conflict around the world

世界各地直接死于武装袭击的

in that same period.

人口数量。

What do you notice?

各位发现了什么？

Well, you notice that, in fact, that also goes up

我们可以看到人口数也

roughly three- to fourfold.

翻了三到四番。

They basically go up and end at the same point.

两个曲线走势基本相同。

Now, we can have a circular argument here

据此我们可以对死亡上升

about whether this increase in fatalities is a response

是轻武器造成的结果还是另有原因

to the increase of small arms, or the other way around.

进行一个循环论证。

But here's what we should really take away from this.

但是有一件事我们要仔细考虑

What we should take away from this

武器贩卖与地区安全的关系

is that this is a relationship worth scrutinizing,

我们值得仔细考虑。

especially when you consider that small arms that were shipped to Iraq

因为当我们发现 这些本来运输到伊拉克为了

for use by the Iraqi Army,

给伊拉克政府军装备的轻武器

or to Syria for so-called moderate opposition fighters,

和运输到叙利亚 是为了镇压反对派的轻武器

that those arms, many of them, are now in the hands of ISIS;

最后都落入了ISIS手中。

or when you consider that arms that were shipped to Libya

因为我们发现 这些本来运输到利比亚的轻武器

are now actively drifting across the Sahel,

最后通过撒哈拉沙漠

and ending up with groups like Boko Haram and al Qaeda

辗转到了 博科圣地和基地组织

and other militant groups.

等其他武装组织的手里。

And therein lies the problem.

这就是问题所在。

Because, you see,

可以看到

small arms anywhere are a menace everywhere,

轻武器的泛滥 导致了遍地的灾难

because their first stop is rarely their last.

武器泛滥 覆水难收。

Spending on war per person per year

现在每年每人在战争上的开支

now amounts to about 249 dollars --

大概是249美元

249 dollars per person,

每人249美元。

which is roughly 12 times what we spend on foreign aid,

这是每年用在地球南方的儿童教育

money that is used to educate and vaccinate children

疫苗免疫和对抗营养不良

and combat malnutrition in the Global South.

的海外援助的十二倍。

But we can shift that balance.

但是我们可以改变这个平衡。

How do we do this?

怎么去做呢？

Well, it is essentially a problem of both supply and demand,

这本质上是一个供求关系问题

so we can tackle it from both sides.

所以我们可以从两方面解决。

On the supply side,

在供应方面，

we can push our governments

我们可以敦促我们政府

to adopt international arms transparency mechanisms

去采取国际武器透明机制。

like the Arms Trade Treaty,

比如接受武器贸易公约。

which makes it so that rich countries have to be more accountable

这样可以让发达国家对于

for where their arms are going

武器的去向和用途

and what their arms might be used for.

承担更多的责任。

Here in the United States,

比如美国

the largest arms-exporting country in the world by far,

这个世界最大的武器出口国，

President Obama has rightly signed the Arms Trade Treaty,

奥巴马总统已经签署了 武器贸易公约，

but none of it takes effect, it isn't binding,

但是它只有得到

until it is approved and ratified by the Senate.

美国的参议院批准 才有法律约束力。

This is where we need to make our voices heard.

这正需要我们的奋力疾呼。

You know, the curbing of small arms --

组织轻武器泛滥

it's not going to solve the problem of war.

不会解决战争问题。

Increased control mechanisms won't solve that problem.

对于武器的管制 也不会解决战争问题。

But it's an important step in the right direction.

但是这是朝 正确方向上的重要一步。

And it's up to all of us who live in those rich countries

而且这正是身处发达国家的我们

to make change here.

需要做出的改变。

What about on the demand side?

那么需求方面呢？

You know, there are generations around the world

世界上有大量的人

who are being lost to war.

正站在死于战争的边缘。

It is possible to disrupt that cycle of violence

我们可以通过 对于教育投资、加强法治

with investments in education, in strengthening the rule of law

促进经济发展和保护妇女权益

and in economic development, especially for women.

来打破这个暴力的循环。

I have personally seen

我已经亲眼所见

just how incredibly powerful those kinds of efforts can be

在这个世界上这些方法

around the world.

有多么不可思议的力量。

But here's the thing:

但是有一点：

they take time,

这需要时间。

which means for you as individuals, if you want to give,

这意味着如果作为个人 如果你想要给予

please, by all means do it.

请务必慷慨解囊。

But know that how you give is just as important

但请注意如何给予和

as how much you give.

给予多少一样重要。

Regular contributions like monthly contributions

固定捐款 比如每月的捐款

are a far more effective way of giving,

是更加有效的捐助方式

because they allow humanitarian organizations

因为人权组织可以

to properly plan and be invested over the long term,

从长远角度合理规划这笔资金。

and to be present in the lives of families who have been affected by war,

这笔资金会用在饱受战争影响的家庭

wars that many of us, frankly, all too quickly forget.

虽然可能这些战争已经被我们遗忘。

When I first got on that plane for Somalia as a young doctor,

当我第一次 作为一位年轻医生 坐上去往索马里的飞机时

I had no idea what it meant to live with war.

我不知道战火中生存意味着什么。

But I can tell you that I know what it means now.

但是我现在可以和各位分享。

And I know what it means

在战火中生存就是

to lie in bed in the pitch-black night

在漆黑的夜里躺在床上

and listen to that haunting "pop-pop-pop-pop-pop!"

听着萦绕耳边的 “蹦蹦蹦蹦蹦”的

of automatic gunfire,

机枪声，

and wonder with absolute dread

不知道死亡

how many minutes I have left until it will be right on top of me.

什么时候会降临到我的头上。

I can tell you that it is a terrifying and agonizing fear,

这种可怕的而痛苦的恐惧感

one that millions of people around the world are forced to confront

是世界上成千上万的人

each and every single day,

尤其是儿童

especially children.

每天都必须面对的。

Over the years of doing this work,

做这份工作多年以来

unfortunately, war has killed far too many people close to me.

很遗憾，战争 结束了我很多朋友的生命。

And on at least a couple of occasions,

有很多次

war has very nearly killed me as well.

甚至差点结束了我的生命。

But I firmly believe,

但我仍然坚信，

which is why I get up and do what I do every single day,

我们可以做出改变

that we can make different choices here.

这也是我 每天坚持在那里的原因。

Because you see, war is ours,

如你所见，

as human beings.

战争是人类的产物。

We buy it, sell it, spread it and wage it.

我们发动战争，传播战争 我们通过战争购买和售卖。

We are therefore not powerless to solve it.

因此我们责无旁贷去解决它。

On the contrary,

并且

we are the only ones who can.

也只有我们可以解决它。

Thank you very much, and I want to wish you the greatest success.

非常感谢 祝各位成功。

(Applause)

（掌声）