Willie Smits: How to restore a rainforest

160,079 views ใƒป 2009-03-03

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Roey Perlstein-Dvir ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:18
I was walking in the market one day with my wife,
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ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืขื ืืฉืชื™
00:21
and somebody stuck a cage in my face.
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ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื“ื—ืฃ ืœื™ ื›ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ื
00:23
And in between those slits
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืจื’ื™ื
00:25
were the saddest eyes I've ever seen.
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืžืขื•ื“ื™
00:27
There was a very sick orangutan baby, my first encounter.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ืื•ืจื ื’-ืื•ื˜ื ื’ ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืื“, ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
00:30
That evening I came back to the market in the dark
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขืจื‘ ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืฉื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš
00:33
and I heard "uhh, uhh,"
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ื•ืฉืžืขืชื™ "ืื”ื”... ืื”ื”.."
00:36
and sure enough I found a dying orangutan baby on a garbage heap.
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืžืฆืืชื™ ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ืื•ืจื ื’-ืื•ื˜ื ื’ ื’ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืขืจื™ืžืช ืืฉืคื”.
00:41
Of course, the cage was salvaged.
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ืืช ื”ื›ืœื•ื‘, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืฆื™ืœื•.
00:43
I took up the little baby,
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ื”ืจืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื”,
00:45
massaged her, forced her to drink
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ืขื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื”, ื”ื›ืจื—ืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉืชื•ืช
00:48
until she finally started breathing normally.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ืฉื•ื ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ.
00:51
This is Uce.
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ื–ื• ืื•ืฆ'ื”.
00:53
She's now living in the jungle of Sungai Wain,
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื ื’ืื™-ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ,
00:55
and this is Matahari, her second son,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื˜ื”-ื”ืืจื™, ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื”,
00:57
which, by the way, is also the son of the second orangutan I rescued, Dodoy.
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ืฉื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจื ื’-ืื•ื˜ื ื’ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื”ืฆืœืชื™, ื“ื•ื“ื•ื™
01:02
That changed my life quite dramatically,
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™,
01:04
and as of today, I have almost 1,000 babies in my two centers.
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ 1,000 ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืื•ืจื ื’-ืื•ื˜ื ื’ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
01:09
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
01:11
No. No. No. Wrong.
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ืœื, ืœื, ืœื, ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:13
It's horrible. It's a proof of our failing to save them in the wild.
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืจื. ื–ื• ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
01:16
It's not good.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘.
01:18
This is merely proof of everyone failing to do the right thing.
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ื–ื• ืจืง ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:22
Having more than all the orangutans in all the zoos in the world together,
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจื ื’-ืื•ื˜ื ื’ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื ื™-ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
01:26
just now like victims for every baby,
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ืจืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืžื• ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง,
01:29
six have disappeared from the forest.
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ืฉื™ืฉื” ื ืขืœืžื• ืžื”ื™ืขืจ.
01:32
The deforestation, especially for oil palm,
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ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืžืŸ ืงื•ืงื•ืก,
01:34
to provide biofuel for Western countries
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ื“ืœืง ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช
01:37
is what's causing these problems.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
01:40
And those are the peat swamp forests on 20 meters of peat,
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ืœ, ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ืœ,
01:43
the largest accumulation of organic material in the world.
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ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:46
When you open this for growing oil palms
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื“ืงืœื™ ืงื•ืงื•ืก
01:49
you're creating CO2 volcanoes
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ืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื“ื•-ืคื—ืžื ื™,
01:51
that are emitting so much CO2
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ืฉืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื“ื•-ืคื—ืžื ื™
01:54
that my country is now the third largest emitter of greenhouse gasses in the world,
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ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”
01:59
after China and the United States.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืกื™ืŸ ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
02:01
And we don't have any industry at all --
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื›ืœืœ.
02:04
it's only because of this deforestation.
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
02:07
And these are horrible images.
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ื•ืืœื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช.
02:10
I'm not going to talk too long about it,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™,
02:12
but there are so many of the family of Uce,
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ืืš ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืฆ'ื”
02:14
which are not so fortunate to live out there in the forest,
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ืฉืœื ื”ืชืžื–ืœ ืžื–ืœื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ืขืจ
02:18
that still have to go through that process.
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”
02:20
And I don't know anymore where to put them.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœืฉื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื.
02:22
So I decided that I had to come up with a solution for her
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœื” ืคืชืจื•ืŸ
02:26
but also a solution
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ
02:28
that will benefit the people that are trying to exploit those forests,
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ืฉื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
02:32
to get their hands on the last timber
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ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
02:35
and that are causing, in that way,
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ื•ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•,
02:38
the loss of habitat and all those victims.
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ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
02:41
So I created the place Samboja Lestari,
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ืื– ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืงืจื ืกืืžื‘ื•ื’'ื” ืœืกื˜ืืจื™,
02:43
and the idea was,
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”
02:45
if I can do this on the worst possible place that I can think of
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ืื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•,
02:48
where there is really nothing left,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ,
02:50
no one will have an excuse to say, "Yeah, but ..."
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ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœื•ืžืจ, "ื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ..."
02:54
No. Everyone should be able to follow this.
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ืœื, ื›ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
02:58
So we're in East Borneo. This is the place where I started.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืื• ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช. ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื, ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™.
03:03
As you can see there's only yellow terrain.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืจืง ืฉื˜ื— ืฆื”ื•ื‘
03:05
There's nothing left -- just a bit of grass there.
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ืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื›ืœื•ื, ืจืง ืžืขื˜ ืขืฉื‘.
03:08
In 2002 we had about 50 percent of the people jobless there.
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ื‘-2,002 ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืฉื ื‘ืขืจืš 50 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ืื‘ื˜ืœื”.
03:12
There was a huge amount of crime.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื“ ืฉืœ ืคืฉื™ืขื”,
03:14
People spent so much of their money on health issues and drinking water.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื—ืœืง ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ืกืคื ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื”.
03:19
There was no agricultural productivity left.
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ืœื ื ื•ืชืจื” ื›ืœ ื™ืฆืจื ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ืช.
03:22
This was the poorest district in the whole province
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ืขื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื•
03:25
and it was a total extinction of wildlife.
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™-ื”ื‘ืจ.
03:28
This was like a biological desert.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
03:30
When I stood there in the grass, it's hot -- not even the sound of insects --
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืฉื ื‘ืขืฉื‘, ื•ื—ื ืฉื โ€“ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืฆืœื™ืœ ื—ืจืงื™ื,
03:34
just this waving grass.
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ืจืง ืขืฉื‘ ืžืจืฉืจืฉ ื‘ืจื•ื—.
03:36
Still, four years later we have created jobs for about 3,000 people.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืœ-3,000 ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš.
03:41
The climate has changed. I will show you:
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ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื”. ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื:
03:44
no more flooding, no more fires.
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ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช,
03:46
It's no longer the poorest district,
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ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ืขื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:49
and there is a huge development of biodiversity.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™:
03:51
We've got over 1,000 species. We have 137 bird species as of today.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-1,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื 137 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
03:57
We have 30 species of reptiles.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 30 ืžื™ื ื™ ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื.
03:59
So what happened here? We created a huge economic failure in this forest.
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ืื– ืžื” ืงืจื” ื›ืืŸ? ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื›ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื”ื–ื”.
04:05
So basically the whole process of destruction
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ืื– ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืก ื•ื”ืฉืžื“ื”
04:08
had gone a bit slower than what is happening now with the oil palm.
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ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขื˜ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืขืช ืขื ื“ืงืœ ื”ืงื•ืงื•ืก.
04:11
But we saw the same thing.
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ืืš ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ -
04:13
We had slash and burn agriculture;
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืชื” ื•ืฉืจื™ืคื”
04:15
people cannot afford the fertilizer,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ืฉืŸ,
04:17
so they burn the trees and have the minerals available there;
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ืื– ื”ื ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
04:20
the fires become more frequent,
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ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:22
and after a while you're stuck with an area of land
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืืชื ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ืขื ืฉื˜ื— ืื“ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•
04:25
where there is no fertility left.
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ืœื ื ื•ืชืจืช ื›ืœ ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
04:27
There are no trees left.
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ืœื ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืฆื™ื.
04:29
Still, in this place, in this grassland
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ืขืจื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•,
04:32
where you can see our very first office there on that hill,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื” ื”ื–ื•,
04:35
four years later, there is this one green blop on the Earth's surface ...
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ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื”ื›ืชื ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ...
04:40
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
04:42
And there are all these animals, and all these people happy,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
04:45
and there's this economic value.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”.
04:47
So how's this possible?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ?
04:49
It was quite simple. If you'll look at the steps:
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืื ืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืขืฆืžื:
04:51
we bought the land, we dealt with the fire,
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ืงื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื ื• ืขื ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช,
04:53
and then only, we started doing the reforestation
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ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
04:56
by combining agriculture with forestry.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืขื ื™ืขืจื ื•ืช.
04:59
Only then we set up the infrastructure and management and the monetary.
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ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืงืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืจื•ืช.
05:03
But we made sure that in every step of the way
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ืื‘ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื ื• ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืฆืขื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš
05:06
the local people were going to be fully involved
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื,
05:09
so that no outside forces would be able to interfere with that.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื,
05:13
The people would become the defenders of that forest.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื™ืขืจ.
05:17
So we do the "people, profit, planet" principles,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืื ืฉื™ื, ืจื•ื•ื—, ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ"
05:19
but we do it in addition
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ
05:21
to a sure legal status --
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ืœืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—,
05:23
because if the forest belongs to the state,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื”ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”
05:25
people say, "It belongs to me, it belongs to everyone."
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื™, ื–ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื›ื•ืœื.
05:28
And then we apply all these other principles
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
05:31
like transparency, professional management, measurable results,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช,
05:35
scalability, [unclear], etc.
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ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื›ื•ืœื™.
05:38
What we did was we formulated recipes --
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ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืกื— ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื,
05:41
how to go from a starting situation where you have nothing
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ืื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืฆื‘ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื›ืœื•ื
05:44
to a target situation.
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ืœืžืฆื‘ ืžื˜ืจื”.
05:46
You formulate a recipe based upon the factors you can control,
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ืืชื” ืžื ืกื— ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชืš ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ื.
05:51
whether it be the skills or the fertilizer or the plant choice.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื, ืื• ื”ื“ืฉืŸ, ืื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
05:55
And then you look at the outputs and you start measuring what comes out.
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ื•ืื– ืืชื” ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆื.
06:00
Now in this recipe you also have the cost.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื’ื ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช.
06:02
You also know how much labor is needed.
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื’ื ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ื—-ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื“ืจืฉ.
06:05
If you can drop this recipe on the map
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ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื”
06:08
on a sandy soil, on a clay soil,
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ืขืœ ืงืจืงืข ื—ื•ืœื™ืช, ืขืœ ืงืจืงืข ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช,
06:10
on a steep slope, on flat soil,
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ืขืœ ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ืชืœื•ืœ, ืขืœ ืงืจืงืข ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื”,
06:12
you put those different recipes; if you combine them,
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ืืชื” ืฉื ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื•ืื ืชืฉืœื‘ ืื•ืชื
06:15
out of that comes a business plan,
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ืžืชื•ืš ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืขืกืงื™ืช,
06:17
comes a work plan, and you can optimize it
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ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื˜ื‘ ืื•ืชื”
06:20
for the amount of labor you have available or for the amount of fertilizer you have,
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื›ื•ื—-ื”ืื“ื ืฉื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœืš ืื• ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ืฉืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš,
06:24
and you can do it.
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ื•ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื–ื”.
06:26
This is how it looks like in practice. We have this grass we want to get rid of.
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ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืขืฉื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืžื ื•.
06:30
It exudes [unclear]-like compounds from the roots.
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ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื˜ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช-[ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ] ืžื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื
06:33
The acacia trees are of a very low value
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืฆื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš ื ืžื•ืš ืžืื“
06:36
but we need them to restore the micro-climate, to protect the soil
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ืืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืืงืœื™ื, ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข,
06:39
and to shake out the grasses.
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืขืฉื‘ื™ื.
06:42
And after eight years they might actually yield some timber --
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื ื™ื‘ ืžืขื˜ ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืฅ,
06:45
that is, if you can preserve it in the right way,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
06:48
which we can do with bamboo peels.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืง.
06:50
It's an old temple-building technique from Japan
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ื–ื• ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืžื™ืคืŸ.
06:53
but bamboo is very fire-susceptible.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช.
06:55
So if we would plant that in the beginning
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืชืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”
06:57
we would have a very high risk of losing everything again.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ื ื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ืฉื•ื‘.
07:01
So we plant it later, along the waterways
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืชืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืื•ืจืš ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ื,
07:03
to filter the water, provide the raw products
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืœืกืคืง ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื,
07:05
just in time for when the timber becomes available.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฅ ืฉืœื ื• ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช.
07:08
So the idea is: how to integrate these flows
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
07:11
in space, over time and with the limited means you have.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš.
07:16
So we plant the trees, we plant these pineapples
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืชืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืชืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ื ืกื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
07:18
and beans and ginger in between, to reduce the competition for the trees,
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ื•ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ื•ื–ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื™ื,
07:22
the crop fertilizer. Organic material is useful for the agricultural crops,
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื“ืฉืŸ โ€“ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื,
07:27
for the people, but also helps the trees. The farmers have free land,
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ื–ืจ ื’ื ืœืขืฆื™ื, ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื—ื™ื ื,
07:30
the system yields early income, the orangutans get healthy food
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”, ื”ืื•ืจื ื’-ืื•ื˜ื ื’ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื
07:34
and we can speed up ecosystem regeneration
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
07:37
while even saving some money.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ื›ืกืฃ.
07:39
So beautiful. What a theory.
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ื›ืžื” ื™ืคื”. ืื™ื–ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”.
07:41
But is it really that easy?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜?
07:44
Not really, because if you looked at what happened in 1998,
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ืœื ืžืžืฉ, ื›ื™ ืื ืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘-1998,
07:47
the fire started.
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื”.
07:49
This is an area of about 50 million hectares.
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ื–ื” ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 500 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื ื.
07:51
January.
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ื™ื ื•ืืจ.
07:53
February.
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ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ.
07:55
March.
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ืžืจืฅ.
07:57
April.
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ืืคืจื™ืœ.
07:58
May.
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ืžืื™.
07:59
We lost 5.5 million hectares in just a matter of a few months.
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ืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• 55 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
08:03
This is because we have 10,000 of those underground fires
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 10,000 ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื•ืช,
08:06
that you also have in Pennsylvania here in the United States.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื’ื ื‘ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
08:10
And once the soil gets dried, you're in a dry season -- you get cracks,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืงืจืงืข ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉืช, ืืชื ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืกื“ืงื™ื,
08:13
oxygen goes in, flames come out and the problem starts all over again.
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ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ื›ื ืก, ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช, ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฆืฆื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ืชื—ืœื”.
08:17
So how to break that cycle?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื–ื”?
08:19
Fire is the biggest problem.
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ื”ืืฉ ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:21
This is what it looked like for three months.
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ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
08:24
For three months, the automatic lights outside did not go off
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื›ื‘ื•
08:27
because it was that dark.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ืš.
08:29
We lost all the crops. No children gained weight for over a year;
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ืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื, ืืฃ ื™ืœื“ ืœื ืขืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉื ื”.
08:33
they lost 12 IQ points. It was a disaster
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ื”ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• 12 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช IQ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืกื•ืŸ
08:36
for orangutans and people.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืจื ื’-ืื•ื˜ื ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
08:38
So these fires are really the first things to work on.
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ืื– ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื•.
08:41
That was why I put it as a single point up there.
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืฆื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”.
08:44
And you need the local people for that because these grasslands,
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ื•ืืชื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ื›ืš, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
08:47
once they start burning ... It goes through it like a windstorm
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื•ืจ, ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืคื”
08:51
and you lose again the last bit of ash and nutrients
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ื•ืืชื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืคืจ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื”
08:54
to the first rainfall -- going to the sea
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ื‘ื’ืฉื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืืœ ื”ื™ื
08:56
killing off the coral reefs there.
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ื•ื”ื•ืจื’ ืืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื.
08:59
So you have to do it with the local people.
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ืื– ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
09:01
That is the short-term solution but you also need a long-term solution.
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ื–ื” ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ื’ื ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš.
09:04
So what we did is, we created
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
09:06
a ring of sugar palms around the area.
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ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœ ื“ืงืœื™ ืงื•ืงื•ืก ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ.
09:09
These sugar palms turn out to be fire-resistant --
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ื“ืงืœื™ ื”ืงื•ืงื•ืก ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื›ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืฉ,
09:12
also flood-resistant, by the way --
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ื•ื’ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืคื•ื ื•ืช, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘.
09:14
and they provide a lot of income for local people.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
09:18
This is what it looks like:
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื”:
09:20
the people have to tap them twice a day -- just a millimeter slice --
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืงื– ืื•ืชื ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืจืง ื—ืชืš ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ
09:23
and the only thing you harvest is sugar water,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืืชื” ืงื•ืฆืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ ืกื•ื›ืจ,
09:26
carbon dioxide, rain fall and a little bit of sunshine.
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ื“ื•-ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ, ื’ืฉื ื•ืžืขื˜ ืฉืžืฉ.
09:30
In principle, you make those trees into
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ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืืชื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
09:32
biological photovoltaic cells.
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ืœืชืื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื•-ื•ื•ืœื˜ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื.
09:35
And you can create so much energy from this --
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ื•ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื–ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
09:38
they produce three times more energy per hectare per year,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื“ื•ื ื ื‘ืฉื ื”
09:43
because you can tap them on a daily basis.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืงื– ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™.
09:45
You don't need to harvest [unclear]
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ืืชื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืฆื•ืจ [ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ]
09:47
or any other of the crops.
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ืื• ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืื—ืจ.
09:49
So this is the combination where we have all this genetic potential in the tropics,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™
09:53
which is still unexploited, and doing it in combination with technology.
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ืฆืœ, ื•ื›ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
09:57
But also your legal side needs to be in very good order.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืœืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:01
So we bought that land,
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ืื– ืงื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ื–ื•,
10:03
and here is where we started our project --
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœื ื•,
10:05
in the middle of nowhere.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื.
10:07
And if you zoom in a bit you can see that all of this area
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ื•ืื ืชืชืžืงื“ื• ืžืขื˜ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
10:11
is divided into strips that go over different types of soil,
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ืžื—ื•ืœืง ืœืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืข,
10:14
and we were actually monitoring,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ื˜ืจื ื•, ืœืžืขืฉื”,
10:17
measuring every single tree in these 2,000 hectares, 5,000 acres.
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ืžื“ื“ื ื• ื›ืœ ืขืฅ ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ 20,000 ื“ื•ื ื.
10:23
And this forest is quite different.
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ื•ื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื ื”.
10:26
What I really did was I just followed nature,
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
10:28
and nature doesn't know monocultures,
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ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
10:31
but a natural forest is multilayered.
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ืืœื ืœื™ืขืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื™ืฉ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช.
10:34
That means that both in the ground and above the ground
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ื’ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข
10:36
it can make better use of the available light,
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ื”ื™ืขืจ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ,
10:39
it can store more carbon in the system, it can provide more functions.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืื’ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช,
10:44
But, it's more complicated. It's not that simple, and you have to work with the people.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
10:48
So, just like nature,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ื’ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
10:51
we also grow fast planting trees and underneath that,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžื”ืจ, ื•ืžืชื—ืชื
10:54
we grow the slower growing, primary-grain forest trees of a very high diversity
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขืจ, ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื“
11:00
that can optimally use that light. Then,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™.
11:02
what is just as important: get the right fungi in there
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ื•ืื–, ืžื” ืฉืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘: ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืฉื ืืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช
11:06
that will grow into those leaves, bring back the nutrients
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ืฉื™ืฆืžื—ื• ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื”
11:09
to the roots of the trees that have just dropped that leaf within 24 hours.
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ืœืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืจืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืฉื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืขืœื” ื”ื–ื” โ€“ ืชื•ืš 24 ืฉืขื•ืช!
11:13
And they become like nutrient pumps.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื“ืžื•ื™ ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ
11:15
You need the bacteria to fix nitrogen,
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ื•ืืชื” ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ื—ื ืงืŸ,
11:18
and without those microorganisms, you won't have any performance at all.
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืื•ืชื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืœื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
11:23
And then we started planting -- only 1,000 trees a day.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ืฉืชื™ืœื” โ€“ ืจืง 1,000 ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื.
11:27
We could have planted many, many more, but we didn't want to
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืฆื™ื ื•,
11:30
because we wanted to keep the number of jobs stable.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื•ืช.
11:33
We didn't want to lose the people
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ืœื ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
11:36
that are going to work in that plantation.
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ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื˜ืข ื”ื–ื”.
11:40
And we do a lot of work here.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
11:42
We use indicator plants to look at what soil types,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ ืžื—ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื™ืœื• ืกื•ื’ื™ ืงืจืงืข,
11:45
or what vegetables will grow, or what trees will grow here.
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ืื• ืื™ืœื• ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื™ืฆืžื—ื•, ืื• ืื™ืœื• ืขืฆื™ื ื™ืฆืžื—ื• ื›ืืŸ.
11:48
And we have monitored every single one of those trees from space.
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ื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื ื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื”ื—ืœืœ.
11:53
This is what it looks like in reality;
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ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืืžืช
11:55
you have this irregular ring around it,
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ืœื-ืกื“ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘,
11:57
with strips of 100 meters wide, with sugar palms
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ืขื ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืžืื” ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืงืœื™ ืงื•ืงื•ืก
12:01
that can provide income for 648 families.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกืคืง ืคืจื ืกื” ืœ-648 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช
12:04
It's only a small part of the area.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ.
12:07
The nursery, in here, is quite different.
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ื”ืžืฉืชืœื” โ€“ ื›ืืŸ โ€“ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžื“ื™.
12:10
If you look at the number of tree species we have in Europe, for instance,
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ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื ื™ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืœืžืฉืœ,
12:13
from the Urals up to England, you know how many?
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ืžื”ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืจืœ ื•ืขื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืžื” ื™ืฉ?
12:16
165.
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165.
12:18
In this nursery, we're going to grow 10 times more than the number of species.
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ื‘ืžืฉืชืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืคื™ ืขืฉืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื ื™ื.
12:22
Can you imagine?
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ืืชื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”?
12:24
You do need to know what you are working with,
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืขื ืžื” ืืชื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
12:26
but it's that diversity which makes it work.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื–ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
12:29
That you can go from this zero situation,
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืฆื‘ ืืคืก ื”ื–ื”,
12:32
by planting the vegetables and the trees, or directly, the trees
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ืœืช ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืฆื™ื, ืื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื,
12:36
in the lines in that grass there,
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ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื‘ ืฉื,
12:38
putting up the buffer zone, producing your compost,
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ื”ืงืžืช ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืฆื™ืฆื”, ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืžืคื•ืกื˜,
12:41
and then making sure that at every stage of that up growing forest
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ื•ืื– ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื”ื–ื”
12:46
there are crops that can be used.
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ื™ืฉื ื ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื.
12:48
In the beginning, maybe pineapples and beans and corn;
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื ืก, ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ื•ืชื™ืจืก,
12:50
in the second phase, there will be bananas and papayas;
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื ื•ืช ื•ืคืคืื™ื•ืช,
12:53
later on, there will be chocolate and chilies.
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื•ืคืœืคืœื™ ืฆ'ื™ืœื™.
12:56
And then slowly, the trees start taking over,
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ื•ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜, ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜,
12:58
bringing in produce from the fruits, from the timber, from the fuel wood.
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ืžื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืจืช, ืžื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฅ, ืžื”ืขืฆื™ื ืœื”ืกืงื”.
13:02
And finally, the sugar palm forest takes over
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืขืจ ื“ืงืœื™ ื”ืงื•ืงื•ืก ืžืฉืชืœื˜
13:05
and provides the people with permanent income.
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ื•ืžืกืคืง ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื ืกื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”.
13:07
On the top left, underneath those green stripes,
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ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
13:10
you see some white dots -- those are actually individual pineapple plants
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืžื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช, ืืœื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืขืฆื™ ืื ื ืก ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
13:14
that you can see from space.
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื”ื—ืœืœ.
13:16
And in that area we started growing some acacia trees
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ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ื›ืžื” ืขืฆื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื”
13:21
that you just saw before.
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ืฉืจืื™ืชื ืงื•ื“ื.
13:23
So this is after one year.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื”,
13:25
And this is after two years.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื.
13:27
And that's green. If you look from the tower --
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ื•ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื–ื”, ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืžื”ืžื’ื“ืœ,
13:30
this is when we start attacking the grass.
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ื–ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืขืฉื‘,
13:33
We plant in the seedlings
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืชืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื,
13:35
mixed with the bananas, the papayas, all the crops for the local people,
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ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื ื•ืช, ืคืคืื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื,
13:39
but the trees are growing up fast in between as well.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
13:42
And three years later, 137 species of birds are living here.
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ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, 137 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
13:45
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:51
So we lowered air temperature three to five degrees Celsius.
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ืื– ื”ื•ืจื“ื ื• ืืช ื—ื•ื ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘- 3-5 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก.
13:55
Air humidity is up 10 percent.
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ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ืขืœืชื” ื‘-10 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
13:57
Cloud cover -- I'm going to show it to you -- is up.
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ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืขื ื ื™ื โ€“ ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืื•ืชื• โ€“ ืขืœื”.
13:59
Rainfall is up.
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืขืœืชื”.
14:01
And all these species and income.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ื ืกื”.
14:03
This ecolodge that I built here,
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ื”ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ืชื™ ืฉื,
14:05
three years before, was an empty, yellow field.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื•ืจื™ืง.
14:08
This transponder that we operate with the European Space Agency --
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ื”ืžืฉื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช
14:12
it gives us the benefit that every satellite that comes over to calibrate itself
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ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉื›ืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืขืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื™ื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•
14:16
is taking a picture.
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ืžืฆืœื ืชืžื•ื ื”.
14:18
Those pictures we use to analyze how much carbon, how the forest is developing,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืชื— ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ, ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืขืจ,
14:22
and we can monitor every tree using satellite images through our cooperation.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื˜ืจ ื›ืœ ืขืฅ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืœืœื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื•,
14:28
We can use these data now
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
14:30
to provide other regions with recipes and the same technology.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
14:34
We actually have it already with Google Earth.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขื Google Earth.
14:36
If you would use a little bit of your technology to put tracking devices in trucks,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืžืชืงื ื™ ืžืขืงื‘ ืขืœ ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช
14:40
and use Google Earth in combination with that,
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ื•ืชืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘-Google Earth ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื–ื”,
14:43
you could directly tell what palm oil has been sustainably produced,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื–ื” ืฉืžืŸ ืงื•ืงื•ืก ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื,
14:47
which company is stealing the timber,
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ืื™ื–ื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ื’ื•ื ื‘ืช ืืช ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฅ,
14:50
and you could save so much more carbon
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ
14:52
than with any measure of saving energy here.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
14:55
So this is the Samboja Lestari area.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกืืžื‘ื•ื’'ื” ืœืกื˜ืืจื™
14:58
You measure how the trees grow back,
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ืืชื ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”,
15:00
but you can also measure the biodiversity coming back.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
15:04
And biodiversity is an indicator of how much water can be balanced,
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ื•ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื•ื ืกืžืŸ ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื–ืŸ,
15:08
how many medicines can be kept here.
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ื›ืžื” ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ.
15:11
And finally I made it into the rain machine
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื›ื•ื ืช ื’ืฉื,
15:14
because this forest is now creating its own rain.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืช ื”ื’ืฉื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•.
15:17
This nearby city of Balikpapan has a big problem with water;
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ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื‘ืืœื™ืงืคืืคืืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืขื ืžื™ื,
15:21
it's 80 percent surrounded by seawater,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืงืคืช ื‘-80% ืžื™ ื™ื,
15:24
and we have now a lot of intrusion there.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ื›ืืŸ.
15:26
Now we looked at the clouds above this forest;
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ื›ืขืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืขื ื ื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ื–ื”,
15:29
we looked at the reforestation area, the semi-open area and the open area.
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ืื– ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืคืชื•ื— ืœืžื—ืฆื” ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืคืชื•ื—.
15:33
And look at these images.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
15:36
I'll just run them very quickly through.
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ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืจื™ืฅ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.
15:38
In the tropics, raindrops are not formed from ice crystals,
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื’ืฉื ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืงืจื—,
15:41
which is the case in the temperate zones,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ื–ื’ื™ื,
15:43
you need the trees with [unclear], chemicals that come out of the leaves of the trees
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ืืชื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืขืฆื™ื [ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ], ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืขืœื™ ื”ืขืฆื™ื,
15:48
that initiate the raindrops.
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ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื‘ืฉื™ื ืืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื.
15:50
So you create a cool place where clouds can accumulate,
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืงืจื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ,
15:54
and you have the trees to initiate the rain.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื’ืจื• ืืช ื”ื’ืฉื.
15:56
And look, there's now 11.2 percent more clouds --
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ื•ืจืื•, ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ 11.2 ืื—ื•ื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื ื™ื,
16:00
already, after three years.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
16:02
If you look at rainfall, it was already up 20 percent at that time.
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ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืขืœืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-20 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช.
16:07
Let's look at the next year,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”,
16:09
and you can see that that trend is continuing.
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ื•ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื’ืžื” ื ืžืฉื›ืช,
16:11
Where at first we had a small cap of higher rainfall,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืคืจืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
16:14
that cap is now widening and getting higher.
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ื”ืคืจืง ื”ื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ื’ื“ืœ.
16:17
And if we look at the rainfall pattern
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ื•ืื ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื
16:20
above Samboja Lestari, it used to be the driest place,
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ืžืขืœ ืกืืžื‘ื•ื’'ื” ืœืกื˜ืืจื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
16:24
but now you see consistently see a peak of rain forming there.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืฉื ืคืกื’ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืฉื,
16:28
So you can actually change the climate.
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ื›ืš ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
16:32
When there are trade winds of course the effect disappears,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื—ืจ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื ืขืœืžืช,
16:36
but afterwards, as soon as the wind stabilizes,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืจื•ื— ืžืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ืช,
16:39
you see again that the rainfall peaks come back above this area.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืืœ ืžืขืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
16:43
So to say it is hopeless is not the right thing to do,
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ืื– ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
16:48
because we actually can make that difference
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
16:50
if you integrate the various technologies.
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ืื ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
16:54
And it's nice to have the science, but it still depends mostly upon the people,
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ื•ื ื—ืžื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื,
16:58
on your education.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœื›ื.
17:00
We have our farmer schools.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ืœืื™ื›ืจื™ื.
17:02
But the real success of course, is our band --
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืฉืœื ื•
17:04
because if a baby is born, we will play, so everyone's our family
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื ื•ืœื“ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื ื’ืŸ, ื›ืš ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื”ื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื ื•
17:08
and you don't make trouble with your family.
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ื•ืืชื ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
17:10
This is how it looks.
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ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื”:
17:12
We have this road going around the area,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื•, ืฉืกื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ,
17:14
which brings the people electricity and water from our own area.
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ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืžื™ื ืžื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
17:18
We have the zone with the sugar palms,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืขื ื“ืงืœื™ ื”ืงื•ืงื•ืก,
17:20
and then we have this fence with very thorny palms
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื•, ืขื ื“ืงืœื™ื ืžืื“ ืงื•ืฆื ื™ื™ื,
17:22
to keep the orangutans -- that we provide with a place to live in the middle --
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื’-ืื•ื˜ื ื’ื™ื, ืœื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืžื—ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื–,
17:27
and the people apart.
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ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
17:29
And inside, we have this area for reforestation
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ื•ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ
17:31
as a gene bank to keep all that material alive,
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื ืง ื’ื ื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื,
17:34
because for the last 12 years
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืชื™ื-ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
17:36
not a single seedling of the tropical hardwood trees has grown up
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ืœื ืฆืžื— ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืชื™ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ืคื™
17:40
because the climatic triggers have disappeared.
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื–ืจื–ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื ืขืœืžื•,
17:43
All the seeds get eaten.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื ืื›ืœื™ื.
17:45
So now we do the monitoring on the inside --
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื
17:47
from towers, satellites, ultralights.
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ืžืžื’ื“ืœื™ื, ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืงืœื™ื.
17:50
Each of the families that have sold their land now get a piece of land back.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืžื›ืจื” ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉืœื”, ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื—ืœืงืช ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
17:54
And it has two nice fences of tropical hardwood trees --
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉืชื™ ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื ื—ืžื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ืคื™,
17:58
you have the shade trees planted in year one,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ืขืฆื™ ื”ื ื•ื™ ืฉื ืฉืชืœื• ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
18:00
then you underplanted with the sugar palms,
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ืฉืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ืฉืชืœืชื ืชื—ืชื ืืช ื“ืงืœื™ ื”ืงื•ืงื•ืก,
18:03
and you plant this thorny fence.
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ื•ืืชื ืฉื•ืชืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืงื•ืฆื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
18:05
And after a few years, you can remove some of those shade trees.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžืขืฆื™ ื”ื ื•ื™ ื”ืœืœื•,
18:09
The people get that acacia timber which we have preserved with the bamboo peel,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื”ืŸ, ืฉืฉื™ืžืจื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืง,
18:13
and they can build a house, they have some fuel wood to cook with.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืขื˜ ืขืฅ ืœื”ืกืงื” ื•ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ.
18:16
And they can start producing from the trees as many as they like.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื”ืขืฆื™ื ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
18:20
They have enough income for three families.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืคืจื ืกื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช.
18:24
But whatever you do in that program, it has to be fully supported by the people,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื ืชืขืฉื• ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•, ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
18:28
meaning that you also have to adjust it to the local, cultural values.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ื’ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื,
18:32
There is no simple one recipe for one place.
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
18:36
You also have to make sure that it is very difficult to corrupt --
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ืื•ืชื”,
18:40
that it's transparent.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืงื™ืคื”.
18:42
Like here, in Samboja Lestari,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืกืืžื‘ื•ื’'ื” ืœืกื˜ืืจื™,
18:44
we divide that ring in groups of 20 families.
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ืฉื ื—ื™ืœืงื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื–ื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ 20 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช.
18:47
If one member trespasses the agreement,
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ืื ื—ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืคืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื,
18:49
and does cut down trees,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื›ื•ืจืช ืขืฆื™ื,
18:51
the other 19 members have to decide what's going to happen to him.
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19 ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœื•.
18:54
If the group doesn't take action,
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ืื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœื ื ื•ืงื˜ืช ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื,
18:56
the other 33 groups have to decide what is going to happen to the group
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33 ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœืื•ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”
19:00
that doesn't comply with those great deals that we are offering them.
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ืฉืœื ืžืฆื™ื™ืชืช ืœืื•ืชืŸ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื.
19:04
In North Sulawesi it is the cooperative --
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืกื•ืœืื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืงื•ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘,
19:07
they have a democratic culture there,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช,
19:09
so there you can use the local justice system to protect your system.
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ืื– ืฉื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
19:14
In summary, if you look at it, in year one the people can sell their land
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืื ืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ื–ื”, ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉืœื”ื
19:17
to get income, but they get jobs back in the construction and the reforestation,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
19:22
the working with the orangutans, and they can use the waste wood to make handicraft.
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ืื•ืจื ื’-ืื•ื˜ื ื’ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ืขืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื™ื“.
19:26
They also get free land in between the trees,
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ื”ื ื’ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื™ื,
19:29
where they can grow their crops.
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ืฉื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
19:31
They can now sell part of those fruits to the orangutan project.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืชื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืื•ืจื ื’-ืื•ื˜ื ื’ื™ื.
19:35
They get building material for houses,
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ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืชื™ื,
19:37
a contract for selling the sugar,
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ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ,
19:39
so we can produce huge amounts of ethanol and energy locally.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืชื ื•ืœ ื•ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช,
19:43
They get all these other benefits: environmentally, money,
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ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช,
19:46
they get education -- it's a great deal.
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ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื–ื• ืขื™ืกืงื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช.
19:48
And everything is based upon that one thing --
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ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ โ€“
19:51
make sure that forest remains there.
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ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื™ืขืจ ื ืฉืืจ ืฉื.
19:54
So if we want to help the orangutans --
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืจื ื’-ืื•ื˜ื ื’ื™ื โ€“
19:57
what I actually set out to do --
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
20:00
we must make sure that the local people are the ones that benefit.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ืžื–ื”.
20:04
Now I think the real key to doing it, to give a simple answer,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ืื ืœืชืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”,
20:08
is integration.
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื”.
20:10
I hope -- if you want to know more, you can read more.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื”, ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืœื“ืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ื“.
20:14
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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