Natalie Jeremijenko: Let's teach fish to text! and other outlandish ideas

譯者: Chih-Yuan Jen (任致遠) 審譯者: Vicky Chen

I was informed by this kind of

我被灌輸這種

unoriginal and trite idea

老生常談的想法

that new technologies were an opportunity

那就是，新興科技能成為社會變革的

for social transformation,

新契機

which is what drove me then,

這個想法驅使著我

and still, it's a delusion that drives me now.

直到現在，它依舊是驅使我不斷前進的目標

I wanted to update what I've been doing since then --

我想向你們報告這段期間有什麼新進展

but it's still the same theme song --

不過依舊是老樣子 --

and introduce you to my lab and current work,

我要向你們介紹我的實驗室，以及正在進行的研究

which is the Environmental Health Clinic

這是我在紐約大學所主持的

that I run at NYU.

環境健康門診

And what it is -- it's a twist on health.

而它是 -- 它是健康概念的扭轉

Because, really, what I'm trying to do now

因為，真的，我正在努力嘗試的

is redefine what counts as health.

就是重新定義什麼才是真正的健康

It's a clinic like a health clinic at any other university,

這個門診就像是其他大學的健康門診一樣

except people come to the clinic

只不過人們來看診時

with environmental health concerns,

是想解決環境健康的擔憂

and they walk out with prescriptions

他們走出診所，

for things they can do to improve environmental health,

拿到的是改善環境健康的處方

as opposed to coming to a clinic with medical concerns

而非一般生病了去看診

and walking out with prescriptions for pharmaceuticals.

然後帶著藥方離開

It's a handy-dandy quote from Hippocrates of the Hippocratic oath

在「醫師就職宣言」的作者，醫學之父Hippocrates，曾說過一句簡潔有用的話，

that says, "The greater part of the soul lays outside the body,

他說：「靈魂最珍貴的部份，是依附在身體以外的環境，

treatment of the inner requires treatment of the outer."

治療身體的內在，須先診治身體外在的環境。」

But that suggests the issue

這句話其實暗示了今天

that I'm trying to get at here,

我想要討論的主題

that we have an opportunity to redefine what is health.

也就是，我們需要重新定義何謂健康

Because this idea that health is internal

因為相信健康是內裡的

and atomized and individual

微小的、個人的

and pharmaceutical

藥物的

is largely an error.

這樣的想法犯了很嚴重的錯誤

And I would use this study,

我將藉由一項研究，

a recent study by Philip Landrigan,

Philip Landrigan最近所做的這項研究

to motivate a different view of health,

來引發一種不同觀點來看待「健康」

where he went to most of the pediatricians in Manhattan

他拜訪了曼哈頓和紐約的

and the New York area

許多小兒科醫生

and logged what they spent their patient hours on.

記錄他們遇到的病人類型

80 to 90 percent of their time

發現診療的八成到九成時間

was spent on five things.

是在處理下列五項事情

Number one was asthma,

第一個是氣喘

number two was developmental delays,

第二個是發育遲緩

number three was 400-fold increases

第三個是近十年到十五年期間

in rare childhood cancers

呈400倍成長的

in the last eight to 10, 15 years.

罕見兒童癌症

Number four and five were childhood obesity

第四名和第五名分別是兒童肥胖

and diabetes-related issues.

及糖尿病相關症狀

So all of those -- what's common about all of those?

以上所講五點，共通之處是什麼?

The environment is implicated, radically implicated, right.

環境的因素都牽涉其中，息息相關

This is not the germs

這並不是那些病菌

that medicos were trained to deal with;

需要我們用藥物治療來對付

this is a different definition of health,

這已經是不同的健康範疇了

health that has a great advantage

這其實有莫大的優勢

because it's external, it's shared,

因為它是外顯的、共通的

we can do something about it,

我們就更能做些什麼

as opposed to internal, genetically predetermined

而不是當它是內在的、先天的

or individualized.

或是個人的毛病

People who come to the clinic are called, not patients,

我們不應該把來門診看病的人們稱作patients (病人/有耐心)

but impatients,

應該是impatients (不耐煩患者)

because they're too impatient to wait for legislative change

因為他們都等不及立法上的改變

to address local and environmental health issues.

等不及立法開始以外在環境理解健康議題

And I meet them at the University, I also have a few field offices

我在大學校園裡和他們碰頭，我在校園中

that I set up in various places

設立了幾個調查所

that provide an immersion

深入調查我們所共同面對的

in some of the environmental challenges we face.

環境問題

I like this one from the Belgian field office,

我很喜歡這個比利時的調查所，

where we met in a roundabout,

這裡有一個圓環型的交通設計

precisely because the roundabout iconified

圓環交通就像是

the headless social movement

無人帶頭領導的社會運動

that informs much social transformation,

這是一種社會轉變

as opposed to the top-down control

不同於被動跟隨

of red light traffic intersections.

紅綠燈指揮的十字路口

In this case, of course, the roundabout

當然，在這樣的圓環中

with that micro-decisions being made in situ

人們細微的決定都取決於當下即時的臨場反應

by people not being told what to do.

而不是被號誌指示該怎麼做

But, of course, affords greater throughput,

不過，理所當然地，它能承擔更大的交通運量

fewer accidents,

更少的交通意外

and an interesting model of social movement.

同時，這也是個有趣的社運模式。

Some of the things that the monitoring protocols have developed:

我們研發出一些自我監測秩序的系統：

this is the tadpole bureaucrat protocol,

這是一個「從蝌蚪看政府」的模式

or keeping tabs, if you will.

或是你也可以稱之為「監督行動」

What they are is an addition of tadpoles

這個做法是，在水中加入蝌蚪

that are named after a local bureaucrat

並將其以當地的行政機關人員為名

whose decisions affect your water quality.

這些機關人員的行政決策，就是會影響到你所關心的水質

So an impatient concerned for water quality

所以當一個「不耐煩患者」對於水質有疑慮時

would raise a tadpole bureaucrat

就能養一隻蝌蚪

in a sample of water in which they're interested.

在他們所關心的水源取樣中。

And we give them a couple of things to do that,

我們提供「患者」一些裝置

to help them do companion animal devices

來幫助他們一邊隨身養蝌蚪

while they're blogging and doing their email.

同時可以一邊更新網誌、收發電子郵件

This is a tadpole walker

這是「遛蝌蚪」裝置

to take your tadpole walking in the evening.

你能在傍晚帶著你的蝌蚪出門散步

And the interesting thing that happens --

然後有趣的事情就發生了

because we're using tadpoles, of course,

因為我們是運用蝌蚪，想當然爾

because they have the most exquisite biosenses that we have,

因為它們具有遠比我們人類敏銳的生物感知

several orders of magnitude more sensitive

甚至比我們的感官

than some of our senses

要更敏銳

for sensing,

成千上百倍，

responding in a biologically meaningful way,

極具生物學意義地

to that whole class of industrial contaminants

反映出這一整類的工業污染物

we call endocrine disruptors

我們稱之為環境荷爾蒙

or hormone emulators.

或是類荷爾蒙。

But by taking your tadpole out for a walk in the evening --

藉由在傍晚帶著蝌蚪去散步 --

there's a few action shots --

這裡有幾張遛蝌蚪行動的照片 --

your neighbors are likely to say, "What are you doing?"

你的鄰居很可能會問：「你在做什麼阿?」

And then you have to introduce your tadpole

你就得介紹你的蝌蚪

and who it's named after.

以及它名稱的由來。

You have to explain what you're doing

你必須解釋你正在做的事情

and how the developmental events of a tadpole

以及蝌蚪發育的情形如何

are, of course, very observable

當然，這很容易觀察

and they use the same T3-mediated hormones that we do.

還有，牠們由甲狀腺素所調控的激素，和我們身上的激素是一樣的

And so next time your neighbor sees you

當下次你的鄰居遇到你時

they'll say, "How is that tadpole doing?"

他們會問：「你的蝌蚪最近如何阿?」

And you can let them social network with your tadpole,

你可以讓他們和你的蝌蚪搭起友誼橋樑

because the Environmental Health Clinic has a social networking site

因為環境健康門診有個建立社會連結的工作站

for, not only impatients, humans,

不只是設計給「不耐煩患者」以及其他人類

but non-humans,

也是設計給人類以外的生物

social networking for humans and non-humans.

人類與非人類生物之間的社會連結

And of course, these endocrine disruptors

當然，這些環境荷爾蒙

are things that are implicated in the breast cancer epidemic,

涉及到乳癌的發生率、

the obesity epidemic,

肥胖的發生率、

the two and a half year drop in the average age of onset of puberty in young girls

少女青春期開始的平均年紀，比以前少了兩歲半

and other related things.

還有其他相關的生理症狀

The culmination of this is if you've successfully raised your tadpole,

這整個計畫的重頭戲在於，如果你的蝌蚪成功地長大了

observing the behavioral

觀察牠的行為

and developmental events,

以及發育狀況，

you will then go and introduce your tadpole

你就能帶著你的蝌蚪

to its namesake

介紹給蝌蚪命名來源的行政機關人員認識

and discuss the evidence that you've seen.

與他們討論你所得到的生物證據

Another quick protocol -- and I'm going to go through these quickly,

另一個簡便的作法 -- 這裡我將簡單地敘述帶過

but just to give you the material sense of what we're doing here --

只是讓你們對於我們使用的素材有個粗淺的概念 --

instead of asking you for urine samples,

我們不再是徵求你們的尿液採樣

I'll ask you for a mouse sample.

而是徵求你們的「老鼠」樣本

Anyone here lucky enough to share, to cohabit with a mouse --

現場有任何人很幸運地與一隻老鼠同居 --

a domestic partnership with mice?

就像是把它當作寵物一樣的嗎？

Very lucky.

你真幸運。

Mice, of course, are the quintessential

老鼠當然是典型的

model organism.

模式生物

They're even better models of environmental health,

牠們甚至是更合適的環境健康指標生物

because not only the same mammalian biology,

不只因為牠們與人類同樣屬於哺乳類

but they share your diet, largely.

而且，牠們吃的食物幾乎就是我們平常所吃的。

They share your environmental stressors,

牠們和我們共有同樣的環境壓力因子

the asbestos levels and lead levels,

包括環境中暴露的

whatever you're exposed to.

石棉濃度和鉛含量

And they're geographically more limited than you are,

而老鼠的活動範圍不像你那麼多變

because we don't know if you've been exposed

因為我們無法確定你是持續固定地

to persistent organic pollutants

暴露於有機污染物中，在家中

in your home, or occupationally

還是在職場

or as a child.

或只在幼時才有接觸

Mice are a very good representation.

老鼠則極具代表性

So it starts by building a better mousetrap, of course.

所以無庸置疑地，我們首先得做一個好一點的捕鼠器

This is one of them.

這就是其中之一

Coping with environmental stressors is tricky.

對付環境壓力因子，其實是很弔詭的

Is anybody here on antidepressants?

現場有人在定時服用抗憂鬱劑嗎?

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

There's a lot of people in Manhattan are.

在曼哈頓，許多市民受憂鬱所苦

And we were testing if the mice

我們在測試老鼠是否也會

would also self-administer SSRIs.

自己去服用抗憂鬱劑

So this was Prozac, this was Zoloft,

這個是百憂解，這是樂復得

this was a black jellybean and this was muscle relaxant,

這是黑色豆豆糖，還有這是肌肉鬆弛劑

all of which were the medications that the impatient was taking.

這些都是人類這種「不耐煩患者」會服用的藥物

So do you think the mice

所以你認為老鼠

self-administered antidepressants?

會自己去吃抗憂鬱劑嗎?

What's the -- (Audience: Sure. Yes.)

是什麼 -- (觀眾：當然會)

How did you know that? They did.

你怎麼知道的? 牠們的確這麼做了

This was vodka and solution, gin and solution.

這裡有伏特加水溶液、琴酒水溶液

This guy also liked plain water and the muscle relaxant.

這傢伙也喜歡一般的水和肌肉鬆弛劑

Where's our expert?

我們的老鼠專家在哪?

Vodka, gin --

伏特加、琴酒 --

(Audience: [unclear])

(觀眾：[不清楚])

Yes. Yes. You know your mice well.

對，對! 你真的很懂老鼠

They did, yes.

牠們就是這麼做

So they drank as much vodka as they did plain water,

牠們喝了等量的伏特加和一般的水

which was interesting.

這很有意思

Then of course, it goes into the entrapment device.

然後當然，牠走進了捕鼠器

There's an old cellphone in there -- a good use for old cellphones --

裡面有個舊式手機 -- 老手機很好用 --

which dials the clinic, we go and pick up the mouse.

手機就撥號給門診，我們就去把老鼠拿起來

We take the blood sample

我們採樣牠的血液

and do the blood work and hair work on the mice.

分析牠的毛髮和血液樣本

And I want to sort of point out the big advantage

我想要點出，這樣以外在環境理解「健康」

of framing health in this external way.

有多大的優點

But we do have a few prescription products through this.

我們的確有一些環境療法的應用

It's very different from the medical model.

這和醫藥治療有很不同的邏輯

Anything you do to improve your water quality or air quality,

你為了提昇水質或空氣品質所做的任何努力

or to understand it or to change it,

或是有新的認識，還是一點改變

the benefits are enjoyed by anyone

每個與你飲用相同水源、

you share that water quality or air quality with.

呼吸相同空氣的人，都能分享到你的成果

And that aggregating effect,

如此一來，效應便能集結

that collective action effect,

這些行動匯集而成的效應

is actually something we can use to our advantage.

就是能實質回饋到我們身上

So I want to show you one prescription product in the clinic

我想介紹環境門診的其中一個療法

called the No Park.

叫作「非請勿停」

This is a prescription to improve water quality.

這是一個提昇水質的療法

Many impatients are very concerned for water quality and air quality.

很多人對於水質和空氣品質都有強烈的疑慮

What we do is we take a fire hydrant,

我們的作法是，找一個消防栓

a "no parking" space associated with a fire hydrant,

它的周圍是禁止民眾停車的

and we prescribe the removal of the asphalt

我們診斷，應該要移除這個消防栓周邊的柏油路面

to create an engineered micro landscape,

創造一個小型的景觀設計

to create an infiltration opportunity.

讓水分有機會自由穿透、滲入地面

Because, many of you will know,

因為，你們應該很多人知道

that the biggest pollution burden

我們此時面臨的最大污染威脅

that we have on the New York, New Jersey harbor right now

無論在紐約還是紐澤西港

is no longer the point sources,

都不再是以點為污染單位

no longer the big polluters,

不再是大規模污染者

no longer the GEs,

也不是奇異公司

but that massive network of roads,

而是四通八達的馬路網

[those] impervious surfaces,

這些不透水的表層

that collect all that cadmium neurotoxin that comes from your brake liners

收集了你車子煞車油管洩出的鎘類神經毒

or the oily hydrocarbon waste

或是油膩的烴類廢物

in every single storm event and medieval infrastructure

每經歷一個小風雨，我們的老建築

washes it straight into the estuary system.

都會直接把這些污染排放到河口

That doesn't do a lot of good.

這就不太妙

These are little opportunities to intercept those pollutants

這些消防栓旁的小景觀，就是中途攔截污染物、

before they enter the harbor,

防止它們流到港灣的小小機會

and they're produced by impatients

這些景觀是由「不耐煩患者」

on various city blocks

在不同的都市街區

in some very interesting ways.

以一些有趣的方式所設立的

I just want to say it was sort of a rule of thumb though,

這可以說是一個經驗法則

there's about two or three fire hydrants

那就是：城市裡每個街區一定都有

on every city block.

二到三個消防栓。

By creating engineered micro landscapes to infiltrate in them,

水分得以透過這些小景觀滲入地面

we don't prevent them from being used

我們並不打算制止消防車

as emergency vehicle parking spaces,

停放在這附近

because, of course, a firetruck can come and park there.

因為，消防車當然可以停在這裡

They flatten a few plants. No big deal, they'll regenerate.

它們輾平了幾株植物，沒關係，它們還會再長回來

But if we did this

但是如果我們都這麼設置

in every single --

在每一個 --

every fire hydrant

每一個消防栓的旁邊

we could redefine the emergency.

我們就能重新定義何謂「緊急情況」

That 99 percent of the time

就是，當百分之九十九的時間

when a firetruck is not parking there,

消防車沒停在消防栓旁的時候

it's infiltrating pollutants.

這個空間就是污染過濾站

It's also increasing fixing CO2s,

它同時也提升二氧化碳的固定量

sequestering some of the airborne pollutants.

隔絕部分的空氣污染物

And aggregated,

而整體來看

these smaller interceptions

這些小小的攔截點

could actually infiltrate all the roadborne pollution

就能夠過濾所有正不斷流到河口的

that now runs into the estuary system,

路面污染

up to a seven inch rain event, up to a hundred-year storm.

最高能承受七英吋高的降雨量，或是百年難遇的大風暴

So these are small actions

所以這些就是我們的小運動

that can amount to a significant effect

加起來就能得到可觀的影響力

to improve local environmental health.

足以提升當地的環境健康品質

This is one of the more ambitious ones.

這是其中一個野心勃勃的計畫

What the climate crisis has revealed to us

氣候災害揭露了一個

is a secondary, more insidious

間接的、更難以捉摸

and more pervasive crisis,

更無孔不入的危機

which is the crisis of agency,

那就是，行政單位的危機

which is what to do.

那就是，「該怎麼做」

Somehow buying a local lettuce, changing a light bulb,

購買當地栽植的萵苣、換個省電燈泡

driving the speed limit, changing your tires regularly,

不超速駕駛，定期更換輪胎

doesn't seem sufficient

這些作為，當我們面臨氣候變遷的危機時

in the face of climate crisis.

似乎都不夠充分

And this is an interesting icon that happened --

這是一張有趣的圖片，場景是 --

you remember these: fallout shelters.

你知道的：輻射避難處

What is the fallout shelter

氣候災害是否也有

for the climate crisis?

類似的避難處呢？

This was civic mobilization.

這是市民動員運動

Churches, school groups,

教堂、校園

hospitals, private residents --

醫院、私人住宅

everyone built one of these in a matter of months.

每個人都在幾個月內建了一個避難處

And they still remain

這些避難處

as icons of civic response

始終是民眾對於

in the face of shared, uncertain, collective threat.

公共的、不確定的、集體的危機威脅所做出的反應

Fallout shelter for the climate crisis,

氣候災害的避難處

I would say, looks something like this, or this,

我會覺得，應該長得像這樣，或是這樣

which is an intensive urban agriculture facility

就是一個高密度的近郊農業設施

that's due to go on my lab building at NYU.

這是依據我在紐約大學的研究大樓所設計的

What it does

它的運作原理

is a very simple idea

其實很簡單

of taking --

它收集 --

80 to 90 percent of the CO2 produced in Manhattan

曼哈頓製造的二氧化碳，其中的八成到九成

is building related --

是建築產生的

we take, just like a commercial greenhouse,

就像是個有效運作的溫室

we take the CO2 from the building --

我們收集建築物產生的二氧化碳 --

CO2-enriched air --

高含量二氧化碳的空氣 --

we force it through the urban agriculture facility,

我們將其注入近郊農業設施

and then we resupply oxygen-enriched air.

然後我們補充氧氣充足的空氣

You can't actually build much on a roof, they're not designed for that.

你無法在屋頂上裝設太多這樣的設施，它並不是設計來放屋頂的

So it's on legs,

它被裝設在支柱上

so it focuses all the load on the masonry walls and the columns.

所以它將重量都集中在磚石牆和柱子上

It's built as a barn raising,

它是在新屋落成時

using open source hardware.

運用「開放硬體設計」所搭設的

This is the quarter-scale prototype

這是四分之一比例的原型

that was functioning in Spain.

在西班牙展示運轉

This is what it will look like, fingers crossed,

這就是它的樣子，老天保佑

NYU willing.

紐約大學設計的

And what I want to show you is --

接下來我要介紹的是 --

actually this is one of the components of it that we've just recently been testing --

事實上，它是我們近期在試驗的某一部分設計 --

which is a solar chimney --

就是太陽能煙囪 --

we have got 17 of them now put around New York at the moment --

我們在紐約已設置了17座

that passively draws air up.

能夠自然地將空氣往上抽

You understand a solar chimney.

你知道的，太陽能煙囪

Hot air rises.

熱空氣上升

You put a bit of black plastic on the side of a building,

煙囪的側邊貼上黑色的塑料

it'll heat up, and you'll get passive airflow.

它會吸熱，空氣就會因此向上流動

What we do is actually

我們所做的是

put a standard HVAC filter on the top of that.

在煙囪的頂端裝上一個標準的空調過濾器

That actually removes about 95 percent

這樣就能濾掉百分之95的

of the carbon black,

碳黑

that stuff that, with ozone,

而所謂碳黑，連同臭氧

is responsible for about half of global warming's effects,

要為地球暖化負一半的責任

because it changes, it settles on the snow,

因為它的變化，它沉降在雪地上

it changes the reflectors,

改變了雪地的反射率

it changes

它改變了

the transmission qualities of the atmosphere.

大氣層的穿透率

Carbon black is that grime

否則，碳黑粉塵

that otherwise lodges in your pretty pink lungs,

會侵略你原本粉紅色的肺臟

and it's associated with.

以及其他連結呼吸道的部位

It's not good stuff, and it's from inefficient combustion,

它不是什麼好東西，它是不完全燃燒的產物

not from combustion itself.

而不是一般的燃燒所產生的

When we put it through our solar chimney,

當我們把這個濾網罩住太陽能煙囪時

we remove actually about 95 percent of that.

我們就能過濾掉百分之95的碳黑

And then I swap it out

然後，我跟我的學生們

with the students

把它取出來

and actually re-release that carbon black.

重新釋出這些碳黑

And we make pencils the length of which measures the grime

我們就拿來製作鉛筆，透過做出的鉛筆長度，

that we've pulled out of the air.

估計我們從空氣中濾除了多少碳黑粉塵

Here's one of them that we have up now.

這是其中一個煙囪

Here's who put them up and who are avid pencil users.

這是把煙囪裝起來的孩子們，他們同時也是鉛筆愛用者

Okay, so I want to show you

好，我最後再介紹

just two more interfaces,

兩個溝通平台

because I think one of our big challenges

我認為我們所面臨的嚴峻挑戰之一

is re-imagining our relationship to natural systems,

其中之一就是，重新思考人與大自然的關係

not only through this model

不只是透過這個

of twisted personalized health,

「扭轉個人健康」的標誌

but through the animals

也要透過

with whom we cohabit.

與我們共同生活的動物

We are not alone; the animals are moving in.

不是只有我們住在這裡，動物們正搬進來

In fact, urban migration now describes

事實上，城鄉遷移的數據顯示

the movement of animals formerly known as wild

前一陣子動物的遷徙方向是

into urban centers.

從鄉村往都市中心移動

You know, coyote in Central Park, a whale in the Gowanus Canal,

你知道的，中央公園的郊狼，Gowanus運河的鯨魚

elk in Westchester County.

威徹斯特郡的麋鹿

It's happening all over the Developed World,

這些都出現在已開發國度

probably for loss of habitat,

很可能是棲息地流失所導致的

but also because our cities are a little bit more livable

不過也同時因為，都市相較於牠們的原棲地

than they have been.

更有生存的機會

And every green space we create

每當我們建造一個綠色空間

is an invitation for non-humans to cohabit with us.

它就是一個邀請，請其他生物與我們共同生活的機會

But we've kind of lacked imagination

但我們似乎缺乏想像力

in how we could do that well or interestingly.

不知如何把這個想法做好或是做得有趣

And I want to show you a few of the technological interfaces

我將介紹幾個科技溝通平台

that have been developed under the moniker of OOZ --

這些是在OOZ計畫下發展的 --

which is zoo backwards and without cages --

也就是動物園ZOO反過來寫，而且沒有籠子 --

to try and reform

試著重新建立

that relationship.

和動物的關係

This is communication technology for birds. It looks like this.

這是可以和鳥類溝通的科技。它就像這樣

When a bird lands on it, they trigger a sound file.

當一隻鳥停在它上面，會促發一個音效檔

This is actually in the Whitney Museum, where there were six of them,

這實際上是在惠特尼美術館，那裡共有六座

each of which had a different argument on it,

每個都會說不同的話

different sound file.

不同的音效檔

They said things like this.

它們會這麼說：

(Whistling)

(口哨聲)

Recorded Voice: Here's what you need to do.

裝置聲音：你需要做的是

Go down there and buy some of those health food bars,

走到裝置下面，買些健康的條狀食物

the ones you call bird food,

那些你稱之為鳥食的東西

and bring it here and scatter it around.

帶過來，灑在周圍

There's a good person.

這樣，你就是個好人。

Natalie Jeremijenko: Okay. (Laugher)

Natalie Jeremijenko：好的。(笑聲)

So there was several of these.

這裡有幾個這樣的裝置

The birds were able to jump from one to the other.

鳥可以從這端跳到那端

These are just your average urban pigeon.

牠們只是在都市常見的鴿子

And an early test

早先的試驗中

which argument elicited cooperative behavior

最能引發裝置下方人們共鳴的

from the people below --

說話內容 --

about a hundred to one

幾乎是100比1的投票

decided that this was the argument

認為這些話

that worked best on us.

最能讓人類產生共鳴

Recorded Voice: Tick, tick, tick.

裝置聲音：滴、滴、滴

That's the sound of genetic mutations

這個聲音意味著

of the avian flu

禽流感變異

becoming a deadly human flu.

轉型為致死的人類流感

Do you know what slows it down?

你知道該如何減緩它的速度嗎?

Healthy sub-populations of birds,

健康的小型鳥類聚落

increasing biodiversity generally.

一般來說，會增加生物多樣性。

It is in your interests that I'm healthy,

讓我過得健康、快樂、衣食無缺

happy, well-fed.

是對你自己好。

Hence, you could share some of your nutritional resources

所以，你可以將你的營養來源捐出一部分

instead of monopolizing them.

不要自己壟斷私吞。

That is, share your lunch.

也就是，分點午餐給我吧

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

NJ: It worked, and it's true.

NJ：這真的有效，而且它說的也沒錯。

The final project I'd like to show you

我要介紹的最後一個裝置

is a new interface for fish

是個和魚溝通的平台

that has just been launched --

這個裝置才剛啟用 --

it's actually officially launched next week --

事實上，它下週才會正式啟用

with a wonderful commission from the Architectural League.

並且與紐約建築協會的團隊有很棒的合作

You may not have known that you need to communicate with fish,

你可能本來並不知道，你需要和魚溝通

but there is now a device for you to do so.

不過現在，這個裝置就能讓你這麼做

It looks like this: buoys that float on the water,

它就像是這樣：漂在水面上的浮標

project three foot up, three foot down.

上面突出三英尺，下面三英尺

When a fish swims underneath, a light goes on.

當一隻魚游經下方時，燈就會亮

This is what it looks like.

這就是它亮起來的樣子

So there's another function on here.

它還有另外一個功能

This top light is -- I'm sorry if I'm making you seasick --

浮標頂端的燈是 -- 很抱歉讓你們暈船了 --

this top light is actually a water quality display

這個頂端的燈，實際上反映了水質狀況

that shifts from red, when the dissolved oxygen is low,

當水中含氧量低的時候，它是紅色

to a blue/green, when its dissolved oxygen is high.

當水中含氧量高時，它就轉為藍/綠色。

And then you can also text the fish.

你也可以傳訊息給魚

So there's business cards down there

那裡有牠們的名片

that'll give you contact details.

上面有牠們的聯絡方式

And they text back.

而且牠們會回覆你

When the buoys get your text, they wink at you twice to say, we've got your message.

當浮標接收到你傳的訊息時，它會閃兩下，表示「我們收到你的訊息了」

But perhaps the most popular has been

不過，可能最受歡迎的是

that we've got another array of these boys in the Bronx River,

布朗士河上的浮標矩陣

where the first beaver --

在那裡，世上第一隻河狸 --

crazy as he is --

牠很瘋狂 --

to have moved in and built a lodge in New York

在250年前搬進紐約，

in 250 years, hangs out.

築了巢，然候四處閒晃

So updates from a beaver.

所以，讓河狸告訴你最新狀況吧。

You can subscribe to updates from him. You can talk to him.

你可以訂閱牠的最新消息。你可以和牠對話。

And what I like to think of

我很喜歡詮釋它為

is this is an interface

一個溝通平台

that re-scripts how we interact with natural systems,

它重寫了我們和大自然的互動

specifically by changing who has information,

特別是，改變了誰才擁有資訊

where they have it,

資訊的位置，

who can make sense of that information,

誰能詮釋這些資訊

and what you can do about it.

以及這些資訊能用來做什麼。

In this case, instead of throwing chewing gum,

這樣一來，我們便不會隨意扔擲口香糖、

or Doritos or whatever you have in your pocket at the fish --

多力多滋玉米片、或是你口袋裡的任何東西給魚

There's a body of water in Iceland that I've been dealing with

我正在經手冰島的某一塊水域

that's in the middle of the city,

它位在都市的中心

and the largest pollution burden on it

在這裡，最大的汙染負擔

is not the roadborne pollution,

並非路面汙染

it's actually white bread

而是人們拿來餵魚和餵鳥的

from people feeding the fish and the birds.

白吐司

Instead of doing that actually, we've developed some fish sticks

為了避免這樣的情形，我們研發了某種棒狀魚飼料

that you can feed the fish.

供人們拿來餵魚

They're delicious.

它很可口

They're cross-species delicious that is,

對各類生物來說都很可口

delicious for humans and non-humans.

無論是人類還是非人類生物都適用

But they also have a chelating agent in them.

這種飼料還有螯合劑的成份

They're nutritionally appropriate,

它們營養均衡

not like Doritos.

不像多力多滋。

And so every time

我們會萌生

that desire to interact with the animals,

想和動物互動的念頭

which is at least as ubiquitous

而這幾乎和「禁止餵食動物」警示牌的出現頻率

as that sign: "Do not feed the animals."

一樣屢見不顯

And there's about three of them on every New York City park.

每座紐約市的公園，都立起大約三個這樣的警示牌

And Yellowstone National Park,

在黃石公園

there's more "do not feed the animals" signs

「禁止餵食」警示牌的數量

than there are animals you might wish to feed.

比那些你想餵食的動物還多

But in that action, that interaction,

不過藉由這樣的行動，和大自然的互動

by re-scripting that,

藉著重寫「互動」的定義

by changing it into an opportunity

藉著改變，我們便有機會

to offer food that is nutritionally appropriate,

提供營養適當的食物

that could augment the nutritional resources

增加原本被我們耗盡的

that we ourselves have depleted

營養來源

for augmenting the fish population

讓魚群的數量蓬勃成長

and also adding chelating agent,

此外，飼料中螫合劑的添加

which, like any chelating agent that we use medicinally,

就相當於螯合劑在藥學上的應用

binds to the bioaccumulated heavy metals and PCBs

它會和生物體內累積的重金屬和多氯聯苯結合

that are in the fish

這些毒素存在於

living in this particular habitat

特定水域的魚類體內

and allows them to pass it out as a harmless salt

如此一來，螯合物就能讓魚類將毒素轉換為無毒的鹽類

where it's complexed by a reactive,

它們結合為複合物，降低原本的生物活性

effectively removing it from bioavailability.

有效地從生物鏈中去除

But I wanted to say that interaction,

但我想說的是，這樣的互動

re-scripting that interaction,

重新定義這種互動為

into collective action, collective remediative action,

集體的行動，集體的省思行動

very different from the approach

這很不同於另一端，

that's being used on the other side on the Hudson River,

哈德遜河汙染事件的處理方式

where we're dredging the PCBs --

在那裡，我們疏濬了多氯聯苯汙染的淤泥 --

after 30 years of legislative and legal struggle,

在經歷了三十年的立法和司法抗爭後

GE's paying for the dredging

奇異公司終於願意負責疏通的開支

of the largest Superfund site in the world --

這是「環境照顧補償與責任法」所處理的案子中，最大宗的一件 --

we're dredging it, and it'll probably get shipped off to Pennsylvania

我們疏通了淤泥，清出來的汙染物很可能會被運到賓州

or the nearest Third World country,

或是距離最近的第三世界國家

where it will continue to be toxic sludge.

在當地，它仍然會是一堆有毒的淤泥

Displacement is not the way to deal with environmental issues.

把汙染從甲地搬到乙地，從來就不該是處理環境議題的做法

And that's typically the paradigm

而這卻是我們一向所做的

under which we've operated.

典型例子

By actually taking the opportunity

藉由把握機會

that new technologies,

利用新科技

new interactive technologies, present

新興的互動科技

to re-script our interactions,

我們能改寫我們的互動方式

to script them,

去重新定義它們

not just as isolated, individuated interactions,

不只是彼此疏離、個別的互動

but as collective aggregating actions

而是集體凝聚的行動

that can amount to something,

這就相當於某種更大的力量

we can really begin to address

我們就真的可以開始處理

some of our important environmental challenges.

重大的環境挑戰

Thank you.

謝謝

(Applause)

(掌聲)