The real harm of the global arms trade | Samantha Nutt

譯者: Harry Chen 審譯者: lynn liu

Thank you very much. Good evening.

非常謝謝大家！晚上好！

Some of you may have noticed that my last name is Nutt.

有些人也許已經留意到 我的姓氏常被取笑成「瘋子」。

And if you did, you are forgiven for wondering

如果你有注意到了的話， 我不見怪你們納悶著：

一個瘋子怎麼可能煞費苦心 淪落到戰爭區裡？

how a Nutt managed to end up in a war zone.

剛從醫學院畢業後真的有人提出、 而且我也接受了一份志工契約－

I actually was offered, right out of medical school, and accepted

a volunteer contract to work with UNICEF in war-torn Somalia,

與「聯合國兒童基金會」 在受戰火摧殘的索馬利亞服務，

that was worth one dollar.

合約價是 1 美元！

And, you see, I had to be paid this dollar

人家必須付我這 1 美元，

in the event that the UN needed to issue an evacuation order,

因為如果聯合國需要發佈撤離命令，

so that I would be covered.

我才會因此受到保障；

I was, after all, heading into one of the world's most dangerous places.

總之我前往了世界上最危險的地方。

And by now, some of you may be asking yourselves,

現在你們有些人也許心裡正在問，

and I just want to reassure you,

而我正要來打消你們的疑慮：

我有預先拿到該金額的一半。

that I did get half the money up front.

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

But you see, this is how, with 50 cents in my pocket,

這就是我的皮包裡如何有著 50 美分，

I ended up in Baidoa, Somalia.

終究去了索馬利亞的拜多雅，

Journalists called it the "city of death."

記者們管它叫「死城」，

And they called it the city of death

他們這樣叫是因為已經有 三十萬人在那邊喪命了；

because 300,000 people had lost their lives there --

300,000 people,

「三十萬人」──

mostly as a result of war-related famine and disease.

大多是戰禍牽扯出的 飢荒和疾病所導致！

I was part of a team that was tasked with trying to figure out

我加入的團隊被託付任務，

試圖找出妥善之計來應對這個人禍，

how best to respond to this humanitarian catastrophe.

It was right on the heels of the Rwandan genocide,

它接踵於盧安達大屠殺之後；

and aid money to the region was drying up.

對這個地區的援助資金即將用罄，

Many aid organizations, unfortunately,

許多援助機構不幸早已關門收攤。

had been forced to close their doors.

And so the question that I was asked to specifically help answer,

所以人家特別請我 幫忙解答的問題──

which is one that aid workers ask themselves in war zones the world over,

全世界戰爭區的援助工作人員 問自己的一個問題：

is: What the hell do we do now?

「我們現在做的是什麼狗屁事啊？」

索馬利亞的治安環境在那個時刻

You know, the security environment in Somalia at that moment in time --

and nothing has really changed too much --

──現在也沒多大的改變──

can best be described as "Mad Max" by way of "A Clockwork Orange."

可以形容成發條橘子式的瘋狂麥斯。

And I remember very distinctly a couple of days after my arrival,

我非常鮮明地記得在我抵達的數天後，

I went up to a feeding clinic.

我遠赴一處兒童哺育診間，

There were dozens of women who were standing in line,

那裡有著數十位婦女正排著隊，

and they were clutching their infants very close.

她們緊密摟著自己的幼嬰。

About 20 minutes into this conversation I was having

我和一位年輕婦女有著 大概 20 分鐘的對話，

with this one young woman,

我向前湊身過去、

I leaned forward

and tried to put my finger in the palm of her baby's hand.

試著把手指放在她小寶貝的掌心中，

And when I did this,

當我這樣做的時候，

I discovered that her baby was already in rigor.

察覺了她的小寶貝早已僵硬，

She was stiff,

她是僵直的了、

and her little, lifeless hand was curled into itself.

沒了生命的小手捲縮起來，

She had died hours before

她幾個小時前已經死去──

of malnutrition and dehydration.

營養不足與脫水。

I later learned that as her baby was dying,

我後來得知當她的小寶貝 快要死掉的時候，

她已經被人挾持兩天了──

this young woman had been held for two days

by some teenage boys who were armed with Kalashnikov rifles,

一些十來歲配有突擊步槍的男孩們，

and they were trying to shake her down for more money,

他們企圖壓榨她更多錢──

money she very clearly did not have.

這錢很明顯她沒有。

And this is a scene that I have confronted

這是我在世界各地的戰爭區中

所面臨過一個的場景，

in war zones the world over;

places where kids, some as young as eight -- they are this big --

地方上的孩子們有些才八歲 ──他們是這般高大吧──

and those kids, they have never been to school.

而那些小孩從未上過學，

但是他們已經用自動步槍 打過仗、殺過人了！

But they have fought and they have killed with automatic rifles.

Is this just the way the world is?

難道萬般皆是命嗎？

Some will you tell you that war is unavoidably human.

有些人會跟你們說戰爭避無可避，

After all, it is as old as existence itself.

畢竟它就跟世界的存在一樣長久；

We say never again, and yet it happens again and again and again.

我們說絕對不要再來一次， 它卻一次又一次的上演。

But I will tell you that I have seen the absolute worst

我將會告訴你我已經見識過 全然最惡劣的事情，

of what we as human beings are capable of doing to one another,

我們這些人類有本事 對其他人做出來的事；

and yet I still believe a different outcome is possible.

不過我始終深信 不一樣的結果是有望的，

Do you want to know why?

你們想知道為什麼嗎？

Because over 20 years of doing this work,

因為做這工作，

going in and out of war zones around the world,

進出世界各地戰爭區長達二十年來，

I have come to understand

我已經明白

that there are aspects of this problem

這個難題的有些方面，

that we, all of us, as people occupying this shared space,

我們全體 ──佔有這個共享空間的人們──

that we can change --

能夠改變！

not through force or coercion or invasion,

並非透過武力、逼迫或是侵略，

but by simply looking at all of the options available to us

而是透過去看對我們來說 摸得著的所有選項，

and choosing the ones that favor peace at the expense of war,

擇取有利於以消弭戰爭 為代價的和平，

instead of war at the expense of peace.

頂替失去和平做代價的戰爭。

該如何做呢？

How so?

Well, I want you to consider this:

我要你斟酌一件事：

there are at least 800 million small arms and light weapons

至少有著八億件的 小型槍械、輕型武器

in circulation in the world today.

今天在世界上流通！

The vast majority of civilians, like that young baby,

龐大主體的老百姓 ──就像那個小嬰兒──

who are dying in war zones around the world,

在世界各地的戰爭區持續死去；

are dying at the hands of various armed groups

死於眾多武裝團體的手上，

who rely on a near-infinite supply of cheap, easy and efficient weapons

這些人憑藉近乎無限量供應之 便宜、容易和高效的武器，

每回以之強暴、威脅、 恐嚇和殘害那些老百姓。

to rape, threaten, intimidate and brutalize those civilians

at every turn.

How cheap?

多便宜呢？

在世界上的某些地方

Well, in some parts of the world,

you can buy an AK-47 for as little as 10 dollars.

你能夠用與 10 美元一樣的小錢 買到一把 AK-47 步槍；

在很多我曾經工作過的地方，

In many places in which I have worked,

it is easier to get access to an automatic rifle

取得一把自動步槍

還比取得乾淨的飲用水容易！

than it is to get access to clean drinking water.

現在重點是──

And so now the important part:

Can anything be done about this?

我們能為這個做什麼事嗎？

To answer that question,

為了回答該問題，

let's take a look at this map of the world.

讓我們看一眼這張世界地圖吧！

And now, let's add in all of the countries that are currently at war,

讓我們加總目前在戰禍中的國家，

and the number of people who have either died

以及因為暴力

造成的死亡與流離失所之人數，

or have been displaced as a result of that violence.

這是個叫人傻眼的數字：

It is a staggering number --

more than 40 million people.

超過四千萬人！

But you will also notice something else about this map.

不過關於這張地圖 你也會發現另外一些東西，

你會發現那些國家大部份 是在南半球。

You will notice that most of those countries

are in the Global South.

Now, let's look at the countries

現在我們來看看

that are the world's top 20 exporters of small arms in the world.

世界前二十大的小型槍械出口國，

And what do we notice?

我們會發現什麼呢？

Well, you see them in green.

你看到了綠色的這些國家，

You will notice that those are mostly countries in the Global North,

你會注意到絕大多數 是北半球的國家，

primarily Western countries.

以西方國家為主。

What does this tell us?

這告知我們什麼事情？

This tells us that most of the people who are dying in war

這告訴我們大多數在戰禍中 接連死去的民眾，

are living in poor countries,

住在貧窮的國家；

而大多數不斷發戰爭財的人，

and yet most of the people who are profiting from war

are living in rich countries -- people like you and me.

住在富庶的國家 ──就好比你、我般的人。

And then what if we go beyond small arms for a second.

要是我們去看小型槍械呢？

What if we look at all weapons in circulation in the world?

要是我們著眼世界上 所有流通的武器呢？

Who does the biggest business?

誰做最大宗的生意呢？

Well, roughly 80 percent of those weapons

約 80% 的武器

come from none other than the five permanent members

出自聯合國安理會的 五個常任理事國，

of the United Nations Security Council,

plus Germany.

再加上德國，

It's shocking, isn't it?

很震撼沒錯吧！

Now, some of you might be saying at this moment in time,

你們有的人此刻也許馬上要說：

「是喔！好！ 在這邊打住一下，瘋子！」

"Oh yeah, but OK, hang on a second there ... Nutt."

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

Grade school was spectacular for me.

小學對我來說是動人深刻的，

那真是個精采的歷程。

It was, really, a wonderful experience.

（笑聲）

(Laughter)

But you might be saying to yourselves,

不過你也許會跟自己說──

You know, all of these weapons in war zones -- they're not a cause,

所有在戰爭區的武器， 它們並不是起因，

but an effect of the violence that plagues them

而是暴力的結果 日復一日折磨每個人。

each and every single day.

You know, places like Iraq and Afghanistan,

就像伊拉克、阿富汗等地方，

where they need these weapons to be able to maintain law and order,

在那裡它們需要這些武器 以維護法律和秩序、

promote peace and security, to combat terror groups --

增進和平與安全、打擊恐怖團體；

surely this is a good thing.

毫無疑問這是好事情！

Let's take a look at that assumption for just one moment,

讓我們稍微來看看該假設，

because you see there has been a boom in the small-arms trade

因為自從反恐戰爭展開以來，

since the start of the War on Terror.

小型軍火交易激增；

事實上那是個過去 15 年來

In fact, it is a business that has grown threefold

over the past 15 years.

已經成長了三倍的生意。

And now let's compare that to the number of people

現在讓我們來比對這個數字

與同時期全世界直接喪命於 武裝衝突的人數，

who have directly died in armed conflict around the world

in that same period.

What do you notice?

你發現什麼了呢？

你會注意到事實上該人數也上升 約略三到四倍左右，

Well, you notice that, in fact, that also goes up

roughly three- to fourfold.

它們兩者基本上 在相同的時點上升與休止。

They basically go up and end at the same point.

Now, we can have a circular argument here

現在這裡可以有個 剪不斷理還亂的爭論，

關於到底傷亡的增加

about whether this increase in fatalities is a response

是小型槍械變多的責任？

to the increase of small arms, or the other way around.

或是因為其他手段？

不過我們真的應該跳脫出這裡，

But here's what we should really take away from this.

What we should take away from this

我們應該跳脫──

is that this is a relationship worth scrutinizing,

這是個值得細究的關聯。

especially when you consider that small arms that were shipped to Iraq

尤其當你考量到小型槍械 被載運到伊拉克為其軍隊所用，

for use by the Iraqi Army,

或是送到敘利亞給俗稱的 「溫和反對派戰士」，

or to Syria for so-called moderate opposition fighters,

that those arms, many of them, are now in the hands of ISIS;

那些槍械現今多數落入 「伊斯蘭國恐怖組織」的手中；

或是當你考量槍械被載運到利比亞，

or when you consider that arms that were shipped to Libya

are now actively drifting across the Sahel,

現正熱絡地貫穿薩赫爾地帶，

and ending up with groups like Boko Haram and al Qaeda

最後到了像是博科聖地、蓋達組織

and other militant groups.

以及其他武裝團體的手上。

And therein lies the problem.

在這裡就存在著問題！

Because, you see,

你也知道──

small arms anywhere are a menace everywhere,

小型槍械在任何地方 都是一種全面危害，

because their first stop is rarely their last.

因為它們的第一個停靠站 很少是它們的最終歸處。

Spending on war per person per year

對戰爭的開銷以每人年計來說

now amounts to about 249 dollars --

金額到了大概 249 美元：

249 dollars per person,

「每人花 249 美元」

which is roughly 12 times what we spend on foreign aid,

大概是我們花在國際援助的 12 倍，

money that is used to educate and vaccinate children

那些錢花在南半球小孩的 教育、疫苗接種

and combat malnutrition in the Global South.

以及制衡營養不良。

But we can shift that balance.

但是我們可以左右該差額，

How do we do this?

我們該怎麼做呢？

Well, it is essentially a problem of both supply and demand,

這基本上是個供給與需求面 都包含在內的問題，

so we can tackle it from both sides.

因此我們可以 一併從雙方面下手處理！

On the supply side,

在供給方面，

we can push our governments

我們可以推動我們的政府

to adopt international arms transparency mechanisms

接受國際軍火買賣透明機制， 好比「武器貿易條約，」

like the Arms Trade Treaty,

which makes it so that rich countries have to be more accountable

該機制使得富庶的國家對於 它們的武器銷售到哪裡去、

for where their arms are going

and what their arms might be used for.

可能做什麼用途更有責任。

Here in the United States,

在美國這裡

the largest arms-exporting country in the world by far,

──至今世界上最大的武器出口國──

President Obama has rightly signed the Arms Trade Treaty,

歐巴馬總統已經實實在在地 簽署好「武器貿易條約」，

but none of it takes effect, it isn't binding,

但是壓根未生效－

直到被國會核可、批准前 是沒有法律約束力的。

until it is approved and ratified by the Senate.

This is where we need to make our voices heard.

我們需要讓我們的聲音 在這裡被聽見！

You know, the curbing of small arms --

整治小型槍械

it's not going to solve the problem of war.

不會解決戰禍的問題、

Increased control mechanisms won't solve that problem.

增補的控管機制不會解決該問題，

But it's an important step in the right direction.

但是它是正確方向上重要的一步，

And it's up to all of us who live in those rich countries

這端賴於住在富庶國家的我們，

to make change here.

在這裡做改變！

What about on the demand side?

需求面又如何呢？

You know, there are generations around the world

世界上各地數世代的人們 被葬送在戰爭裡，

who are being lost to war.

It is possible to disrupt that cycle of violence

要打破暴力的循環是可行的，

with investments in education, in strengthening the rule of law

在教育、法律的落實、 以及經濟發展上有所投資──

and in economic development, especially for women.

特別是挹注給婦女們！

I have personally seen

我已經親身在世界各地見識過

just how incredibly powerful those kinds of efforts can be

那些付出是多麼神奇，力遠弗屆。

around the world.

But here's the thing:

不過關鍵在這──

they take time,

它們得花時間，

which means for you as individuals, if you want to give,

這代表假使身為獨立個體的你 想要捐贈的話，

please, by all means do it.

請悉隨尊便；

不過搞清楚該如何捐贈

But know that how you give is just as important

as how much you give.

就跟要捐贈多少東西同等重要，

像是月制捐款的定期捐款

Regular contributions like monthly contributions

are a far more effective way of giving,

是更為實用的捐贈方式。

because they allow humanitarian organizations

因為它們讓人道組織得以完善規劃、

to properly plan and be invested over the long term,

用在長期的資助，

以及已經被戰爭 所影響之家庭的生活所需──

and to be present in the lives of families who have been affected by war,

wars that many of us, frankly, all too quickly forget.

老實說我們許多人 都太快遺忘的諸場戰爭。

When I first got on that plane for Somalia as a young doctor,

年輕醫師的我首次坐上 開往索馬利亞的班機，

I had no idea what it meant to live with war.

我對與戰禍共存沒什麼概念；

But I can tell you that I know what it means now.

不過我可以告訴你現在我懂了，

And I know what it means

我知道這個滋味──

to lie in bed in the pitch-black night

漆黑的夜躺在床上，

and listen to that haunting "pop-pop-pop-pop-pop!"

聽著自動步槍揮之不卻的 「砰砰砰砰砰」聲，

of automatic gunfire,

以及無比恐懼的臆想──

and wonder with absolute dread

how many minutes I have left until it will be right on top of me.

直到子彈打中我的頭頂前 我還剩多少時間。

I can tell you that it is a terrifying and agonizing fear,

我能跟你說那是個很恐怖 又折騰人的恐懼，

one that millions of people around the world are forced to confront

世界上數百萬人

無日無刻不得不面對的恐懼──

each and every single day,

especially children.

尤其是孩童們！

Over the years of doing this work,

做這樣的工作長年下來，

unfortunately, war has killed far too many people close to me.

很不幸地，戰禍已經奪走我週遭 太多、太多人的性命了，

And on at least a couple of occasions,

而且至少有好幾回的機緣，

war has very nearly killed me as well.

戰禍也幾乎要了我的命。

But I firmly believe,

不過我堅信著：

which is why I get up and do what I do every single day,

在這裡我們能夠做不同的選擇！

that we can make different choices here.

這是我每一天下床工作的道理。

Because you see, war is ours,

因為大家都知道戰禍是 我們身為人類所共有的，

as human beings.

We buy it, sell it, spread it and wage it.

我們收購、兜售、散播還有引爆它！

We are therefore not powerless to solve it.

因此我們不該束手無策，

On the contrary,

相反地我們是唯一能彌平戰禍之人！

we are the only ones who can.

Thank you very much, and I want to wish you the greatest success.

非常謝謝大家！ 我想祝你們無比成功！

(Applause)

（掌聲）