Willie Smits: How to restore a rainforest

159,738 views ・ 2009-03-03

TED


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翻译人员: Geoff Chen 校对人员: Coco Shen
00:18
I was walking in the market one day with my wife,
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有一天我和妻子走在市场上,
00:21
and somebody stuck a cage in my face.
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有人往我面前递上一个笼子
00:23
And in between those slits
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笼子的缝隙后
00:25
were the saddest eyes I've ever seen.
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是我今生所见过最悲伤的眼睛。
00:27
There was a very sick orangutan baby, my first encounter.
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我最初见到的,是一个病得非常厉害的猩猩宝宝。
00:30
That evening I came back to the market in the dark
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当晚我摸黑回到那个市集
00:33
and I heard "uhh, uhh,"
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我听到“呜,呜”的啜泣声
00:36
and sure enough I found a dying orangutan baby on a garbage heap.
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果然﹐我在垃圾堆上发现一个正在死去的小猩猩。
00:41
Of course, the cage was salvaged.
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笼子被丢弃了
00:43
I took up the little baby,
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我抱起这小猩猩,
00:45
massaged her, forced her to drink
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在牠身上揉揉,强迫牠喝点水
00:48
until she finally started breathing normally.
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直到牠开始正常地呼吸。
00:51
This is Uce.
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这是Uce。
00:53
She's now living in the jungle of Sungai Wain,
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现在牠住在Sungai Wain保护林区,
00:55
and this is Matahari, her second son,
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而这是Matahari,牠的第二个孩子,
00:57
which, by the way, is also the son of the second orangutan I rescued, Dodoy.
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事实上牠也是我救来的第二个红毛猩猩Dodoy的孩子。
01:02
That changed my life quite dramatically,
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这件事戏剧性地改变了我的生命,
01:04
and as of today, I have almost 1,000 babies in my two centers.
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到今天为止,在我的两个中心里,已有将近一千只小猩猩。
01:09
(Applause)
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(掌声)
01:11
No. No. No. Wrong.
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不,不,不。错了。
01:13
It's horrible. It's a proof of our failing to save them in the wild.
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这很糟糕。这不过证明我们失败了,我们无法在野外救活牠们。
01:16
It's not good.
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这很不好。
01:18
This is merely proof of everyone failing to do the right thing.
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这仅表明每个人在他们该做的事上失败了。
01:22
Having more than all the orangutans in all the zoos in the world together,
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几乎所有的红毛猩猩都活在世界上的动物园里,
01:26
just now like victims for every baby,
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那些现在受害的猩猩宝宝,
01:29
six have disappeared from the forest.
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其中已经有六只消失在森林中了。
01:32
The deforestation, especially for oil palm,
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伐林,尤其是为了栽种油棕榈而滥砍林木,
01:34
to provide biofuel for Western countries
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以提供西方国家生质燃料
01:37
is what's causing these problems.
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是造成这些问题的主因。
01:40
And those are the peat swamp forests on 20 meters of peat,
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这是二十公尺长的泥炭沼泽,
01:43
the largest accumulation of organic material in the world.
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蕴藏世界上最多的有机物质。
01:46
When you open this for growing oil palms
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开垦泥炭沼泽来种棕榈树
01:49
you're creating CO2 volcanoes
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就像制造一座座喷发二氧化碳的火山群
01:51
that are emitting so much CO2
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这将会排放非常多的二氧化碳
01:54
that my country is now the third largest emitter of greenhouse gasses in the world,
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我的国家已成为全球温室气体排放的第三大国,
01:59
after China and the United States.
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名列中国与美国之后,
02:01
And we don't have any industry at all --
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而我们却是个毫无工业的国家。
02:04
it's only because of this deforestation.
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就只因为滥采森林。
02:07
And these are horrible images.
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这些是可怕的图像。
02:10
I'm not going to talk too long about it,
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我今天不会花太多时间说这些,
02:12
but there are so many of the family of Uce,
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但是有许许多多Uce家庭成员
02:14
which are not so fortunate to live out there in the forest,
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很不幸地依然住在那森林里
02:18
that still have to go through that process.
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依然必须经历那过程
02:20
And I don't know anymore where to put them.
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而我已不知道要将牠们安置在哪些安全的地方了。
02:22
So I decided that I had to come up with a solution for her
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于是,我决定必须要为牠想出一个解决方案
02:26
but also a solution
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而这一解决方案
02:28
that will benefit the people that are trying to exploit those forests,
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也让采伐森林的人们同样受益
02:32
to get their hands on the last timber
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让他们经手最后一片森林
02:35
and that are causing, in that way,
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那将会
02:38
the loss of habitat and all those victims.
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失去那些受害者与栖息地。
02:41
So I created the place Samboja Lestari,
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所以我创造一个叫Samboja Lestari的地方
02:43
and the idea was,
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我的想法是,
02:45
if I can do this on the worst possible place that I can think of
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如果我可以在我想象的到最糟糕最不可能的地方完成这件事
02:48
where there is really nothing left,
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从一个什么都没有了的地方
02:50
no one will have an excuse to say, "Yeah, but ..."
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那么就没有人会有借口说,“对啊,但是...”
02:54
No. Everyone should be able to follow this.
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不会有。这会是每一个人都可以依循的步骤。
02:58
So we're in East Borneo. This is the place where I started.
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所以我们现在在婆罗洲东部。这是我开始着手的地方。
03:03
As you can see there's only yellow terrain.
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诚如你所见到的,这里原先只有一片枯黄荒地
03:05
There's nothing left -- just a bit of grass there.
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什么也不剩,只剩一丁点儿小草
03:08
In 2002 we had about 50 percent of the people jobless there.
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2002年间我们这里有将近百分之五十的人没有工作
03:12
There was a huge amount of crime.
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存在着为数甚多的犯罪。
03:14
People spent so much of their money on health issues and drinking water.
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当地人在医疗与饮水上花费很多钱
03:19
There was no agricultural productivity left.
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农业生产力所剩无几
03:22
This was the poorest district in the whole province
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这是全省最贫穷的区域
03:25
and it was a total extinction of wildlife.
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所有野生动植物已经完全灭绝
03:28
This was like a biological desert.
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就像生物学上的一片沙漠
03:30
When I stood there in the grass, it's hot -- not even the sound of insects --
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当我站在这片草地上,我只觉得热 -- 那里甚至没有一点儿虫子的声音 --
03:34
just this waving grass.
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只剩这些摇动的草。
03:36
Still, four years later we have created jobs for about 3,000 people.
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尽管如此,四年后我们在此提供了3000个就业机会。
03:41
The climate has changed. I will show you:
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那里的气候也改变了。我将为你们展示:
03:44
no more flooding, no more fires.
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再也没有水灾,再也没有火灾。
03:46
It's no longer the poorest district,
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这里也不再是最贫穷的区域了,
03:49
and there is a huge development of biodiversity.
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而且此地的生物多样性也得到巨幅地发展。
03:51
We've got over 1,000 species. We have 137 bird species as of today.
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我们得到超过一千以上的物种,至今有137种鸟类。
03:57
We have 30 species of reptiles.
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我们有30种爬虫类。
03:59
So what happened here? We created a huge economic failure in this forest.
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所以,这里到底发生了什么事? 我们在森林中制造了巨大的经济损害。
04:05
So basically the whole process of destruction
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基本上这些全部的毁坏过程
04:08
had gone a bit slower than what is happening now with the oil palm.
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已经得到减缓,
04:11
But we saw the same thing.
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但我们见到一样的事--
04:13
We had slash and burn agriculture;
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我们使用火耕;
04:15
people cannot afford the fertilizer,
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人们买不起化肥
04:17
so they burn the trees and have the minerals available there;
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所以他们燃烧一半的树木与当地现有一半的矿产。
04:20
the fires become more frequent,
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火灾变得经常发生
04:22
and after a while you're stuck with an area of land
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过一阵子你又被困在一块
04:25
where there is no fertility left.
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完全无法耕种的土地上。
04:27
There are no trees left.
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没有一棵树存留。
04:29
Still, in this place, in this grassland
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然而在这个地方,在这片草地上
04:32
where you can see our very first office there on that hill,
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你可以见到山丘上有我们最初的办公室,
04:35
four years later, there is this one green blop on the Earth's surface ...
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四年下来,一片绿地在地球表面出现了...
04:40
(Applause)
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(掌声)
04:42
And there are all these animals, and all these people happy,
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这里有这些动物,这些快乐的人们,
04:45
and there's this economic value.
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而且还有经济价值。
04:47
So how's this possible?
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这怎么可能呢?
04:49
It was quite simple. If you'll look at the steps:
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如果你看看这步骤,你会发现很简单:
04:51
we bought the land, we dealt with the fire,
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我们买下这块地,处理火灾,
04:53
and then only, we started doing the reforestation
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然后开始植林
04:56
by combining agriculture with forestry.
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混合农业与林业。
04:59
Only then we set up the infrastructure and management and the monetary.
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在那时我们建立基础设施、管理、以及财政措施。
05:03
But we made sure that in every step of the way
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但我们必须确定每一个当地居民
05:06
the local people were going to be fully involved
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都全然参与计划
05:09
so that no outside forces would be able to interfere with that.
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这样就没有外部的力量会介入。
05:13
The people would become the defenders of that forest.
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这使得当地人成为那片林地的保护者。
05:17
So we do the "people, profit, planet" principles,
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我们以“人民、利益、地球”的原则,
05:19
but we do it in addition
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并且更进一步地
05:21
to a sure legal status --
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我们建立一个确定的法律地位
05:23
because if the forest belongs to the state,
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因为如果森林属于国家
05:25
people say, "It belongs to me, it belongs to everyone."
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人们会说,它属于我,它属于每一个人。
05:28
And then we apply all these other principles
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我们也应用其它原则
05:31
like transparency, professional management, measurable results,
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比如说透明化、专业评估管理
05:35
scalability, [unclear], etc.
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可扩展性、往复性...等等。
05:38
What we did was we formulated recipes --
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我们所做的是制定配方
05:41
how to go from a starting situation where you have nothing
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如何从一开始甚么都没有的情况
05:44
to a target situation.
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向一个目标前进。
05:46
You formulate a recipe based upon the factors you can control,
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你根据可以控制的因素,制定一个配方
05:51
whether it be the skills or the fertilizer or the plant choice.
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无论选择技术、化肥、或树种。
05:55
And then you look at the outputs and you start measuring what comes out.
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你观测结果,并且测量它。
06:00
Now in this recipe you also have the cost.
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在这配方里你同时包含了成本。
06:02
You also know how much labor is needed.
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你要知道需要付出多少劳动力。
06:05
If you can drop this recipe on the map
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如果你可以把这配方丢在地图上、
06:08
on a sandy soil, on a clay soil,
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在沙质土壤上、在粘土壤上、
06:10
on a steep slope, on flat soil,
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在陡峭的斜坡、在平地上的土壤上、
06:12
you put those different recipes; if you combine them,
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你配置这些不同的食谱;如果将它们结合起来,
06:15
out of that comes a business plan,
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从之而来的一个商业计划、
06:17
comes a work plan, and you can optimize it
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以及从之而来的工作计划,你可以对其进行优化
06:20
for the amount of labor you have available or for the amount of fertilizer you have,
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可以针对现有的可供劳动力、或现有的肥料,
06:24
and you can do it.
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来完成这计划。
06:26
This is how it looks like in practice. We have this grass we want to get rid of.
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这就是实行这个计划所看起来的样子。我们要摆脱这片荒草地。
06:30
It exudes [unclear]-like compounds from the roots.
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它从根处散发着化合物
06:33
The acacia trees are of a very low value
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合欢树是一个经济价值非常低的植物
06:36
but we need them to restore the micro-climate, to protect the soil
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但我们需要它们来恢复微气候,以保护土壤
06:39
and to shake out the grasses.
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并打开这片荒草地。
06:42
And after eight years they might actually yield some timber --
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8年后,这里可能真会产生一些木材,
06:45
that is, if you can preserve it in the right way,
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也就是说,如果你可以以正确的方法维护它,
06:48
which we can do with bamboo peels.
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我们能做出竹子幼芽
06:50
It's an old temple-building technique from Japan
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这是一个古老发源自日本的建筑庙宇的技术
06:53
but bamboo is very fire-susceptible.
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但竹子非常容易着火。
06:55
So if we would plant that in the beginning
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所以要是我们一开始就种植竹子的话
06:57
we would have a very high risk of losing everything again.
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我们要承担失去一切的高风险
07:01
So we plant it later, along the waterways
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所以我们晚点儿种它,沿着水道
07:03
to filter the water, provide the raw products
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过滤水,只在木材可供使用时
07:05
just in time for when the timber becomes available.
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提供原产品。
07:08
So the idea is: how to integrate these flows
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这样的想法是:如何在一定的时间与空间内,
07:11
in space, over time and with the limited means you have.
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使用有限的工具与策略,汇聚资源。
07:16
So we plant the trees, we plant these pineapples
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因此我们栽种这些树,栽种菠萝
07:18
and beans and ginger in between, to reduce the competition for the trees,
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同时种植豆类和生姜在它们之中,以减少树木与树木之间的竞争,
07:22
the crop fertilizer. Organic material is useful for the agricultural crops,
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作物肥料--有机物质是对农作物有益的,
07:27
for the people, but also helps the trees. The farmers have free land,
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对人们也是有益的,它也帮助树木生长,农民有免费土地,
07:30
the system yields early income, the orangutans get healthy food
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系统获得初期收益,红毛猩猩也获得健康食物
07:34
and we can speed up ecosystem regeneration
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我们可以加快生态系统的再生
07:37
while even saving some money.
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这期间甚至也可以省下一些钱。
07:39
So beautiful. What a theory.
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美丽极了。多好的理论。
07:41
But is it really that easy?
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但是,它真的那么容易吗?
07:44
Not really, because if you looked at what happened in 1998,
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不见得,因为如果你回顾1998年所发生的事情,
07:47
the fire started.
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火灾发生了。
07:49
This is an area of about 50 million hectares.
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这是一个面积约5千万公顷的林地。
07:51
January.
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一月。
07:53
February.
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二月。
07:55
March.
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三月。
07:57
April.
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四月。
07:58
May.
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五月。
07:59
We lost 5.5 million hectares in just a matter of a few months.
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我们在短短几个月之内失去了五百五十万公顷的林地。
08:03
This is because we have 10,000 of those underground fires
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因为我们有10,000次左右的这种地下火灾
08:06
that you also have in Pennsylvania here in the United States.
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在美国宾州也有。
08:10
And once the soil gets dried, you're in a dry season -- you get cracks,
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一旦土壤变得干燥,旱季会出现裂缝,
08:13
oxygen goes in, flames come out and the problem starts all over again.
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氧气渗入,火灾随而发生,问题又会重新开始。
08:17
So how to break that cycle?
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因此,如何打破这种循环呢?
08:19
Fire is the biggest problem.
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火灾是最大的问题。
08:21
This is what it looked like for three months.
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这是三个月看起来的样子。
08:24
For three months, the automatic lights outside did not go off
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三个月间,外头儿的自动照明没有熄灭
08:27
because it was that dark.
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因为是那么黑。
08:29
We lost all the crops. No children gained weight for over a year;
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我们失去了所有的作物,一年间没有一个孩子增加体重。
08:33
they lost 12 IQ points. It was a disaster
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他们还失去了12点的智商;这对猩猩和人来说
08:36
for orangutans and people.
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都是一场灾难。
08:38
So these fires are really the first things to work on.
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因此,火灾是首先真正要处理的工作。
08:41
That was why I put it as a single point up there.
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这就是为什么我在这里把它作为一个单一重点。
08:44
And you need the local people for that because these grasslands,
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您需要当地人民,因为这些草原,
08:47
once they start burning ... It goes through it like a windstorm
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一旦开始燃烧,它就会像一场暴风
08:51
and you lose again the last bit of ash and nutrients
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使你再度失去最后的灰烬与养分
08:54
to the first rainfall -- going to the sea
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直到第一场雨落到海浬
08:56
killing off the coral reefs there.
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让珊瑚礁也死去为止。
08:59
So you have to do it with the local people.
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所以,你必须与当地人民一起做。
09:01
That is the short-term solution but you also need a long-term solution.
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上述仅仅只是短期的解决办法,而你还需要一个长期的解决办法。
09:04
So what we did is, we created
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为此,我们设置了
09:06
a ring of sugar palms around the area.
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一个以糖棕榈树围绕出来的一个区域。
09:09
These sugar palms turn out to be fire-resistant --
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这些糖棕榈树形成一个防火
09:12
also flood-resistant, by the way --
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亦防洪的天然设施。
09:14
and they provide a lot of income for local people.
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并且为当地人民提供了大量的收入。
09:18
This is what it looks like:
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这看起来是这样的:
09:20
the people have to tap them twice a day -- just a millimeter slice --
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人们只在这些树上刮采几毫米片,一日两次,
09:23
and the only thing you harvest is sugar water,
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仅仅采收糖水,
09:26
carbon dioxide, rain fall and a little bit of sunshine.
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二氧化碳、降雨量和一点点的阳光
09:30
In principle, you make those trees into
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原则上你使那些树木成为
09:32
biological photovoltaic cells.
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生物光伏电池。
09:35
And you can create so much energy from this --
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因为他们每年每公顷可以产出3倍以上的能源,
09:38
they produce three times more energy per hectare per year,
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因为你可以将之用于日常工作,
09:43
because you can tap them on a daily basis.
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您可以从这里制造许多的能源。
09:45
You don't need to harvest [unclear]
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您不必采集器官
09:47
or any other of the crops.
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或任何其它的作物。
09:49
So this is the combination where we have all this genetic potential in the tropics,
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因此,这是我们在热带所能有的遗传潜力结合
09:53
which is still unexploited, and doing it in combination with technology.
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它尚未被开发,并且正藉由科技整合做着
09:57
But also your legal side needs to be in very good order.
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但此外,你也要有很好的法律知识
10:01
So we bought that land,
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所以我们卖下那整块地
10:03
and here is where we started our project --
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这就是我们开始这项计划的所在之处,
10:05
in the middle of nowhere.
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在一片蛮荒之中。
10:07
And if you zoom in a bit you can see that all of this area
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如果你放大一点,你可以看到所有的这区域
10:11
is divided into strips that go over different types of soil,
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已被不同类型的土壤划分开来,
10:14
and we were actually monitoring,
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事实上,我们仔细考虑财务状况
10:17
measuring every single tree in these 2,000 hectares, 5,000 acres.
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测量在这5000顷长,2000顷宽地里的所有树木。
10:23
And this forest is quite different.
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这个森林很不同。
10:26
What I really did was I just followed nature,
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我们真正做的只是依自然的性质,
10:28
and nature doesn't know monocultures,
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而自然本身是不了解何谓单种栽培的,
10:31
but a natural forest is multilayered.
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且自然森林有多种层次。
10:34
That means that both in the ground and above the ground
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这意谓着,森林可以较好地利用
10:36
it can make better use of the available light,
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地面以及地面以上的光,
10:39
it can store more carbon in the system, it can provide more functions.
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可以在生态系统中储存更多碳,提供更多功能,
10:44
But, it's more complicated. It's not that simple, and you have to work with the people.
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然而这也较为复杂,并不像表面上那么容易,你需要与当地居民合作,一起工作。
10:48
So, just like nature,
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所以我们的作法是仿效自然,
10:51
we also grow fast planting trees and underneath that,
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种植快速生长的树木,同时在那之下
10:54
we grow the slower growing, primary-grain forest trees of a very high diversity
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我们种植生长较为慢的植物,也就是非常高多样性的初级粮作林木
11:00
that can optimally use that light. Then,
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使它们得以较好地利用阳光
11:02
what is just as important: get the right fungi in there
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同样重要的是:它们得以取得适当的菌类
11:06
that will grow into those leaves, bring back the nutrients
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这些菌类可以附着生长于它们的叶内,从24小时内掉落的叶子
11:09
to the roots of the trees that have just dropped that leaf within 24 hours.
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中带养分回树根之中。
11:13
And they become like nutrient pumps.
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他们会成为养分泵
11:15
You need the bacteria to fix nitrogen,
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而你也需要土壤中的固氮微生物
11:18
and without those microorganisms, you won't have any performance at all.
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若少了这些微生物,你将不会有任何成果。
11:23
And then we started planting -- only 1,000 trees a day.
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接着,我们着手开始植林 -- 一天只栽种1000棵树。
11:27
We could have planted many, many more, but we didn't want to
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事实上我们可以栽种更多,但我们不想
11:30
because we wanted to keep the number of jobs stable.
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因为我们希望保持稳定的就业数量。
11:33
We didn't want to lose the people
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我们不希望失去人
11:36
that are going to work in that plantation.
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他们要在林业上工作。
11:40
And we do a lot of work here.
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而我们有许多工作要做。
11:42
We use indicator plants to look at what soil types,
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我们使用指标性植物观测土壤类型,
11:45
or what vegetables will grow, or what trees will grow here.
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看看什么植物或什么树种会生长出来。
11:48
And we have monitored every single one of those trees from space.
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我们在这区域内已经监测了每一棵树。
11:53
This is what it looks like in reality;
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这是它现实中看起来的样子,
11:55
you have this irregular ring around it,
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你在这周围有不规则环,
11:57
with strips of 100 meters wide, with sugar palms
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100公尺宽的的环带内种植的是糖棕榈
12:01
that can provide income for 648 families.
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可以提供648个家庭生计。
12:04
It's only a small part of the area.
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这只是此区域的一个小部分。
12:07
The nursery, in here, is quite different.
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这里的培植区是相当不同的。
12:10
If you look at the number of tree species we have in Europe, for instance,
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如果你看我们树木种类的树木,比如说欧洲好了,
12:13
from the Urals up to England, you know how many?
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从俄罗斯的乌拉尔到英格兰,你知道有多少吗?
12:16
165.
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165。
12:18
In this nursery, we're going to grow 10 times more than the number of species.
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在这里的培植区,我们要种植10倍以上的树种。
12:22
Can you imagine?
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你们能想象吗?
12:24
You do need to know what you are working with,
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你必须知道你正在做什么,
12:26
but it's that diversity which makes it work.
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但恰恰是多样性使计划得以运作。
12:29
That you can go from this zero situation,
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使你可以从零开始,
12:32
by planting the vegetables and the trees, or directly, the trees
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借着种植蔬菜与树木,或着直接栽种树木,
12:36
in the lines in that grass there,
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在那草原线上,
12:38
putting up the buffer zone, producing your compost,
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设置缓冲区,生产堆肥,
12:41
and then making sure that at every stage of that up growing forest
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然后,确保正在成长的森林的每一个阶段
12:46
there are crops that can be used.
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都有庄稼可供使用。
12:48
In the beginning, maybe pineapples and beans and corn;
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一开始,可能先是菠萝、苹果、和玉米。
12:50
in the second phase, there will be bananas and papayas;
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第二阶段,会有香蕉和木瓜。
12:53
later on, there will be chocolate and chilies.
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接着,会有椰子和辣椒。
12:56
And then slowly, the trees start taking over,
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然后慢慢地,树木开始接管,
12:58
bringing in produce from the fruits, from the timber, from the fuel wood.
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从水果、从木材、从薪柴,带来产出,
13:02
And finally, the sugar palm forest takes over
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最终,糖棕榈接管
13:05
and provides the people with permanent income.
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供给人们永久的收入。
13:07
On the top left, underneath those green stripes,
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在左上角,下面这些绿色条纹,
13:10
you see some white dots -- those are actually individual pineapple plants
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你看到一些白点 -- 这些实际上是个别的菠萝树
13:14
that you can see from space.
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你可以从太空中看见
13:16
And in that area we started growing some acacia trees
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在这些区域,我们开始栽种越来越多的合欢树
13:21
that you just saw before.
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如同你们之前所见到的
13:23
So this is after one year.
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这是一年后的样子。
13:25
And this is after two years.
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这是两年后。
13:27
And that's green. If you look from the tower --
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如果你从电塔看过去
13:30
this is when we start attacking the grass.
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这是我们开始着手的地方。
13:33
We plant in the seedlings
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我们栽种幼苗
13:35
mixed with the bananas, the papayas, all the crops for the local people,
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混合香蕉、番木瓜、以及所有当地居民的作物,
13:39
but the trees are growing up fast in between as well.
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但同时树木也在它们之间快速成长
13:42
And three years later, 137 species of birds are living here.
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于是三年后, 我们有了137种鸟类。
13:45
(Applause)
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(掌声)
13:51
So we lowered air temperature three to five degrees Celsius.
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我们降低了当地摄氏3至5度的气温。
13:55
Air humidity is up 10 percent.
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空气湿度增加了百分之十。
13:57
Cloud cover -- I'm going to show it to you -- is up.
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云层积聚--我会展示给你们看。
13:59
Rainfall is up.
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降雨量增多了。
14:01
And all these species and income.
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所有这些作物种类为人们赚取了收入。
14:03
This ecolodge that I built here,
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我在这里建立的生态区,
14:05
three years before, was an empty, yellow field.
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三年前是空无一物,一片枯黄。
14:08
This transponder that we operate with the European Space Agency --
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这是我们与欧洲太空总署一同合作运转的无线电发射接收器
14:12
it gives us the benefit that every satellite that comes over to calibrate itself
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它带给我们利益是,校整每一个接近的卫星系统,
14:16
is taking a picture.
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摄下卫星照片。
14:18
Those pictures we use to analyze how much carbon, how the forest is developing,
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我们使用这些图片分析碳汇与森林的成长,
14:22
and we can monitor every tree using satellite images through our cooperation.
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我们可以透过卫星照片监控每一棵树,
14:28
We can use these data now
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我们现在可以利用这些数据
14:30
to provide other regions with recipes and the same technology.
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提供其它地区我们的工作方法以及相同的技术。
14:34
We actually have it already with Google Earth.
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事实上我们已经在Google Earth上运作了。
14:36
If you would use a little bit of your technology to put tracking devices in trucks,
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如果你想使用一点新科技,在卡车上装置追踪系统
14:40
and use Google Earth in combination with that,
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并且同时使用Google Earth
14:43
you could directly tell what palm oil has been sustainably produced,
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你可以直接辨别出哪一颗油棕榈是可持续地生产着,
14:47
which company is stealing the timber,
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也可以知道哪些人正在盗采林木,
14:50
and you could save so much more carbon
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你可以储存更多的碳汇
14:52
than with any measure of saving energy here.
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比起任何节能措施都还要好
14:55
So this is the Samboja Lestari area.
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这是Samboja地区,
14:58
You measure how the trees grow back,
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你可以测知树木长回来了,
15:00
but you can also measure the biodiversity coming back.
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但你也测量到,此地也恢复了它的生物多样性。
15:04
And biodiversity is an indicator of how much water can be balanced,
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生物多样性是一个可以测量水平衡的指标,
15:08
how many medicines can be kept here.
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测量有多少药方得以保留在此区域
15:11
And finally I made it into the rain machine
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最后,我把它打造成为一个造雨机
15:14
because this forest is now creating its own rain.
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因为现在森林自己可以开始造雨了。
15:17
This nearby city of Balikpapan has a big problem with water;
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附近这座城Balikpapan有很严重的水资源问题,
15:21
it's 80 percent surrounded by seawater,
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它被百分之八十的海水围绕,
15:24
and we have now a lot of intrusion there.
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而现在我们得到了许多水进入地质岩层中。
15:26
Now we looked at the clouds above this forest;
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现在,我们来看看这个森林上的云,
15:29
we looked at the reforestation area, the semi-open area and the open area.
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我们所看到的是造林区、半开放区、和开放区。
15:33
And look at these images.
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再看看这些图片。
15:36
I'll just run them very quickly through.
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我会很快地带过它们。
15:38
In the tropics, raindrops are not formed from ice crystals,
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在热带地区,雨水不是由冰晶形成的,
15:41
which is the case in the temperate zones,
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好比温带地区的情况,
15:43
you need the trees with [unclear], chemicals that come out of the leaves of the trees
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你需要化学成分从树叶中产出
15:48
that initiate the raindrops.
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这才会开始产生降雨。
15:50
So you create a cool place where clouds can accumulate,
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所以若创造一块可以累积云层的阴凉区域,
15:54
and you have the trees to initiate the rain.
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你就会有可以产生降雨的林木。
15:56
And look, there's now 11.2 percent more clouds --
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你们看,现在已经增加了百分之11.2的云,
16:00
already, after three years.
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这是在整整三年后才有的。
16:02
If you look at rainfall, it was already up 20 percent at that time.
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如果你看看降雨,在那个时候已经高达百分之20了。
16:07
Let's look at the next year,
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让我们看看下一年,
16:09
and you can see that that trend is continuing.
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你可以看到,这趋势将持续下去。
16:11
Where at first we had a small cap of higher rainfall,
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一开始的我们有一小撮较高的降雨量
16:14
that cap is now widening and getting higher.
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雨量越来越宽也越来越高。
16:17
And if we look at the rainfall pattern
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再来倘若我们看看降雨模式
16:20
above Samboja Lestari, it used to be the driest place,
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在Samboja Lestari 之上,这里曾经是最干旱的地方,
16:24
but now you see consistently see a peak of rain forming there.
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但现在你们可以见到这里已形成一个降雨高峰的区块。
16:28
So you can actually change the climate.
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所以是真的可以改变气候的。
16:32
When there are trade winds of course the effect disappears,
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当然,如果有信风形成的话,降雨的效应会消失,
16:36
but afterwards, as soon as the wind stabilizes,
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然而之后,一旦风稳定下来,
16:39
you see again that the rainfall peaks come back above this area.
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你们看到降雨高峰会再回来这一区域。
16:43
So to say it is hopeless is not the right thing to do,
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所以,不要说什么这是没有希望的话,
16:48
because we actually can make that difference
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因为我们事实上真的可以改变什么
16:50
if you integrate the various technologies.
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如果你整合若干技术的话。
16:54
And it's nice to have the science, but it still depends mostly upon the people,
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科技其实是很棒的,但这仍取决于人,
16:58
on your education.
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取决于你的教育投注之上。
17:00
We have our farmer schools.
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我们有自己的农业学校。
17:02
But the real success of course, is our band --
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但真正成功的,是我们的乐队
17:04
because if a baby is born, we will play, so everyone's our family
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因为如果有孩子出生的话, 我们会演出,所以每一个人都是我们的家庭一员
17:08
and you don't make trouble with your family.
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而且你不会为你的家人制造麻烦。
17:10
This is how it looks.
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这是看起来的样子。
17:12
We have this road going around the area,
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我们有一条路经过这区
17:14
which brings the people electricity and water from our own area.
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带给人电力和水。
17:18
We have the zone with the sugar palms,
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我们有糖棕榈区,
17:20
and then we have this fence with very thorny palms
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我们也为这种多刺的棕榈设置围网
17:22
to keep the orangutans -- that we provide with a place to live in the middle --
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把红毛猩猩与人类隔离开来 -- 我们在这块区域中
17:27
and the people apart.
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提供牠们栖息处
17:29
And inside, we have this area for reforestation
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而里头我们有造林区
17:31
as a gene bank to keep all that material alive,
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作为基因银行,使所有的材料存活着,
17:34
because for the last 12 years
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因为在过去12年
17:36
not a single seedling of the tropical hardwood trees has grown up
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没有一株热带硬木树的幼苗长大
17:40
because the climatic triggers have disappeared.
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因为气候因素已经消失。
17:43
All the seeds get eaten.
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所有的种子都被吃掉了。
17:45
So now we do the monitoring on the inside --
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因此,我们现在作内部监督
17:47
from towers, satellites, ultralights.
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透过电塔、卫星、显示屏幕等。
17:50
Each of the families that have sold their land now get a piece of land back.
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每一个出售自己的土地的家庭现在可获得一块土地回来。
17:54
And it has two nice fences of tropical hardwood trees --
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而且它有两个好的热带硬木树作为围栏,
17:58
you have the shade trees planted in year one,
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你可以在第一年种植有树荫的林木,
18:00
then you underplanted with the sugar palms,
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接着,在那之下种植糖棕榈树,
18:03
and you plant this thorny fence.
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然后再设置这有刺围网。
18:05
And after a few years, you can remove some of those shade trees.
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过几年后,你可以移去这些制造树荫的林木,
18:09
The people get that acacia timber which we have preserved with the bamboo peel,
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人们得到的合欢树可保存竹皮,
18:13
and they can build a house, they have some fuel wood to cook with.
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可以用来盖房子,也可拿来烧柴做饭。
18:16
And they can start producing from the trees as many as they like.
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然后他们可以开始尽其可能地从树上产出收益。
18:20
They have enough income for three families.
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他们也有足够的收入来维持家庭生计。
18:24
But whatever you do in that program, it has to be fully supported by the people,
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然而,不管你在这项目上做甚么,都必须完全得到当地人的支持,
18:28
meaning that you also have to adjust it to the local, cultural values.
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也就是说,你还必须按照地方与文化价值作调整,
18:32
There is no simple one recipe for one place.
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各地各有不同,不存在单一配方。
18:36
You also have to make sure that it is very difficult to corrupt --
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你也要确保腐败的行为是难以发生的,
18:40
that it's transparent.
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也就是确保透明性。
18:42
Like here, in Samboja Lestari,
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就像Samboja Lestari这里,
18:44
we divide that ring in groups of 20 families.
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我们将这环内区域以20个家庭分为一组。
18:47
If one member trespasses the agreement,
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假使其中一个成员违反协议,
18:49
and does cut down trees,
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并且私采林木,
18:51
the other 19 members have to decide what's going to happen to him.
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其它19个家庭成员必须决定如何处置他。
18:54
If the group doesn't take action,
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如果小组成员不作处置,
18:56
the other 33 groups have to decide what is going to happen to the group
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那么,其它33个小组则必须决定如何处置这个
19:00
that doesn't comply with those great deals that we are offering them.
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不遵守协议的小组。
19:04
In North Sulawesi it is the cooperative --
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这是一种合作的组织方式,
19:07
they have a democratic culture there,
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他们那儿有民主文化
19:09
so there you can use the local justice system to protect your system.
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所以可以使用当地司法体系来保护你的系统。
19:14
In summary, if you look at it, in year one the people can sell their land
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因此,概括地说,人们可以在一年内出售自己的土地
19:17
to get income, but they get jobs back in the construction and the reforestation,
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获得收入,但他们找到工作,建设以及植树造林,
19:22
the working with the orangutans, and they can use the waste wood to make handicraft.
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与猩猩一起共事生活,他们可以利用废木料作工艺品。
19:26
They also get free land in between the trees,
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他们还可以在树林中得到免费的土地,
19:29
where they can grow their crops.
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在那儿他们可以种植农作物。
19:31
They can now sell part of those fruits to the orangutan project.
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现在他们可以出售部分水果给与红毛猩猩照护计划。
19:35
They get building material for houses,
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他们得到房屋的建筑材料,
19:37
a contract for selling the sugar,
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销售糖的合约
19:39
so we can produce huge amounts of ethanol and energy locally.
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因此,我们可以在当地生产大量的乙醇和能源。
19:43
They get all these other benefits: environmentally, money,
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他们以环保的方式所有这些其它利益,金钱
19:46
they get education -- it's a great deal.
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他们还得以得到教育,很棒的生意。
19:48
And everything is based upon that one thing --
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而所有的东西都取决于
19:51
make sure that forest remains there.
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森林存在与否。
19:54
So if we want to help the orangutans --
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因此,如果我们想要帮助红毛猩猩 --
19:57
what I actually set out to do --
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我实际上做的是 --
20:00
we must make sure that the local people are the ones that benefit.
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我们必须确保当地人民是受益者。
20:04
Now I think the real key to doing it, to give a simple answer,
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现在我认为,要完成这件事,真正的关键,简单地说,是
20:08
is integration.
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整合。
20:10
I hope -- if you want to know more, you can read more.
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我希望 -- 如果你想知道更多,你可以阅读更多相关知识。
20:14
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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