Natalie Jeremijenko: Let's teach fish to text! and other outlandish ideas

28,696 views ใƒป 2010-10-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Aviv Tzemach ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
I was informed by this kind of
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืงืชื™ ื‘ื“ืขื”
00:18
unoriginal and trite idea
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ื”ืœื ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช
00:20
that new technologies were an opportunity
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ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื“ืข ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช
00:22
for social transformation,
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ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
00:24
which is what drove me then,
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ื–ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
00:26
and still, it's a delusion that drives me now.
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ื•ื–ืืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ืฉืžื ื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื™ ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื
00:28
I wanted to update what I've been doing since then --
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืžื” ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžืื–
00:31
but it's still the same theme song --
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
00:34
and introduce you to my lab and current work,
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ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื™
00:37
which is the Environmental Health Clinic
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ืฉื”ื™ื "ื”ืžืจืคืื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”"
00:39
that I run at NYU.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง
00:41
And what it is -- it's a twist on health.
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
00:43
Because, really, what I'm trying to do now
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ื›ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื
00:45
is redefine what counts as health.
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ื–ื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ "ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช",
00:47
It's a clinic like a health clinic at any other university,
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ื–ื• ืžืจืคืื” ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืžืจืคืื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืื—ืจืช
00:50
except people come to the clinic
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ืืœื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืœืžืจืคืื” ื”ื–ื•
00:52
with environmental health concerns,
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ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช
00:54
and they walk out with prescriptions
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ื•ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืจืฉืžื™ื
00:56
for things they can do to improve environmental health,
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ืื™ืš ืœืฉืคืจ ื•ืœืจืคื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
00:59
as opposed to coming to a clinic with medical concerns
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžืจืคืื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืขื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื
01:02
and walking out with prescriptions for pharmaceuticals.
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ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืจืฉืžื™ื ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
01:05
It's a handy-dandy quote from Hippocrates of the Hippocratic oath
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ื–ื” ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืจื˜ืก, ืื•ืชื• ืื—ื“ ืž"ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืจื˜ืก",
01:08
that says, "The greater part of the soul lays outside the body,
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ืฉืื•ืžืจ "ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื ืžืฆื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืฃ,
01:11
treatment of the inner requires treatment of the outer."
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ"
01:13
But that suggests the issue
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ื–ื” ืžืจืžื– ืœื ื•ืฉื
01:15
that I'm trying to get at here,
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ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื›ืืŸ
01:17
that we have an opportunity to redefine what is health.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื” ื–ื• "ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช"
01:20
Because this idea that health is internal
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื–ื” ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™,
01:22
and atomized and individual
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ืคืจื˜ื ื™, ืื™ืฉื™
01:25
and pharmaceutical
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ื•ืชืจื•ืคืชื™
01:27
is largely an error.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ื˜ืขื•ืช.
01:29
And I would use this study,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”,
01:31
a recent study by Philip Landrigan,
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ืœื ื“ืจื™ื’ืŸ
01:33
to motivate a different view of health,
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ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
01:35
where he went to most of the pediatricians in Manhattan
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ืœืจื•ื‘ ืจื•ืคืื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ
01:38
and the New York area
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ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง
01:40
and logged what they spent their patient hours on.
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ื•ืชื™ืขื“ ืื™ืš ืžืชื—ืœืง ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื
01:43
80 to 90 percent of their time
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80 ืขื“ 90 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ
01:45
was spent on five things.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื
01:47
Number one was asthma,
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ื ื•ืฉื ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืืกื˜ืžื”,
01:49
number two was developmental delays,
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ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช,
01:52
number three was 400-fold increases
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ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื™ 400 ื‘ืžืงืจื™
01:54
in rare childhood cancers
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื
01:56
in the last eight to 10, 15 years.
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ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื”,ืขืฉืจ,ื—ืžืฉ-ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
01:59
Number four and five were childhood obesity
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ืžืกืคืจ ืืจื‘ืข ื•ื—ืžืฉ ื”ื™ื•, ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื
02:02
and diabetes-related issues.
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืกื›ืจืช
02:05
So all of those -- what's common about all of those?
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืžื” ืงื•ืฉืจ ืื•ืชื?
02:08
The environment is implicated, radically implicated, right.
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื”, ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:11
This is not the germs
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ืืœื” ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
02:13
that medicos were trained to deal with;
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ืฉืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื•ื›ืฉืจื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชื,
02:16
this is a different definition of health,
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ื–ื• ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
02:19
health that has a great advantage
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ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืขื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
02:22
because it's external, it's shared,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช
02:24
we can do something about it,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ
02:26
as opposed to internal, genetically predetermined
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ืฉื ืงื‘ืขืช ืžืจืืฉ ืœืคื™ ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”
02:29
or individualized.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื ื™ืช, ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
02:31
People who come to the clinic are called, not patients,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืžื™ ืฉื‘ื ืœืžืจืคืื” "ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื"
02:33
but impatients,
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ืืœื "ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื—ืกืจื™-ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช" (ืฆืžืื™ื ืœืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช)
02:35
because they're too impatient to wait for legislative change
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืงื™ืงื”
02:38
to address local and environmental health issues.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช
02:41
And I meet them at the University, I also have a few field offices
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ืื ื™ ืคื•ื’ืฉืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืจืคืื” ืฉื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื‘"ืฉื˜ื—"
02:44
that I set up in various places
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ืฉื”ืงืžืชื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื
02:46
that provide an immersion
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ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืืœ
02:48
in some of the environmental challenges we face.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•.
02:50
I like this one from the Belgian field office,
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื–ื•, ืžืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”
02:53
where we met in a roundabout,
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ืฉื ื ืคื’ืฉื ื• ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ
02:55
precisely because the roundabout iconified
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืžืกืžืœืช
02:57
the headless social movement
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ืชื ื•ืขื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืœืœื ื”ื ื”ื’ื”
02:59
that informs much social transformation,
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ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืจื—ื‘
03:02
as opposed to the top-down control
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืœืžืขืœื”-ืœืžื˜ื”
03:04
of red light traffic intersections.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฆืžืชื™ื ืขื ืจืžื–ื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื.
03:07
In this case, of course, the roundabout
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื›ื™ื›ืจ
03:10
with that micro-decisions being made in situ
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ื•ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื
03:12
by people not being told what to do.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
03:15
But, of course, affords greater throughput,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืืคืฉืจ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ,ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:17
fewer accidents,
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ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืชืื•ื ื•ืช
03:19
and an interesting model of social movement.
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ื•ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
03:22
Some of the things that the monitoring protocols have developed:
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ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ ืžืขืงื‘ ืคื™ืชื—ื•:
03:24
this is the tadpole bureaucrat protocol,
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ื–ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ืขืœ "ื”ืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืจืืฉืŸ" (ื’ื: ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื ืื™ ืœื‘ืœื’ื™)
03:27
or keeping tabs, if you will.
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ืื• ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื•, ืื ืชืจืฆื•
03:30
What they are is an addition of tadpoles
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื ื™ื
03:32
that are named after a local bureaucrat
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ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืคืงื™ื“ ืžืงื•ืžื™
03:34
whose decisions affect your water quality.
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ืฉื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœืš.
03:37
So an impatient concerned for water quality
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ืื ื›ืš, "ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื—ืกืจ ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช" ื”ืžื•ื“ืื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื
03:40
would raise a tadpole bureaucrat
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ื™ื’ื“ืœ "ืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉืŸ"
03:43
in a sample of water in which they're interested.
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ื‘ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื‘ื” ื”ื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
03:46
And we give them a couple of things to do that,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
03:48
to help them do companion animal devices
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืขื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
03:50
while they're blogging and doing their email.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืื• ืžืชืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื™ืœ ืฉืœื”ื.
03:52
This is a tadpole walker
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ื–ื” ืžืชืงืŸ ืœื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืจืืฉื ื™ื
03:54
to take your tadpole walking in the evening.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืจืืฉืŸ ืฉืœืš ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ืขืจื‘
03:57
And the interesting thing that happens --
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืจื” -
03:59
because we're using tadpoles, of course,
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
04:01
because they have the most exquisite biosenses that we have,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืกื ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื ื•
04:04
several orders of magnitude more sensitive
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืจืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื
04:06
than some of our senses
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ืžื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
04:08
for sensing,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:11
responding in a biologically meaningful way,
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ื”ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช
04:13
to that whole class of industrial contaminants
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื
04:15
we call endocrine disruptors
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื "ืžืฉื‘ืฉื™ื ืื ื“ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ื™ื"
04:17
or hormone emulators.
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ืื• ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื.
04:19
But by taking your tadpole out for a walk in the evening --
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืืชื” ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ืจืืฉืŸ ืฉืœืš ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืจื‘ -
04:22
there's a few action shots --
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืžื”ืฉื˜ื— -
04:24
your neighbors are likely to say, "What are you doing?"
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื™ืฉืืœื• "ืžื” ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื”?"
04:27
And then you have to introduce your tadpole
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ื•ืื– ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉืŸ ืฉืœืš
04:30
and who it's named after.
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ื•ืขืœ ืฉื ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื
04:32
You have to explain what you're doing
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ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื” ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื”
04:34
and how the developmental events of a tadpole
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืืฉืŸ
04:36
are, of course, very observable
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ืฉื”ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœืฆื•ืคื”
04:38
and they use the same T3-mediated hormones that we do.
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ื•ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื™ T3 ื›ืžื•ื ื•.
04:43
And so next time your neighbor sees you
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ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื™ืจืื• ืื•ืชืš
04:46
they'll say, "How is that tadpole doing?"
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ื”ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื•: "ืžื” ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืจืืฉืŸ?"
04:49
And you can let them social network with your tadpole,
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืขื ื”ืจืืฉืŸ
04:52
because the Environmental Health Clinic has a social networking site
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžืจืคืื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
04:55
for, not only impatients, humans,
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ืœื ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ "ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช", ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
04:58
but non-humans,
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื›ืืœื• ืฉืื™ื ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
05:00
social networking for humans and non-humans.
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ืจืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
05:02
And of course, these endocrine disruptors
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฉื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืื ื“ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
05:04
are things that are implicated in the breast cancer epidemic,
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ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืคืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“,
05:07
the obesity epidemic,
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ื‘ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ,
05:09
the two and a half year drop in the average age of onset of puberty in young girls
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ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืขืจื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช,
05:12
and other related things.
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ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
05:14
The culmination of this is if you've successfully raised your tadpole,
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ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉืŸ ืฉืœืš,
05:17
observing the behavioral
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ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื•
05:19
and developmental events,
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ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
05:21
you will then go and introduce your tadpole
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ืืชื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉืŸ ืฉืœืš
05:23
to its namesake
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ืœืื“ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื™
05:25
and discuss the evidence that you've seen.
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ื•ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืื™ืชื• ื‘ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืช.
05:28
Another quick protocol -- and I'm going to go through these quickly,
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ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื–ืจื™ื– ืื—ืจ - ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช
05:31
but just to give you the material sense of what we're doing here --
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื -
05:34
instead of asking you for urine samples,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืชืŸ,
05:36
I'll ask you for a mouse sample.
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ืื ื™ ืื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจ.
05:38
Anyone here lucky enough to share, to cohabit with a mouse --
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืชืžื–ืœ ืžื–ืœื• ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืขื ืขื›ื‘ืจ?
05:41
a domestic partnership with mice?
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ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื?
05:43
Very lucky.
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ืืชื ื‘ืจื™-ืžื–ืœ.
05:46
Mice, of course, are the quintessential
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ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืชื•ืžืฆืช
05:49
model organism.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื.
05:51
They're even better models of environmental health,
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ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช
05:53
because not only the same mammalian biology,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื
05:55
but they share your diet, largely.
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื ื’ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืื™ืชืš ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœืš.
05:57
They share your environmental stressors,
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืื™ืชืš ืืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื
06:00
the asbestos levels and lead levels,
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ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืืกื‘ืกื˜ ื•ื”ืขื•ืคืจืช
06:02
whatever you're exposed to.
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืชื” ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœื•.
06:04
And they're geographically more limited than you are,
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ื”ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืš ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช
06:06
because we don't know if you've been exposed
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื ื—ืฉืคืช
06:08
to persistent organic pollutants
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ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื
06:10
in your home, or occupationally
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืชืš, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš
06:12
or as a child.
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ืื• ื›ื™ืœื“.
06:14
Mice are a very good representation.
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ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
06:16
So it starts by building a better mousetrap, of course.
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ืื ื›ืš, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:19
This is one of them.
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ื–ื• ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ.
06:21
Coping with environmental stressors is tricky.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืœื—ืฅ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
06:23
Is anybody here on antidepressants?
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ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืงื”ืœ ืœื•ืงื— ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช-ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ?
06:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ืงื”ืœ)
06:28
There's a lot of people in Manhattan are.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื,
06:31
And we were testing if the mice
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืื ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื
06:33
would also self-administer SSRIs.
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ื’ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ (SSRI)
06:36
So this was Prozac, this was Zoloft,
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ืื ื›ืš, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ื–ืืง, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ืœื•ืคื˜,
06:38
this was a black jellybean and this was muscle relaxant,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื’ืขืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื,
06:41
all of which were the medications that the impatient was taking.
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ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉ"ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื—ืกืจ ื”ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช" ื ื”ื’ ืœืงื—ืช.
06:44
So do you think the mice
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื
06:46
self-administered antidepressants?
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ืœืงื—ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื ื•ื’ื“ื™-ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ?
06:48
What's the -- (Audience: Sure. Yes.)
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(ืื“ื ืžื”ืงื”ืœ: ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™")
06:51
How did you know that? They did.
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ืื™ืš ื™ื“ืขืชื? ื”ื ืื›ืŸ ืœืงื—ื•.
06:54
This was vodka and solution, gin and solution.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื•ื•ื“ืงื” ืขื ืชืžื™ืกื”, ื’'ื™ืŸ ืขื ืชืžื™ืกื”
06:56
This guy also liked plain water and the muscle relaxant.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื”ื‘ ื’ื ืžื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœื”ืจื’ืขืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื.
06:59
Where's our expert?
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ืื™ืคื” ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืฉืœื ื•?
07:01
Vodka, gin --
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ื•ื•ื“ืงื”, ื’'ื™ืŸ -
07:03
(Audience: [unclear])
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(ื”ืžื”ื•ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ)
07:05
Yes. Yes. You know your mice well.
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ื›ืŸ, ื›ืŸ, ืืชื” ืžื›ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืš.
07:08
They did, yes.
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืœืงื—ื•.
07:10
So they drank as much vodka as they did plain water,
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ื”ื ืฉืชื• ื•ื•ื“ืงื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ืฉืชื• ืžื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื
07:12
which was interesting.
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ืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
07:14
Then of course, it goes into the entrapment device.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืœื›ื™ื“ื”
07:17
There's an old cellphone in there -- a good use for old cellphones --
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ื™ืฉืŸ - ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื -
07:19
which dials the clinic, we go and pick up the mouse.
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ืฉืžืชืงืฉืจ ืœืžืจืคืื”, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ.
07:22
We take the blood sample
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื“ื’ื™ืžืช ื“ื
07:24
and do the blood work and hair work on the mice.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื“ื ื•ืฉื™ืขืจ.
07:26
And I want to sort of point out the big advantage
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
07:28
of framing health in this external way.
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืคื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
07:31
But we do have a few prescription products through this.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” "ืžืจืฉืžื™ื" ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื•
07:34
It's very different from the medical model.
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™
07:37
Anything you do to improve your water quality or air quality,
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืื• ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœืš
07:40
or to understand it or to change it,
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ืื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
07:43
the benefits are enjoyed by anyone
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ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื›ืš
07:45
you share that water quality or air quality with.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืœืง ืื™ืชื• ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
07:48
And that aggregating effect,
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ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”
07:50
that collective action effect,
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ื”ืืคืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช
07:53
is actually something we can use to our advantage.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ื•.
07:56
So I want to show you one prescription product in the clinic
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื "ืžืจืฉื" ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจืคืื”
07:59
called the No Park.
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ืฉื ืงืจื "ืื™ืŸ ื—ื ื™ื”"
08:01
This is a prescription to improve water quality.
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ื–ื” ืžืจืฉื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื
08:04
Many impatients are very concerned for water quality and air quality.
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ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื—ืกืจื™-ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
08:07
What we do is we take a fire hydrant,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ืจื– ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืืฉ
08:09
a "no parking" space associated with a fire hydrant,
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ื•ืื–ื•ืจ "ืื™ืŸ ื—ื ื™ื”" ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœื•
08:12
and we prescribe the removal of the asphalt
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• "ืจื•ืฉืžื™ื" ืืช ื”ื”ืกืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืกืคืœื˜
08:15
to create an engineered micro landscape,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื— ื ื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ
08:17
to create an infiltration opportunity.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืกื™ื ื•ืŸ.
08:19
Because, many of you will know,
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ื–ืืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
08:21
that the biggest pollution burden
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ื”ื ื˜ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื
08:23
that we have on the New York, New Jersey harbor right now
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง, ื ืžืœ ื ื™ื•-ื’'ืจืกื™
08:25
is no longer the point sources,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื
08:27
no longer the big polluters,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
08:29
no longer the GEs,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื’'ื ืจืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ืง
08:31
but that massive network of roads,
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ืืœื ืจืฉืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ืช
08:33
[those] impervious surfaces,
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ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
08:35
that collect all that cadmium neurotoxin that comes from your brake liners
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ืฉืื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื•ื, ืจืขืœืŸ ืขืฆื‘ื™, ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ื‘ืœืžื™ื
08:38
or the oily hydrocarbon waste
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ืื• ืืช ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ืคื—ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื ื•ื ื™
08:40
in every single storm event and medieval infrastructure
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ืคื”, ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื
08:43
washes it straight into the estuary system.
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื ืฉื˜ืคื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืคื›ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
08:45
That doesn't do a lot of good.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
08:47
These are little opportunities to intercept those pollutants
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ืืœื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
08:50
before they enter the harbor,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื ืžืœ
08:52
and they're produced by impatients
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ื•ื”ื ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœื-ืกื‘ืœื ื™ื™ื
08:54
on various city blocks
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ื‘ื’ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ
08:56
in some very interesting ways.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“.
08:58
I just want to say it was sort of a rule of thumb though,
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ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ "ื›ืœืœ ืืฆื‘ืข"
09:00
there's about two or three fire hydrants
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื™ื-ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืจื–ื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืืฉ
09:03
on every city block.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
09:05
By creating engineered micro landscapes to infiltrate in them,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื ื•ื™ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื“ืจื• ื•ื™ืกื ื ื• ื‘ื”ื
09:08
we don't prevent them from being used
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืฆืœื™ื
09:10
as emergency vehicle parking spaces,
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ื›ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืœืจื›ื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ
09:12
because, of course, a firetruck can come and park there.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื›ื‘ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืฉื.
09:15
They flatten a few plants. No big deal, they'll regenerate.
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ื”ื ื™ืฉื˜ื—ื• ื›ืžื” ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื–ื” ืœื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ื ื™ืชื—ื“ืฉื•.
09:19
But if we did this
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ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช
09:21
in every single --
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ -
09:24
every fire hydrant
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื– ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™
09:26
we could redefine the emergency.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช "ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื"
09:29
That 99 percent of the time
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ืฉื‘-99 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ
09:31
when a firetruck is not parking there,
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ื›ืฉืจื›ื‘ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ื ื” ืฉื
09:34
it's infiltrating pollutants.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกื ืŸ ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื.
09:36
It's also increasing fixing CO2s,
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ CO2
09:39
sequestering some of the airborne pollutants.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืจื—ื™ืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ืฉืื™ื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
09:42
And aggregated,
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ื›ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืชื•ื•ืกืคื™ื ื™ื—ื“
09:44
these smaller interceptions
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ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
09:46
could actually infiltrate all the roadborne pollution
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกื ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื
09:49
that now runs into the estuary system,
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ืฉื›ืขืช ื–ื•ืจื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืคื›ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
09:51
up to a seven inch rain event, up to a hundred-year storm.
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ืขื“ ืœืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ืฉื ืฉืœ 18 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืœืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื ื‘-100 ืฉื ื™ื.
09:54
So these are small actions
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ืืœื• ืžืขืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
09:56
that can amount to a significant effect
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืœืืคืงื˜ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™
09:58
to improve local environmental health.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช
10:01
This is one of the more ambitious ones.
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ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืคืชื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ:
10:03
What the climate crisis has revealed to us
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืœื ื•
10:06
is a secondary, more insidious
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืžืฉื ื™, ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:08
and more pervasive crisis,
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ื•ื›ื–ื” ืฉืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:11
which is the crisis of agency,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข
10:14
which is what to do.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ - ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
10:17
Somehow buying a local lettuce, changing a light bulb,
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ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื, ืœืงื ื•ืช ื—ืกื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื ื•ืจื”,
10:20
driving the speed limit, changing your tires regularly,
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ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” -
10:22
doesn't seem sufficient
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ืœื ื ืจืื” ืžืกืคื™ืง
10:24
in the face of climate crisis.
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ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืืงืœื™ื.
10:27
And this is an interesting icon that happened --
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ื•ื–ื” ืกืžืœ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืงืจื” -
10:29
you remember these: fallout shelters.
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ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื”: ืžืงืœื˜ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื ืฉื•ืจืช.
10:32
What is the fallout shelter
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ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืžืงืœื˜ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื ืฉื•ืจืช
10:34
for the climate crisis?
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ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืืงืœื™ื?
10:36
This was civic mobilization.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช -
10:38
Churches, school groups,
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ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ,
10:40
hospitals, private residents --
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ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ืชื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื -
10:42
everyone built one of these in a matter of months.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื ื• ืžืงืœื˜ ื›ื–ื” ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื.
10:44
And they still remain
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ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชืจื•
10:46
as icons of civic response
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ื›ืกืžืœ ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช
10:49
in the face of shared, uncertain, collective threat.
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ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืื™ื•ื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ืœื ื•ื•ื“ืื™, ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™.
10:51
Fallout shelter for the climate crisis,
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ืžืงืœื˜ื™ ื ืฉื•ืจืช ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืืงืœื™ื,
10:53
I would say, looks something like this, or this,
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ื™ื™ืจืื• ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”, ืื• ื›ื–ื”
10:56
which is an intensive urban agriculture facility
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ื—ืงืœืื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
10:58
that's due to go on my lab building at NYU.
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ืฉืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืงืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง.
11:01
What it does
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื”
11:03
is a very simple idea
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ื”ื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื•ื“
11:05
of taking --
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ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื—
11:07
80 to 90 percent of the CO2 produced in Manhattan
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80-90 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื’ื–ื™ ื”- CO2 ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ
11:10
is building related --
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ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื -
11:12
we take, just like a commercial greenhouse,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื—ืžืžื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช,
11:14
we take the CO2 from the building --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”-CO2 ืžื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
11:16
CO2-enriched air --
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ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื‘- CO2
11:18
we force it through the urban agriculture facility,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื“ืจืš ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™
11:21
and then we resupply oxygen-enriched air.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ
11:23
You can't actually build much on a roof, they're not designed for that.
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ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื’ื’, ื”ื ืœื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื›ืš
11:26
So it's on legs,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื
11:28
so it focuses all the load on the masonry walls and the columns.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžืงื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืขืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื
11:31
It's built as a barn raising,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื›ืžื• ืืกื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ
11:33
using open source hardware.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจืช ืงื•ื“-ืคืชื•ื—
11:35
This is the quarter-scale prototype
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ื–ื” ืื‘-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 1:4
11:37
that was functioning in Spain.
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ืฉืคืขืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื“
11:39
This is what it will look like, fingers crossed,
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ื›ืš ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื”.
11:41
NYU willing.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง.
11:43
And what I want to show you is --
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื”ื•ื -
11:45
actually this is one of the components of it that we've just recently been testing --
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
11:48
which is a solar chimney --
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ื–ื• ืืจื•ื‘ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช
11:50
we have got 17 of them now put around New York at the moment --
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข 17 ื›ืืœื• ืฉื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง -
11:52
that passively draws air up.
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ืฉื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื”
11:54
You understand a solar chimney.
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ื™ ืืจื•ื‘ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช:
11:56
Hot air rises.
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ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื—ื ืขื•ืœื”
11:58
You put a bit of black plastic on the side of a building,
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ืืชื” ืฉื ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
12:00
it'll heat up, and you'll get passive airflow.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื—ืžื, ื•ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ืช
12:03
What we do is actually
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื
12:05
put a standard HVAC filter on the top of that.
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ืฉืžื™ื ืคื™ืœื˜ืจ ืื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืจ ื•ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืืจื•ื‘ื”
12:08
That actually removes about 95 percent
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืกื™ืจ ื›-95 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
12:10
of the carbon black,
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ืžื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ
12:12
that stuff that, with ozone,
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ
12:14
is responsible for about half of global warming's effects,
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ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืืคืงื˜ ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
12:16
because it changes, it settles on the snow,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื - ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื’
12:18
it changes the reflectors,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ
12:20
it changes
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื”
12:22
the transmission qualities of the atmosphere.
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ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
12:25
Carbon black is that grime
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ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื”ื–ื”
12:27
that otherwise lodges in your pretty pink lungs,
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ืฉืื—ืจืช, ื ืชืงืข ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
12:29
and it's associated with.
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ื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืืœื™ื”ืŸ.
12:31
It's not good stuff, and it's from inefficient combustion,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืœื ื™ืขื™ืœื”
12:34
not from combustion itself.
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ืœื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืขืฆืžื”
12:36
When we put it through our solar chimney,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
12:39
we remove actually about 95 percent of that.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ื›-95 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืžื ื•
12:42
And then I swap it out
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ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืžื—ืœื™ืคื” ืืช ื–ื”
12:45
with the students
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ืขื ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื
12:47
and actually re-release that carbon black.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ
12:49
And we make pencils the length of which measures the grime
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ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืขืคืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืžื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš
12:52
that we've pulled out of the air.
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ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื ื• ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
12:54
Here's one of them that we have up now.
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ื”ื ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข
12:56
Here's who put them up and who are avid pencil users.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื• ืื•ืชืŸ, ืฉื”ื ื’ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ืขืคืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื.
12:59
Okay, so I want to show you
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
13:01
just two more interfaces,
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ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžืžืฉืงื™ื
13:03
because I think one of our big challenges
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
13:05
is re-imagining our relationship to natural systems,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
13:08
not only through this model
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ืœื ืจืง ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื”
13:11
of twisted personalized health,
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืขื•ื•ืชืช
13:14
but through the animals
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ืืœื ื“ืจืš ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
13:16
with whom we cohabit.
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ืฉืื™ืชื ืื ื• ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื
13:18
We are not alone; the animals are moving in.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืœื‘ื“; ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ื’ื ื”ื
13:20
In fact, urban migration now describes
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืžืชืืจืช ืขืชื”
13:22
the movement of animals formerly known as wild
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ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœ"ืคืจืื™ื™ื"
13:25
into urban centers.
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ืœืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื
13:27
You know, coyote in Central Park, a whale in the Gowanus Canal,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืงื•ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกื ื˜ืจืœ-ืคืืจืง, ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืชืขืœืช ื’ื•ืื ื•ืก
13:29
elk in Westchester County.
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ื“ื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื•ืกื˜ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ
13:31
It's happening all over the Developed World,
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—
13:33
probably for loss of habitat,
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ
13:35
but also because our cities are a little bit more livable
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื™ื
13:37
than they have been.
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ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
13:39
And every green space we create
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ื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื™ืจื•ืง ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
13:41
is an invitation for non-humans to cohabit with us.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื ื•
13:43
But we've kind of lacked imagination
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืคื’ื•ื
13:45
in how we could do that well or interestingly.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช
13:48
And I want to show you a few of the technological interfaces
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืžืฉืงื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
13:50
that have been developed under the moniker of OOZ --
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ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื• ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "OOZ"
13:53
which is zoo backwards and without cages --
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ืฉื–ื” ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ZOO (ื’ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช), ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœื•ื‘ื™ื
13:56
to try and reform
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ
13:58
that relationship.
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ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื–ืืช
14:00
This is communication technology for birds. It looks like this.
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ื–ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืš:
14:03
When a bird lands on it, they trigger a sound file.
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ื›ืฉืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื•ื—ืชืช ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืงื•ืœ
14:06
This is actually in the Whitney Museum, where there were six of them,
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื˜ื ื™ (ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง), ืฉื ื™ืฉ 6 ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื•
14:09
each of which had a different argument on it,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ
14:11
different sound file.
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ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืงื•ืœ ืฉื•ื ื”
14:13
They said things like this.
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื•:
14:15
(Whistling)
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(ืฉืจื™ืงื”)
14:17
Recorded Voice: Here's what you need to do.
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(ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืžื•ืงืœื˜:) ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
14:20
Go down there and buy some of those health food bars,
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ืจื“ ืœืฉื ื•ืงื ื” ื›ืžื” ื—ื˜ื™ืคื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
14:23
the ones you call bird food,
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ืืœื• ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื",
14:25
and bring it here and scatter it around.
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ื”ื‘ื ืื•ืชื ืœื›ืืŸ ื•ืคื–ืจ ืื•ืชื ืกื‘ื™ื‘.
14:27
There's a good person.
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ื–ื” ืื“ื ื˜ื•ื‘.
14:30
Natalie Jeremijenko: Okay. (Laugher)
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(ื”ืžืจืฆื”, ื ื˜ืœื™:) ืื•ืงื™ื™. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:33
So there was several of these.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื•.
14:35
The birds were able to jump from one to the other.
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ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืžืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
14:37
These are just your average urban pigeon.
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ืืœื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช
14:40
And an early test
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ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื“ืง
14:42
which argument elicited cooperative behavior
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื’ืจื ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:44
from the people below --
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ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžื˜ื” --
14:47
about a hundred to one
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืื—ื“ ืœืžืื”
14:49
decided that this was the argument
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ
14:51
that worked best on us.
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ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื ื• ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”:
14:53
Recorded Voice: Tick, tick, tick.
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ืงื•ืœ ืžื•ืงืœื˜: ื˜ื™ืง, ื˜ื™ืง, ื˜ื™ืง
14:56
That's the sound of genetic mutations
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ื–ื” ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช
14:58
of the avian flu
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ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช
15:00
becoming a deadly human flu.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืฉืคืขืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
15:02
Do you know what slows it down?
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืžืื˜ ืื•ืชื”?
15:04
Healthy sub-populations of birds,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
15:06
increasing biodiversity generally.
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ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™.
15:09
It is in your interests that I'm healthy,
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ื–ื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœืš ืฉืื ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”,
15:12
happy, well-fed.
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ืžืื•ืฉืจืช ื•ืฉื‘ืขื”.
15:14
Hence, you could share some of your nutritional resources
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ืžืื’ืจื™ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืœืš
15:17
instead of monopolizing them.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืขืฆืžืš.
15:19
That is, share your lunch.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ - ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš!
15:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:24
NJ: It worked, and it's true.
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ื .ื’ : ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“, ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
15:27
The final project I'd like to show you
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ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
15:29
is a new interface for fish
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ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉืง ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื“ื’ื™ื
15:31
that has just been launched --
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ืฉืจืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ืฉืง --
15:33
it's actually officially launched next week --
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฉืง ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื --
15:35
with a wonderful commission from the Architectural League.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื ืคืœืื” ืžื”ืœื™ื’ื” ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”.
15:37
You may not have known that you need to communicate with fish,
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ื“ื’ื™ื,
15:40
but there is now a device for you to do so.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
15:42
It looks like this: buoys that float on the water,
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืš: ืžืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉืฆืคื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื,
15:45
project three foot up, three foot down.
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ื”ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื˜ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ื›ืžื˜ืจ ืœืžื˜ื”.
15:47
When a fish swims underneath, a light goes on.
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ื›ืฉื“ื’ ืฉื•ื—ื” ืžืชื—ืชื, ื”ืื•ืจ ื ื“ืœืง.
15:50
This is what it looks like.
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ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื”.
15:57
So there's another function on here.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืžื˜ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช
16:00
This top light is -- I'm sorry if I'm making you seasick --
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ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื - ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจืช ืื ืื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื›ื ืœืžื—ืœืช ื™ื --
16:04
this top light is actually a water quality display
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ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื
16:06
that shifts from red, when the dissolved oxygen is low,
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ืฉื ืข ืžืื“ื•ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื ื ืžื•ืš,
16:09
to a blue/green, when its dissolved oxygen is high.
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ื•ืขื“ ื›ื—ื•ืœ-ื™ืจื•ืง, ื›ืฉื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
16:12
And then you can also text the fish.
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ื•ืื– ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื“ื’ื™ื.
16:15
So there's business cards down there
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ
16:17
that'll give you contact details.
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ืฉื™ืชื ื• ืœืš ืคืจื˜ื™ ืงืฉืจ.
16:19
And they text back.
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ื•ื”ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื”.
16:21
When the buoys get your text, they wink at you twice to say, we've got your message.
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ื›ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ืคื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœืš, ื”ื ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื”.
16:24
But perhaps the most popular has been
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื
16:26
that we've got another array of these boys in the Bronx River,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ืงืก,
16:28
where the first beaver --
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ --
16:30
crazy as he is --
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ --
16:32
to have moved in and built a lodge in New York
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ื”ื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื ื” ืžื—ืกื” ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง
16:34
in 250 years, hangs out.
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ืžื–ื” 250 ืฉื ื” - ืžื‘ืœื” ืฉื.
16:37
So updates from a beaver.
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ืื ื›ืš, ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื•ื ื”.
16:39
You can subscribe to updates from him. You can talk to him.
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื•.
16:42
And what I like to think of
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
16:45
is this is an interface
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉืง
16:48
that re-scripts how we interact with natural systems,
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ืฉืžืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
16:51
specifically by changing who has information,
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ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื™ื“ืข,
16:54
where they have it,
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื•ืชื•,
16:56
who can make sense of that information,
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ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžืžื ื• ืžืกืงื ื•ืช,
16:58
and what you can do about it.
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ื•ืžื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•.
17:00
In this case, instead of throwing chewing gum,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืžืกื˜ื™ืงื™ื,
17:03
or Doritos or whatever you have in your pocket at the fish --
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ืื• ื“ื•ืจื™ื˜ื•ืก, ืื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ื‘ื›ื™ืก, ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื --
17:06
There's a body of water in Iceland that I've been dealing with
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ื™ืฉ ืžืื’ืจ ืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ื™ืกืœื ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชืขืกืงืช ืื™ืชื•
17:08
that's in the middle of the city,
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืขื™ืจ,
17:10
and the largest pollution burden on it
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ื•ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื•
17:12
is not the roadborne pollution,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ืฉื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
17:14
it's actually white bread
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ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื—ื ืœื‘ืŸ
17:16
from people feeding the fish and the birds.
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ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
17:18
Instead of doing that actually, we've developed some fish sticks
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืžืงืœื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ื
17:20
that you can feed the fish.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื.
17:23
They're delicious.
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ื”ื ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
17:25
They're cross-species delicious that is,
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ื”ื ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื,
17:28
delicious for humans and non-humans.
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ื’ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื’ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
17:30
But they also have a chelating agent in them.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื’ื ืงืœืื˜ื•ืจื™ื.
17:32
They're nutritionally appropriate,
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ื”ื ืžืื•ื–ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ืช,
17:34
not like Doritos.
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ืœื ื›ืžื• ื“ื•ืจื™ื˜ื•ืก.
17:36
And so every time
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืคืขื
17:39
that desire to interact with the animals,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
17:42
which is at least as ubiquitous
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื›ื™ื— ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
17:46
as that sign: "Do not feed the animals."
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืœื˜ "ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื."
17:48
And there's about three of them on every New York City park.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ืืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืืจืง ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง.
17:51
And Yellowstone National Park,
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ื•ื‘ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ื™ืœื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ,
17:53
there's more "do not feed the animals" signs
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื˜ื™ "ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื"
17:55
than there are animals you might wish to feed.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ.
17:58
But in that action, that interaction,
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ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
18:01
by re-scripting that,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืœื”,
18:03
by changing it into an opportunity
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
18:05
to offer food that is nutritionally appropriate,
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ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื–ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ืช,
18:08
that could augment the nutritional resources
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืื’ืจื™ื ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื
18:10
that we ourselves have depleted
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ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื• ืจื•ืงื ื•
18:12
for augmenting the fish population
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื
18:14
and also adding chelating agent,
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ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืงืจืื˜ื™ืŸ,
18:16
which, like any chelating agent that we use medicinally,
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ืฉื”ื•ื, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงืœืื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืคื•ืื™,
18:20
binds to the bioaccumulated heavy metals and PCBs
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ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืžืชื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืœื™ื ืขืชื™ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœื•ืจ ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ
18:23
that are in the fish
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ื™ื
18:25
living in this particular habitat
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ื–ื”
18:28
and allows them to pass it out as a harmless salt
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื›ืžืœื— ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ
18:30
where it's complexed by a reactive,
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ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื›ื‘ ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื’ื™ื‘,
18:33
effectively removing it from bioavailability.
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ืฉืžืกื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืœื ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
18:36
But I wanted to say that interaction,
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ื ื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื”,
18:38
re-scripting that interaction,
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ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
18:40
into collective action, collective remediative action,
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ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืคืขื•ืœื” ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืจืคืืช,
18:43
very different from the approach
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ื”ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื’ื™ืฉื”
18:46
that's being used on the other side on the Hudson River,
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ื‘ื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื”ื“ืกื•ืŸ,
18:49
where we're dredging the PCBs --
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ืฉื ืื ื• ื—ื•ืคืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืœื™ื ืขืชื™ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœื•ืจ --
18:52
after 30 years of legislative and legal struggle,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ 30 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื•ืžืื‘ืง ืžืฉืคื˜ื™,
18:56
GE's paying for the dredging
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ื’'ื ืจืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ืง ืžืฉืœืžืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•
18:58
of the largest Superfund site in the world --
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ืฉืœ ืืชืจ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื --
19:01
we're dredging it, and it'll probably get shipped off to Pennsylvania
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืคืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ื™ืฉืœื— ืœืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”
19:04
or the nearest Third World country,
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ืื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
19:06
where it will continue to be toxic sludge.
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ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืกื•ืœืช ืจืขื™ืœื”.
19:10
Displacement is not the way to deal with environmental issues.
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ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช.
19:14
And that's typically the paradigm
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ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื–ื• ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื”
19:16
under which we've operated.
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ืฉืื™ืชื” ื ื”ื’ื ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
19:18
By actually taking the opportunity
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
19:20
that new technologies,
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ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
19:22
new interactive technologies, present
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
19:24
to re-script our interactions,
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ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
19:26
to script them,
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ืœืขืฆื‘ ืื•ืชืŸ,
19:28
not just as isolated, individuated interactions,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉืื™ื ื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื•ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช,
19:31
but as collective aggregating actions
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ืืœื ื›ืื•ืกืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช
19:35
that can amount to something,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”,
19:37
we can really begin to address
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ืื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื˜ืคืœ
19:39
some of our important environmental challenges.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
19:41
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
19:43
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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