Natalie Jeremijenko: Let's teach fish to text! and other outlandish ideas
28,666 views ・ 2010-10-14
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翻译人员: Danhong Wang
校对人员: Angelia King
00:15
I was informed by this kind of
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我知道有这样一个
00:18
unoriginal and trite idea
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既没有创造力也很老生常谈的想法,
00:20
that new technologies were an opportunity
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新的技术可以成为
00:22
for social transformation,
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社会变革的机会。
00:24
which is what drove me then,
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而这恰恰促使我去做这些
00:26
and still, it's a delusion that drives me now.
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不论是过去还是现在,就如同一个幻想,一直驱动着我。
00:28
I wanted to update what I've been doing since then --
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从那以后,我一直想要在自己从事的东西上有所进展,
00:31
but it's still the same theme song --
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但一直以来总是同一首主题歌,
00:34
and introduce you to my lab and current work,
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将我的研究室以及目前从事的工作介绍给大家,
00:37
which is the Environmental Health Clinic
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我在纽约大学建立的环境健康诊所
00:39
that I run at NYU.
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。
00:41
And what it is -- it's a twist on health.
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它标志着环境健康的变革。
00:43
Because, really, what I'm trying to do now
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因为,事实上,我目前一直致力于
00:45
is redefine what counts as health.
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重新定义什么是健康。
00:47
It's a clinic like a health clinic at any other university,
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它就像任何一所大学里的健康诊所,
00:50
except people come to the clinic
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除了,来这里的都是
00:52
with environmental health concerns,
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带着与环境有关的健康问题的人们,
00:54
and they walk out with prescriptions
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而离开时带着
00:56
for things they can do to improve environmental health,
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能够帮助改善环境健康的处方,
00:59
as opposed to coming to a clinic with medical concerns
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而并非是为了一些医学上的问题来到诊所的,
01:02
and walking out with prescriptions for pharmaceuticals.
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也不会带着药方离开。
01:05
It's a handy-dandy quote from Hippocrates of the Hippocratic oath
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有句关于希波克拉底誓言的引用:
01:08
that says, "The greater part of the soul lays outside the body,
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“灵魂的大部分都在身体的外面
01:11
treatment of the inner requires treatment of the outer."
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要想要治愈内部,必须先要治愈外部。”
01:13
But that suggests the issue
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但这恰恰说明了这个问题,
01:15
that I'm trying to get at here,
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我一直试图得到的这个问题,
01:17
that we have an opportunity to redefine what is health.
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我们有机会重新定义健康。
01:20
Because this idea that health is internal
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因为健康是内在的
01:22
and atomized and individual
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微小的,个人的,
01:25
and pharmaceutical
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药物的,
01:27
is largely an error.
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这样的想法是个很大的错误。
01:29
And I would use this study,
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我想用一个最近
01:31
a recent study by Philip Landrigan,
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由菲利普·兰德里根Philip Landrigan主导的研究,
01:33
to motivate a different view of health,
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来激发一种关于健康完全不一样的观点。
01:35
where he went to most of the pediatricians in Manhattan
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在这个研究中,他探访了曼哈顿
01:38
and the New York area
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以及纽约的大部分的儿科医生,
01:40
and logged what they spent their patient hours on.
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记录了他们就诊时间的统计。
01:43
80 to 90 percent of their time
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百分之80到90的就诊时间
01:45
was spent on five things.
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主要是用在五种类型的疾病。
01:47
Number one was asthma,
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第一个是哮喘,
01:49
number two was developmental delays,
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第二个是发育迟缓,
01:52
number three was 400-fold increases
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第三个是以四百倍速递增长的
01:54
in rare childhood cancers
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在过去的10到15年间罕见的发生在儿童阶段的癌症
01:56
in the last eight to 10, 15 years.
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。
01:59
Number four and five were childhood obesity
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第四和第五分别是儿童肥胖
02:02
and diabetes-related issues.
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以及糖尿病相关疾病。
02:05
So all of those -- what's common about all of those?
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因此所有这些,他们的共同点是什么?
02:08
The environment is implicated, radically implicated, right.
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与环境相关联,而且是息息相关,对吗?
02:11
This is not the germs
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它不是那些普遍意义上的
02:13
that medicos were trained to deal with;
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医生们过去常常对付的细菌;
02:16
this is a different definition of health,
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这是一个关于健康完全不同的定义,
02:19
health that has a great advantage
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因为健康是外在的,它是相互影响的,
02:22
because it's external, it's shared,
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所以它是有很大优势的,
02:24
we can do something about it,
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为此,我们可以做很多去改善它,
02:26
as opposed to internal, genetically predetermined
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并非是内在的,而是由遗传
02:29
or individualized.
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或是个人来决定。
02:31
People who come to the clinic are called, not patients,
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来到诊所的人们不被称作是病人
02:33
but impatients,
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而是“没有耐心的人们”,
02:35
because they're too impatient to wait for legislative change
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因为他们没有耐心去等待立法上的改变
02:38
to address local and environmental health issues.
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去强调当地环境健康的重要性。
02:41
And I meet them at the University, I also have a few field offices
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我在大学里与这样的人见面,同时我也在其他一些地方
02:44
that I set up in various places
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建立了我的办公室
02:46
that provide an immersion
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就目前我们所面对的环境挑战,
02:48
in some of the environmental challenges we face.
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我提供些许的方法。
02:50
I like this one from the Belgian field office,
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我喜欢这个来自比利时地区的办公室,
02:53
where we met in a roundabout,
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我们在一个环形交叉路口,
02:55
precisely because the roundabout iconified
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确切地说,因为环形交叉路口
02:57
the headless social movement
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使得错综复杂的公共运动图幅化
02:59
that informs much social transformation,
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使得公共交通变化更清晰,
03:02
as opposed to the top-down control
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相较于严密管理的
03:04
of red light traffic intersections.
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十字路口的红绿灯而言。
03:07
In this case, of course, the roundabout
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在这种情况下,当然,在环形交叉路口
03:10
with that micro-decisions being made in situ
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人们不会等在原地
03:12
by people not being told what to do.
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被告知该如何去做,而做出微小的决定。
03:15
But, of course, affords greater throughput,
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但是,当然,它能承载更大的交通吞吐量,
03:17
fewer accidents,
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更少的事故,
03:19
and an interesting model of social movement.
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同时也是一个有趣的公共运动模式。
03:22
Some of the things that the monitoring protocols have developed:
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我们还研发了一些监测实验计划:
03:24
this is the tadpole bureaucrat protocol,
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这是一个蝌蚪管理实验计划
03:27
or keeping tabs, if you will.
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或者养蝌蚪,如果你愿意这样称呼。
03:30
What they are is an addition of tadpoles
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这是一个与蝌蚪有关的实验
03:32
that are named after a local bureaucrat
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以当地的一个管理组织命名的
03:34
whose decisions affect your water quality.
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该组织的决定能够直接影响水质。
03:37
So an impatient concerned for water quality
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因此作为对水质的关注
03:40
would raise a tadpole bureaucrat
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养一只蝌蚪
03:43
in a sample of water in which they're interested.
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在他们所关心的水样中。
03:46
And we give them a couple of things to do that,
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我们提供一系列的东西
03:48
to help them do companion animal devices
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去帮助他们做些陪护动物的装置
03:50
while they're blogging and doing their email.
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当他们在写博客时或是写邮件时都可以提供。
03:52
This is a tadpole walker
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这是遛蝌蚪
03:54
to take your tadpole walking in the evening.
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在晚上的时候,带着你的蝌蚪散步。
03:57
And the interesting thing that happens --
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有趣的是
03:59
because we're using tadpoles, of course,
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因为我们在用蝌蚪,当然
04:01
because they have the most exquisite biosenses that we have,
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因为与我们人类相比,它们有最敏感的生物触觉,
04:04
several orders of magnitude more sensitive
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甚至比我们敏感好几倍
04:06
than some of our senses
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在某些感觉上
04:08
for sensing,
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作为感觉
04:11
responding in a biologically meaningful way,
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作为对于整个工业污染的反应
04:13
to that whole class of industrial contaminants
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在生物上来说是很有意义的方式,
04:15
we call endocrine disruptors
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我们称之为环境荷尔蒙
04:17
or hormone emulators.
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或者荷尔蒙仿真器。
04:19
But by taking your tadpole out for a walk in the evening --
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说到晚上遛蝌蚪
04:22
there's a few action shots --
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有些动态照片
04:24
your neighbors are likely to say, "What are you doing?"
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你的邻居很可能会问,“你在干什么?”
04:27
And then you have to introduce your tadpole
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然后你要介绍你的蝌蚪
04:30
and who it's named after.
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它是因为什么命名的。
04:32
You have to explain what you're doing
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你要解释你在做什么
04:34
and how the developmental events of a tadpole
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蝌蚪的近况如何
04:36
are, of course, very observable
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当然,这很容易发现
04:38
and they use the same T3-mediated hormones that we do.
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然后它们也和我们一样需要甲状腺刺激素。
04:43
And so next time your neighbor sees you
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因此下次你的邻居再看到你时
04:46
they'll say, "How is that tadpole doing?"
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他们会说:“你的蝌蚪最近如何?”
04:49
And you can let them social network with your tadpole,
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然后你可以让他们同你的蝌蚪社交,
04:52
because the Environmental Health Clinic has a social networking site
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因为环境健康诊所也有自己的社交体系
04:55
for, not only impatients, humans,
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不仅仅是为了那些“不耐心的人”,其他人
04:58
but non-humans,
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甚至非人类
05:00
social networking for humans and non-humans.
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以及人与非人类的社交。
05:02
And of course, these endocrine disruptors
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当然,这些环境荷尔蒙
05:04
are things that are implicated in the breast cancer epidemic,
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涉及到大量发生的乳腺癌,
05:07
the obesity epidemic,
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流行肥胖症,
05:09
the two and a half year drop in the average age of onset of puberty in young girls
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近两年半间开始发生在年轻的青春期女孩身上
05:12
and other related things.
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以及其它有关的东西。
05:14
The culmination of this is if you've successfully raised your tadpole,
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这个活动的结果就是,如果你成功的养了你的蝌蚪
05:17
observing the behavioral
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观察它的行为
05:19
and developmental events,
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以及发展的活动,
05:21
you will then go and introduce your tadpole
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你将要去介绍你的蝌蚪
05:23
to its namesake
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给管理机构
05:25
and discuss the evidence that you've seen.
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讨论你们发现的事实。
05:28
Another quick protocol -- and I'm going to go through these quickly,
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还有一个实验计划——我会很快地给大家介绍一下,
05:31
but just to give you the material sense of what we're doing here --
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只是给大家直观的感受,我们在做些什么,
05:34
instead of asking you for urine samples,
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而不是要大家的尿样,
05:36
I'll ask you for a mouse sample.
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而是跟你要一个老鼠样本。
05:38
Anyone here lucky enough to share, to cohabit with a mouse --
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有人这里愿意分享么,幸运的话,与一只老鼠共同生活
05:41
a domestic partnership with mice?
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驯养老鼠?
05:43
Very lucky.
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很幸运。
05:46
Mice, of course, are the quintessential
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老鼠,当然,是最典型的
05:49
model organism.
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模式生物。
05:51
They're even better models of environmental health,
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他们是很好的环境健康的样本,
05:53
because not only the same mammalian biology,
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因为不仅仅同是哺乳动物,
05:55
but they share your diet, largely.
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它们还与你有共同的饮食,大部分
05:57
They share your environmental stressors,
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它们与你处在相同的环境应激源中,
06:00
the asbestos levels and lead levels,
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共同的石棉水平和铅水平
06:02
whatever you're exposed to.
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不论你面临的是哪个。
06:04
And they're geographically more limited than you are,
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它们在地理上来说比你收到的限制更多,
06:06
because we don't know if you've been exposed
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因为我们不知道你是否曾今
06:08
to persistent organic pollutants
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接触过持续性有机污染物
06:10
in your home, or occupationally
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在你的家中,职场
06:12
or as a child.
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或是还是孩子的时候。
06:14
Mice are a very good representation.
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老鼠是个很好的代表。
06:16
So it starts by building a better mousetrap, of course.
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一开始要弄个不错的捕鼠器,当然
06:19
This is one of them.
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这就是其中的一个。
06:21
Coping with environmental stressors is tricky.
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与环境应激源相处是件很难处理的事。
06:23
Is anybody here on antidepressants?
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这里有人在服用抗抑郁剂么?
06:26
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
06:28
There's a lot of people in Manhattan are.
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在曼哈顿有很多人服用
06:31
And we were testing if the mice
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我们测试了那些老鼠是否
06:33
would also self-administer SSRIs.
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也自己服用抗抑郁症药物。
06:36
So this was Prozac, this was Zoloft,
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这个是百忧解(抗抑郁药),这个是左洛复(抗抑郁药)
06:38
this was a black jellybean and this was muscle relaxant,
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这是一个黑色的豆形软糖,这个是肌肉松弛剂
06:41
all of which were the medications that the impatient was taking.
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这些都是那些“不耐心的人们”所服用的。
06:44
So do you think the mice
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你们认为老鼠会
06:46
self-administered antidepressants?
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自己服用抗抑郁药么?
06:48
What's the -- (Audience: Sure. Yes.)
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什么(观众:一定的,确实)
06:51
How did you know that? They did.
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你怎么知道?它们确实这么做了。
06:54
This was vodka and solution, gin and solution.
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这个是伏特加和酒精,杜松子酒和溶液。
06:56
This guy also liked plain water and the muscle relaxant.
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这老鼠还喜欢普通的水和肌肉松弛剂。
06:59
Where's our expert?
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我们发现什么了?
07:01
Vodka, gin --
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伏特加,杜松子酒
07:03
(Audience: [unclear])
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(观众:【不清楚】)
07:05
Yes. Yes. You know your mice well.
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没错,你非常了解老鼠。
07:08
They did, yes.
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它们确实这么做了。
07:10
So they drank as much vodka as they did plain water,
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它们喝起伏特加就像喝水一样,
07:12
which was interesting.
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这很有意思。
07:14
Then of course, it goes into the entrapment device.
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然后,当然,它们走到诱捕器中。
07:17
There's an old cellphone in there -- a good use for old cellphones --
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那儿有个老式手机——老式手机得很好利用
07:19
which dials the clinic, we go and pick up the mouse.
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来联络诊所,我们到那儿去抓老鼠。
07:22
We take the blood sample
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我们提取血样
07:24
and do the blood work and hair work on the mice.
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对它做毛发和血样测试。
07:26
And I want to sort of point out the big advantage
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我想提一下这样做很大的一个好处
07:28
of framing health in this external way.
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那就是对健康的外在表现方式做一个很好的框架。
07:31
But we do have a few prescription products through this.
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不过通过这些,我们确实得到一些治疗方法。
07:34
It's very different from the medical model.
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这与医学模式非常不同。
07:37
Anything you do to improve your water quality or air quality,
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为了提高水的质量,空气质量,
07:40
or to understand it or to change it,
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或者更了解他们,改变他们
07:43
the benefits are enjoyed by anyone
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你所做的一切都在与其他人共享
07:45
you share that water quality or air quality with.
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你同大家一起分享好的水质,空气质量。
07:48
And that aggregating effect,
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然后,集体的力量
07:50
that collective action effect,
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凝聚的力量
07:53
is actually something we can use to our advantage.
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的的确确是我们可以利用的。
07:56
So I want to show you one prescription product in the clinic
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因此我想给大家看一个我们诊所的治疗方法
07:59
called the No Park.
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称作“非公园”。
08:01
This is a prescription to improve water quality.
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这是一个提高水质的处方。
08:04
Many impatients are very concerned for water quality and air quality.
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很多“没有耐心的人”对于水质及空气质量都很关心。
08:07
What we do is we take a fire hydrant,
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我们所做的就是将消防栓
08:09
a "no parking" space associated with a fire hydrant,
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一个“非公园”的空间与消防栓相联系
08:12
and we prescribe the removal of the asphalt
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我们采用将沥青去除的方式
08:15
to create an engineered micro landscape,
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去开辟一块小的工程景观
08:17
to create an infiltration opportunity.
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创造一个渗透作用的机会。
08:19
Because, many of you will know,
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因为,大多数人都知道
08:21
that the biggest pollution burden
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最大的污染负担
08:23
that we have on the New York, New Jersey harbor right now
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我们目前在纽约,新泽西港湾所存在的
08:25
is no longer the point sources,
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不再是以点作为源头,
08:27
no longer the big polluters,
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也不再是很大的污染制造者,
08:29
no longer the GEs,
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不再是通用电气,
08:31
but that massive network of roads,
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而是巨大的道路网
08:33
[those] impervious surfaces,
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那些无法渗透的表面
08:35
that collect all that cadmium neurotoxin that comes from your brake liners
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聚集了来自汽车制动装置的所有的镉毒素
08:38
or the oily hydrocarbon waste
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或是浸透油的碳氢化合物废物
08:40
in every single storm event and medieval infrastructure
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即便是一次很小的风暴或是中世纪的基础设施
08:43
washes it straight into the estuary system.
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都足以把它们冲入河口的水域中去。
08:45
That doesn't do a lot of good.
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这一点都没有好处。
08:47
These are little opportunities to intercept those pollutants
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几乎没有机会截住那些污染物
08:50
before they enter the harbor,
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在它们到达港湾之前,
08:52
and they're produced by impatients
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“没有耐心的人们”建立了这些
08:54
on various city blocks
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在很多的城市街区
08:56
in some very interesting ways.
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一些非常有意思的方式。
08:58
I just want to say it was sort of a rule of thumb though,
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我想说,虽然它仅仅是靠经验实践的方法,
09:00
there's about two or three fire hydrants
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在每个城市街区,大约有两到三个消防栓
09:03
on every city block.
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。
09:05
By creating engineered micro landscapes to infiltrate in them,
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建立小的工程景观去使污染物渗透
09:08
we don't prevent them from being used
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我们并没有阻碍他们
09:10
as emergency vehicle parking spaces,
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作为紧急停车的空间,
09:12
because, of course, a firetruck can come and park there.
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因为,当然,消防车可以停在那里。
09:15
They flatten a few plants. No big deal, they'll regenerate.
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可能会压平一些植物,但没有什么大碍,他们可以再种。
09:19
But if we did this
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但如果我们这么做了
09:21
in every single --
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在每一个
09:24
every fire hydrant
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每隔一个消防栓
09:26
we could redefine the emergency.
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我们可以重新定义紧急事件。
09:29
That 99 percent of the time
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就是,百分之99的情况下,
09:31
when a firetruck is not parking there,
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当没有消防车停靠的时候,
09:34
it's infiltrating pollutants.
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它用于渗透污染物。
09:36
It's also increasing fixing CO2s,
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同时还帮助固定二氧化碳,
09:39
sequestering some of the airborne pollutants.
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隔离一些空气传播的污染物。
09:42
And aggregated,
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同时聚集的
09:44
these smaller interceptions
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这些小型的阻挡
09:46
could actually infiltrate all the roadborne pollution
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确实能够渗透路面的污染物
09:49
that now runs into the estuary system,
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阻止它们流入河口水域,
09:51
up to a seven inch rain event, up to a hundred-year storm.
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即便是七英寸的大雨或是百年难遇的风暴。
09:54
So these are small actions
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因此这些小小的行动
09:56
that can amount to a significant effect
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可以产生巨大的效果
09:58
to improve local environmental health.
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来提高当地的环境健康。
10:01
This is one of the more ambitious ones.
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这是那些比较有抱负的计划中的一个
10:03
What the climate crisis has revealed to us
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气候危机是
10:06
is a secondary, more insidious
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二次的,更潜在的
10:08
and more pervasive crisis,
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影响极广的危机
10:11
which is the crisis of agency,
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有哪些危机处理的相关部门
10:14
which is what to do.
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又该做些什么呢?
10:17
Somehow buying a local lettuce, changing a light bulb,
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买当地的生菜,或是换一个灯泡,
10:20
driving the speed limit, changing your tires regularly,
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开车限速,常换轮胎,
10:22
doesn't seem sufficient
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这些行为未必有效
10:24
in the face of climate crisis.
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在面对气候危机的时候。
10:27
And this is an interesting icon that happened --
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这是个很有趣的图片,发生在
10:29
you remember these: fallout shelters.
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你们知道这些:沉降物掩蔽所。
10:32
What is the fallout shelter
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什么是应对气候危机的
10:34
for the climate crisis?
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沉降物掩蔽所呢?
10:36
This was civic mobilization.
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这个是市民的活动区域。
10:38
Churches, school groups,
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教堂,学校
10:40
hospitals, private residents --
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医院,私人住所
10:42
everyone built one of these in a matter of months.
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每个人都能在几个月之内建起其中的一个。
10:44
And they still remain
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他们始终是
10:46
as icons of civic response
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市民活动的符号
10:49
in the face of shared, uncertain, collective threat.
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当面对共享的,不确定的,集体的危机时。
10:51
Fallout shelter for the climate crisis,
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作为气候危机的沉降物掩蔽所,
10:53
I would say, looks something like this, or this,
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我想说,它看起来有点像这个或是这个
10:56
which is an intensive urban agriculture facility
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俨然是个城市农业设施
10:58
that's due to go on my lab building at NYU.
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依据我们在纽约大学实验室做的。
11:01
What it does
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其实它依据的
11:03
is a very simple idea
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是个非常简单的想法
11:05
of taking --
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就是——
11:07
80 to 90 percent of the CO2 produced in Manhattan
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将曼哈顿产生的百分之80到90的二氧化碳
11:10
is building related --
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用于建筑相关的东西
11:12
we take, just like a commercial greenhouse,
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就像一个商业的温室,
11:14
we take the CO2 from the building --
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我们将建筑物中的二氧化碳取出
11:16
CO2-enriched air --
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充满二氧化碳气体的空气
11:18
we force it through the urban agriculture facility,
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我们将其注入到城市农业设施中,
11:21
and then we resupply oxygen-enriched air.
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然后我们再补充富氧空气。
11:23
You can't actually build much on a roof, they're not designed for that.
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事实上,我们不能在顶上弄太多,它们不适合。
11:26
So it's on legs,
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而是在支柱上
11:28
so it focuses all the load on the masonry walls and the columns.
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将所有的载荷都放在砌筑墙和柱子上。
11:31
It's built as a barn raising,
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就像一个仓库凸起
11:33
using open source hardware.
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使用一些开放的硬件。
11:35
This is the quarter-scale prototype
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这是一个四分之一比例的原型
11:37
that was functioning in Spain.
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在西班牙运作
11:39
This is what it will look like, fingers crossed,
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这是它看起来的样子,十指交叉的
11:41
NYU willing.
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纽约大学设计的。
11:43
And what I want to show you is --
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我想给大家看的是
11:45
actually this is one of the components of it that we've just recently been testing --
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其实这是我们最近在试验的东西的一个部分
11:48
which is a solar chimney --
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太阳能烟囱,
11:50
we have got 17 of them now put around New York at the moment --
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目前,我们在纽约的17处安放了它们
11:52
that passively draws air up.
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将空气被动地上抬。
11:54
You understand a solar chimney.
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你知道,太阳能烟囱。
11:56
Hot air rises.
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高温气体上升。
11:58
You put a bit of black plastic on the side of a building,
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你把些许黑色塑料放在建筑物的侧面,
12:00
it'll heat up, and you'll get passive airflow.
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它将会升温,这样就得到了被动的气流。
12:03
What we do is actually
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我们所做的实际上就是
12:05
put a standard HVAC filter on the top of that.
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把一个标准的过滤系统放在上面。
12:08
That actually removes about 95 percent
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它事实上能够过滤掉百分之95
12:10
of the carbon black,
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的炭黑,
12:12
that stuff that, with ozone,
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而这个东西,与臭氧一起使得
12:14
is responsible for about half of global warming's effects,
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全球变暖起码一半都受其影响,
12:16
because it changes, it settles on the snow,
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因为附着在积雪上,
12:18
it changes the reflectors,
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它能改变反射物,
12:20
it changes
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进而改变
12:22
the transmission qualities of the atmosphere.
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大气的传输质量。
12:25
Carbon black is that grime
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炭黑是一种灰尘
12:27
that otherwise lodges in your pretty pink lungs,
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要不然附着在你健康的肺上,
12:29
and it's associated with.
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或是与此相关的。
12:31
It's not good stuff, and it's from inefficient combustion,
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它不是很好的物质,来自于不完全燃烧
12:34
not from combustion itself.
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并非燃烧本身。
12:36
When we put it through our solar chimney,
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当我们把它放到我们的太阳能烟囱时,
12:39
we remove actually about 95 percent of that.
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我们过滤掉了大约百分之95。
12:42
And then I swap it out
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然后我
12:45
with the students
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和学生们一起把它取出
12:47
and actually re-release that carbon black.
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事实上,我们重新利用了那些炭黑。
12:49
And we make pencils the length of which measures the grime
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把他们做成铅笔,它的长度用来测量
12:52
that we've pulled out of the air.
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我们从空气中过滤出的灰尘。
12:54
Here's one of them that we have up now.
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这是我们目前所做的烟囱中的一个。
12:56
Here's who put them up and who are avid pencil users.
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这是他们把它抬起来的照片还有急切的铅笔使用者。
12:59
Okay, so I want to show you
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好的,我还想给大家再看
13:01
just two more interfaces,
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两个联系
13:03
because I think one of our big challenges
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因为我认为,我们人类面临的其中一个最大的挑战
13:05
is re-imagining our relationship to natural systems,
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就是重新想象我们与自然系统的关系
13:08
not only through this model
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不仅仅是通过这个
13:11
of twisted personalized health,
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变革的个人健康模式
13:14
but through the animals
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而是通过那些动物
13:16
with whom we cohabit.
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与我们共同居住的动物。
13:18
We are not alone; the animals are moving in.
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不仅仅只有我们自己,动物们也在进入到城市中。
13:20
In fact, urban migration now describes
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事实上,城市移民也包括
13:22
the movement of animals formerly known as wild
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被大家认为是野生的
13:25
into urban centers.
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进入到城市中心的动物们。
13:27
You know, coyote in Central Park, a whale in the Gowanus Canal,
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你知道,中央公园有丛林狼,河流港口有鲸
13:29
elk in Westchester County.
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韦斯特切斯特县有麋鹿。
13:31
It's happening all over the Developed World,
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它一直都发生在这发达的世界
13:33
probably for loss of habitat,
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可能是因为失去了居住地
13:35
but also because our cities are a little bit more livable
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也可能是因为城市更适合它们居住
13:37
than they have been.
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相比于它们过去的栖息地。
13:39
And every green space we create
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而我们所创造的每一片绿地
13:41
is an invitation for non-humans to cohabit with us.
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都是对非人类与我们共同居住的邀请。
13:43
But we've kind of lacked imagination
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但我们有些缺乏想象力
13:45
in how we could do that well or interestingly.
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如何能很好地做到这些,有趣地接受。
13:48
And I want to show you a few of the technological interfaces
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我想给大家看些从技术角度上说的联系
13:50
that have been developed under the moniker of OOZ --
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我们发展的,取名为“ooz”
13:53
which is zoo backwards and without cages --
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把zoo(动物园)倒过来,没有束缚的笼子
13:56
to try and reform
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去尝试,去改变
13:58
that relationship.
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人与动物的关系。
14:00
This is communication technology for birds. It looks like this.
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这个是鸟类的交流方式。它是这样的。
14:03
When a bird lands on it, they trigger a sound file.
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当一只鸟停在上面,他们发出一个音频文件。
14:06
This is actually in the Whitney Museum, where there were six of them,
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这个实际上装在惠特尼博物馆,有6个
14:09
each of which had a different argument on it,
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每一个的的内容都不一样
14:11
different sound file.
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不同的音频文件。
14:13
They said things like this.
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内容比如说这个。
14:15
(Whistling)
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(口哨声)
14:17
Recorded Voice: Here's what you need to do.
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录音:下面是你应该去做的。
14:20
Go down there and buy some of those health food bars,
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下楼去,到健康食品的小卖部
14:23
the ones you call bird food,
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买一些你称之为鸟食的东西
14:25
and bring it here and scatter it around.
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把它们拿回来,撒到周围。
14:27
There's a good person.
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你就是个不错的人。
14:30
Natalie Jeremijenko: Okay. (Laugher)
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Natalie Jeremijenko:好(笑声)
14:33
So there was several of these.
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有一些这样的装置。
14:35
The birds were able to jump from one to the other.
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鸟儿们可以从一个跳到另一个。
14:37
These are just your average urban pigeon.
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他们只是平常的城市鸽子。
14:40
And an early test
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一个早期的实验
14:42
which argument elicited cooperative behavior
362
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哪个言论更能得
14:44
from the people below --
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大家的配合
14:47
about a hundred to one
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十有八九的人都
14:49
decided that this was the argument
365
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认为就是下面这个
14:51
that worked best on us.
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效果最好。
14:53
Recorded Voice: Tick, tick, tick.
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录音:滴,滴,滴。
14:56
That's the sound of genetic mutations
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这是禽流感
14:58
of the avian flu
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基因变异
15:00
becoming a deadly human flu.
370
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变成对人类致命的流感的声音。
15:02
Do you know what slows it down?
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你知道如何使它变慢么?
15:04
Healthy sub-populations of birds,
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健康的鸟类群体
15:06
increasing biodiversity generally.
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一般说来提高了物种的多样性。
15:09
It is in your interests that I'm healthy,
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我能够健康,快乐,喂得饱饱的,
15:12
happy, well-fed.
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这都归功于大家的互利。
15:14
Hence, you could share some of your nutritional resources
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因此,你应该分享你的营养资源
15:17
instead of monopolizing them.
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而不是独自享有。
15:19
That is, share your lunch.
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那就是,分享你的午餐吧。
15:22
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
15:24
NJ: It worked, and it's true.
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NJ:它确实有效,真的。
15:27
The final project I'd like to show you
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最后一个我想给大家看的项目是
15:29
is a new interface for fish
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关于鱼的新联系
15:31
that has just been launched --
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我们刚刚投入的
15:33
it's actually officially launched next week --
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事实上下周正式启动
15:35
with a wonderful commission from the Architectural League.
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来自建筑联合会的邀请。
15:37
You may not have known that you need to communicate with fish,
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你可能不知道你需要和鱼类交流
15:40
but there is now a device for you to do so.
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但现在有这样的装置可以帮助你这么做。
15:42
It looks like this: buoys that float on the water,
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它看起来像这样:漂在水面上的浮标
15:45
project three foot up, three foot down.
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上面突出三英尺,下面三英尺。
15:47
When a fish swims underneath, a light goes on.
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当有鱼在下面游过时,一盏灯就亮了,
15:50
This is what it looks like.
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就像这样。
15:57
So there's another function on here.
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这里还有另一个功能。
16:00
This top light is -- I'm sorry if I'm making you seasick --
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这个顶灯是——不好意思我可能让大家晕船了
16:04
this top light is actually a water quality display
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这个顶灯事实上是一个水质测量显示装置。
16:06
that shifts from red, when the dissolved oxygen is low,
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当溶解氧浓度低的时候,它是红色的;
16:09
to a blue/green, when its dissolved oxygen is high.
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当溶解氧浓度高时,颜色会变成蓝绿色。
16:12
And then you can also text the fish.
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然后,你也可以给鱼传递信息。
16:15
So there's business cards down there
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下面那里有名片
16:17
that'll give you contact details.
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会给你联系的细节内容。
16:19
And they text back.
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它们会反馈给你信息。
16:21
When the buoys get your text, they wink at you twice to say, we've got your message.
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当浮标得到你的信息后,它们会闪烁两次,表示已经获取信息。
16:24
But perhaps the most popular has been
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不过或许最受欢迎的是
16:26
that we've got another array of these boys in the Bronx River,
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我们在布朗克斯河有另外一系列浮标,
16:28
where the first beaver --
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在这里,第一只海狸
16:30
crazy as he is --
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他很疯狂
16:32
to have moved in and built a lodge in New York
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来到纽约,建了住的地方
16:34
in 250 years, hangs out.
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在250年前,闲逛。
16:37
So updates from a beaver.
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从一只海狸数据更新。
16:39
You can subscribe to updates from him. You can talk to him.
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你也可以报名从他那里更新,你可以和他交谈。
16:42
And what I like to think of
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我认为的是
16:45
is this is an interface
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这是一个界面
16:48
that re-scripts how we interact with natural systems,
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重新书写我们与自然系统的互动方式,
16:51
specifically by changing who has information,
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尤其是改变了谁有信息
16:54
where they have it,
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他们把它存在何处,
16:56
who can make sense of that information,
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谁能利用这些信息,
16:58
and what you can do about it.
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你又能做些什么。
17:00
In this case, instead of throwing chewing gum,
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在这种情况下,不是将你的口香糖
17:03
or Doritos or whatever you have in your pocket at the fish --
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或是奇多圈,不论什么在你口袋里的,扔给鱼儿们。
17:06
There's a body of water in Iceland that I've been dealing with
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我曾经处理过在冰岛
17:08
that's in the middle of the city,
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城市中央的一块水域,
17:10
and the largest pollution burden on it
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对于它来说,最大的污染压力
17:12
is not the roadborne pollution,
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并非由马路产生的污染,
17:14
it's actually white bread
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而事实上却是白面包
17:16
from people feeding the fish and the birds.
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那些人们用来喂鱼和鸟的。
17:18
Instead of doing that actually, we've developed some fish sticks
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我们开发了一些鱼食来代替那些东西
17:20
that you can feed the fish.
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人们可以使用它们喂鱼。
17:23
They're delicious.
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味道很好。
17:25
They're cross-species delicious that is,
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而且它们可以供很多跨物种食用,
17:28
delicious for humans and non-humans.
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对人类和非人类来说都很美味。
17:30
But they also have a chelating agent in them.
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同时它们含有螯合剂。
17:32
They're nutritionally appropriate,
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从营养学上来说很适合
17:34
not like Doritos.
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而不像奇多圈。
17:36
And so every time
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所以每次
17:39
that desire to interact with the animals,
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当你想与动物们互动的时候,
17:42
which is at least as ubiquitous
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到处都有这样的标语
17:46
as that sign: "Do not feed the animals."
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“请勿给动物喂食。”
17:48
And there's about three of them on every New York City park.
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在纽约的每个城市公园里大约都有三个这样的标语。
17:51
And Yellowstone National Park,
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在黄石公园
17:53
there's more "do not feed the animals" signs
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“请勿喂食”的标语
17:55
than there are animals you might wish to feed.
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比你想要喂食的动物还要多。
17:58
But in that action, that interaction,
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但这样的行为
18:01
by re-scripting that,
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将被重新改写,
18:03
by changing it into an opportunity
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把它作为一种机会
18:05
to offer food that is nutritionally appropriate,
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提供一些营养的食物的机会,
18:08
that could augment the nutritional resources
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这样可以提高
18:10
that we ourselves have depleted
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我们所浪费的营养资源
18:12
for augmenting the fish population
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从而增加鱼类种群数量
18:14
and also adding chelating agent,
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同时增多螯合剂,
18:16
which, like any chelating agent that we use medicinally,
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就像我们的药用的螯合剂,
18:20
binds to the bioaccumulated heavy metals and PCBs
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它抑制生物累积的重金属以及多氯联苯
18:23
that are in the fish
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它们附着在
18:25
living in this particular habitat
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这个特定区域生活的鱼身上,
18:28
and allows them to pass it out as a harmless salt
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使它们能把它作为无害的盐类排出。
18:30
where it's complexed by a reactive,
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在反应上很复杂,
18:33
effectively removing it from bioavailability.
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但在生物有效性上,排除它非常有效。
18:36
But I wanted to say that interaction,
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但我想说那样的互动
18:38
re-scripting that interaction,
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重新改写的互动
18:40
into collective action, collective remediative action,
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变成一种集体行为,集体的重新调节的行为,
18:43
very different from the approach
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与此方法很不一样的是
18:46
that's being used on the other side on the Hudson River,
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我们在哈得孙河所使用的方法,
18:49
where we're dredging the PCBs --
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我们在那里挖掘出多氯联苯
18:52
after 30 years of legislative and legal struggle,
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经过了三十年的立法上的斗争,
18:56
GE's paying for the dredging
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通用电气为挖掘买单
18:58
of the largest Superfund site in the world --
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这个世界上最大的超级基金。
19:01
we're dredging it, and it'll probably get shipped off to Pennsylvania
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我们把它挖掘出来,很可能已经被运出宾夕法尼亚了,
19:04
or the nearest Third World country,
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到了附近的第三世界的国家中去,
19:06
where it will continue to be toxic sludge.
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在那里它们仍然是有毒的淤泥。
19:10
Displacement is not the way to deal with environmental issues.
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转移不是解决环境问题的方法。
19:14
And that's typically the paradigm
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而这正是
19:16
under which we've operated.
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我们正在使用的典型模式。
19:18
By actually taking the opportunity
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应该实际地抓住机会
19:20
that new technologies,
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使用新技术,
19:22
new interactive technologies, present
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新的互动技术,
19:24
to re-script our interactions,
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当前改写我们互动的方法,
19:26
to script them,
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改写它们
19:28
not just as isolated, individuated interactions,
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并非孤立的,个体的互动;
19:31
but as collective aggregating actions
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而是集体的,凝聚的,
19:35
that can amount to something,
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那种可以累积的互动行动,
19:37
we can really begin to address
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我们可以真正的开始处理
19:39
some of our important environmental challenges.
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一些重要的环境挑战。
19:41
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
19:43
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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