The real harm of the global arms trade | Samantha Nutt

84,713 views ・ 2016-06-23

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00:12
Thank you very much. Good evening.
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Some of you may have noticed that my last name is Nutt.
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And if you did, you are forgiven for wondering
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how a Nutt managed to end up in a war zone.
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I actually was offered, right out of medical school, and accepted
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a volunteer contract to work with UNICEF in war-torn Somalia,
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that was worth one dollar.
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And, you see, I had to be paid this dollar
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in the event that the UN needed to issue an evacuation order,
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so that I would be covered.
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I was, after all, heading into one of the world's most dangerous places.
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And by now, some of you may be asking yourselves,
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and I just want to reassure you,
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that I did get half the money up front.
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(Laughter)
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But you see, this is how, with 50 cents in my pocket,
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I ended up in Baidoa, Somalia.
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Journalists called it the "city of death."
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And they called it the city of death
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because 300,000 people had lost their lives there --
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300,000 people,
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mostly as a result of war-related famine and disease.
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I was part of a team that was tasked with trying to figure out
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how best to respond to this humanitarian catastrophe.
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It was right on the heels of the Rwandan genocide,
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and aid money to the region was drying up.
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Many aid organizations, unfortunately,
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had been forced to close their doors.
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And so the question that I was asked to specifically help answer,
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which is one that aid workers ask themselves in war zones the world over,
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is: What the hell do we do now?
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You know, the security environment in Somalia at that moment in time --
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and nothing has really changed too much --
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can best be described as "Mad Max" by way of "A Clockwork Orange."
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And I remember very distinctly a couple of days after my arrival,
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I went up to a feeding clinic.
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There were dozens of women who were standing in line,
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and they were clutching their infants very close.
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About 20 minutes into this conversation I was having
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with this one young woman,
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I leaned forward
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and tried to put my finger in the palm of her baby's hand.
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And when I did this,
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I discovered that her baby was already in rigor.
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She was stiff,
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and her little, lifeless hand was curled into itself.
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She had died hours before
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of malnutrition and dehydration.
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I later learned that as her baby was dying,
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this young woman had been held for two days
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by some teenage boys who were armed with Kalashnikov rifles,
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and they were trying to shake her down for more money,
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money she very clearly did not have.
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And this is a scene that I have confronted
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in war zones the world over;
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places where kids, some as young as eight -- they are this big --
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and those kids, they have never been to school.
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But they have fought and they have killed with automatic rifles.
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Is this just the way the world is?
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Some will you tell you that war is unavoidably human.
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After all, it is as old as existence itself.
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We say never again, and yet it happens again and again and again.
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But I will tell you that I have seen the absolute worst
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of what we as human beings are capable of doing to one another,
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and yet I still believe a different outcome is possible.
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Do you want to know why?
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Because over 20 years of doing this work,
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going in and out of war zones around the world,
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I have come to understand
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that there are aspects of this problem
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that we, all of us, as people occupying this shared space,
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that we can change --
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not through force or coercion or invasion,
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but by simply looking at all of the options available to us
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and choosing the ones that favor peace at the expense of war,
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instead of war at the expense of peace.
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How so?
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Well, I want you to consider this:
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there are at least 800 million small arms and light weapons
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in circulation in the world today.
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The vast majority of civilians, like that young baby,
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who are dying in war zones around the world,
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are dying at the hands of various armed groups
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who rely on a near-infinite supply of cheap, easy and efficient weapons
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to rape, threaten, intimidate and brutalize those civilians
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at every turn.
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How cheap?
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Well, in some parts of the world,
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you can buy an AK-47 for as little as 10 dollars.
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In many places in which I have worked,
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it is easier to get access to an automatic rifle
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than it is to get access to clean drinking water.
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And so now the important part:
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Can anything be done about this?
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To answer that question,
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let's take a look at this map of the world.
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And now, let's add in all of the countries that are currently at war,
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and the number of people who have either died
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or have been displaced as a result of that violence.
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It is a staggering number --
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more than 40 million people.
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But you will also notice something else about this map.
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You will notice that most of those countries
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are in the Global South.
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Now, let's look at the countries
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that are the world's top 20 exporters of small arms in the world.
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And what do we notice?
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Well, you see them in green.
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You will notice that those are mostly countries in the Global North,
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primarily Western countries.
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What does this tell us?
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This tells us that most of the people who are dying in war
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are living in poor countries,
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and yet most of the people who are profiting from war
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are living in rich countries -- people like you and me.
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And then what if we go beyond small arms for a second.
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What if we look at all weapons in circulation in the world?
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Who does the biggest business?
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Well, roughly 80 percent of those weapons
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come from none other than the five permanent members
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of the United Nations Security Council,
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plus Germany.
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It's shocking, isn't it?
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Now, some of you might be saying at this moment in time,
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"Oh yeah, but OK, hang on a second there ... Nutt."
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(Laughter)
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Grade school was spectacular for me.
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It was, really, a wonderful experience.
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(Laughter)
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But you might be saying to yourselves,
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You know, all of these weapons in war zones -- they're not a cause,
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but an effect of the violence that plagues them
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each and every single day.
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You know, places like Iraq and Afghanistan,
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where they need these weapons to be able to maintain law and order,
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promote peace and security, to combat terror groups --
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surely this is a good thing.
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Let's take a look at that assumption for just one moment,
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because you see there has been a boom in the small-arms trade
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since the start of the War on Terror.
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In fact, it is a business that has grown threefold
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over the past 15 years.
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And now let's compare that to the number of people
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who have directly died in armed conflict around the world
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in that same period.
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What do you notice?
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Well, you notice that, in fact, that also goes up
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roughly three- to fourfold.
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They basically go up and end at the same point.
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Now, we can have a circular argument here
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about whether this increase in fatalities is a response
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to the increase of small arms, or the other way around.
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But here's what we should really take away from this.
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What we should take away from this
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is that this is a relationship worth scrutinizing,
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especially when you consider that small arms that were shipped to Iraq
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for use by the Iraqi Army,
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or to Syria for so-called moderate opposition fighters,
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that those arms, many of them, are now in the hands of ISIS;
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or when you consider that arms that were shipped to Libya
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are now actively drifting across the Sahel,
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and ending up with groups like Boko Haram and al Qaeda
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and other militant groups.
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And therein lies the problem.
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Because, you see,
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small arms anywhere are a menace everywhere,
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because their first stop is rarely their last.
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Spending on war per person per year
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now amounts to about 249 dollars --
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249 dollars per person,
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which is roughly 12 times what we spend on foreign aid,
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money that is used to educate and vaccinate children
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and combat malnutrition in the Global South.
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But we can shift that balance.
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How do we do this?
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Well, it is essentially a problem of both supply and demand,
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so we can tackle it from both sides.
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On the supply side,
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we can push our governments
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to adopt international arms transparency mechanisms
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like the Arms Trade Treaty,
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which makes it so that rich countries have to be more accountable
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for where their arms are going
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and what their arms might be used for.
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Here in the United States,
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the largest arms-exporting country in the world by far,
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President Obama has rightly signed the Arms Trade Treaty,
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but none of it takes effect, it isn't binding,
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until it is approved and ratified by the Senate.
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This is where we need to make our voices heard.
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You know, the curbing of small arms --
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it's not going to solve the problem of war.
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Increased control mechanisms won't solve that problem.
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But it's an important step in the right direction.
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And it's up to all of us who live in those rich countries
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to make change here.
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What about on the demand side?
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You know, there are generations around the world
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who are being lost to war.
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It is possible to disrupt that cycle of violence
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with investments in education, in strengthening the rule of law
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and in economic development, especially for women.
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I have personally seen
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just how incredibly powerful those kinds of efforts can be
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around the world.
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But here's the thing:
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they take time,
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which means for you as individuals, if you want to give,
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please, by all means do it.
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But know that how you give is just as important
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as how much you give.
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Regular contributions like monthly contributions
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are a far more effective way of giving,
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because they allow humanitarian organizations
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to properly plan and be invested over the long term,
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and to be present in the lives of families who have been affected by war,
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wars that many of us, frankly, all too quickly forget.
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When I first got on that plane for Somalia as a young doctor,
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I had no idea what it meant to live with war.
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But I can tell you that I know what it means now.
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And I know what it means
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to lie in bed in the pitch-black night
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and listen to that haunting "pop-pop-pop-pop-pop!"
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of automatic gunfire,
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and wonder with absolute dread
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how many minutes I have left until it will be right on top of me.
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I can tell you that it is a terrifying and agonizing fear,
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one that millions of people around the world are forced to confront
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each and every single day,
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especially children.
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Over the years of doing this work,
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unfortunately, war has killed far too many people close to me.
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And on at least a couple of occasions,
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war has very nearly killed me as well.
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But I firmly believe,
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which is why I get up and do what I do every single day,
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that we can make different choices here.
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Because you see, war is ours,
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as human beings.
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We buy it, sell it, spread it and wage it.
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We are therefore not powerless to solve it.
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On the contrary,
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we are the only ones who can.
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Thank you very much, and I want to wish you the greatest success.
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(Applause)
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