We can fight terror without sacrificing our rights | Rebecca MacKinnon

63,159 views ・ 2016-10-14

TED


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Translator: Leah Ligate Reviewer: Joachim Mangilima
00:12
There's a big question at the center of life
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Kuna swali kubwa katikati ya maisha yetu
katika demokrasia yetu leo:
00:15
in our democracies today:
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00:16
How do we fight terror without destroying democracies,
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Tunapambanaje na ugaidi bila kuharibu demokrasia,
00:20
without trampling human rights?
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bila kukanyaga haki za binadamu?
00:23
I've spent much of my career working with journalists,
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Nimetumia muda mwingi wa kazi yangu kufanyakazi na waandishi wa habari,
00:28
with bloggers,
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na waandishi wa blogu,
00:29
with activists,
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na wanaharakati,
00:30
with human rights researchers all around the world,
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na watafiti wa haki za binadamu duniani kote.
00:33
and I've come to the conclusion
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na nimefikia hitimisho
00:35
that if our democratic societies do not double down
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kwamba ikiwa jamii zetu za kidemokrasia hazita simama kidete
katika kulinda na kutetea haki za binadamu,
00:40
on protecting and defending human rights,
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00:43
freedom of the press
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uhuru wa vyombo vya habari
00:44
and a free and open internet,
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na mtandao wa intaneti huru na wazi;
00:47
radical extremist ideologies are much more likely to persist.
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itikadi zenye siasa kali zinaweza kuendelea kuwepo
00:54
(Applause)
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(Makofi)
OK, nimemaliza. Asanteni sana.
00:57
OK, all done. Thank you very much.
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00:58
No, just joking.
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Hapana, natania.
00:59
(Laughter)
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(Kicheko)
01:01
I actually want to drill down on this a little bit.
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Ninataka kuendelea kuchambua kwenye hili suala kidogo.
01:04
So, one of the countries that has been on the frontlines of this issue
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Kwahiyo, nchi mojawapo ambayo imekuwa mstari wa mbele kwa suala hili
01:10
is Tunisia,
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ni Tunisia,
01:12
which was the only country to come out of the Arab Spring
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ambayo ni nchi pekee iliyotoka kwenye nchi za mapinduzi ya Uarabuni
01:15
with a successful democratic revolution.
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kwa mafanikio ya mapinduzi kidemokrasia.
01:18
Five years later,
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Miaka mitano baadaye,
01:20
they're struggling with serious terror attacks
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wanapambana na mashambulio makubwa ya kigaidi
na kuenea kwa wanaojiunga na ISIS.
01:23
and rampant ISIS recruitment.
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01:25
And many Tunisians are calling on their government
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Na raia wengi wa Tunisia wanaitaka serikali yao
01:28
to do whatever it takes to keep them safe.
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kufanya chochote inachoweza wawe salama.
01:32
Tunisian cartoonist Nadia Khiari
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Mchora katuni wa Tunisia Nadia Khiari
01:35
has summed up the situation with this character who says,
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amejumuisha hali iliyopo kutumia mhusika anayesema,
"Sijali chochote kuhusu haki za binadamu.
01:40
"I don't give a damn about human rights.
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01:42
I don't give a damn about the revolution.
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Sijali chochote kuhusu mapinduzi.
01:45
I don't give a damn about democracy and liberty.
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Sijali chochote kuhusu demokrasia na uhuru
01:49
I just want to be safe."
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Ninachotaka ni kuwa salama."
01:53
"Satisfied?" asked his jailer.
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"Umeridhika?" aliuliza aliyemfunga
01:56
"You're safe now."
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"Uko salama sasa."
01:58
If the Tunisian people can figure out
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Ikiwa watu wa Tunisia wanaweza kugundua
02:01
how to deal with their terrorism problem
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jinsi ya kushughulikia tatizo lao la ugaidi
02:03
without ending up in this place,
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bila kuishia sehemu hii,
02:06
they will be a model not only for their region,
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watakuwa mfano wa kuigwa si kwa eneo lao tu
02:09
but for all of us.
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bali kwetu sote.
02:12
The reality is that civil society, journalists and activists
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Ukweli ni kwamba jamii za kiraia, waandishi wa habari na wanaharakati
02:16
are coming under attack from extremist groups on the one hand,
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wanashambuliwa zaidi na makundi yenye siasa kali kwa upande mmoja,
02:21
and, in many countries,
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na katika nchi nyingi,
pia kutoka kwenye serikali zao wenyewe.
02:23
also from their own governments.
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02:25
We're seeing bloggers and journalists being jailed,
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Tunaona waandishi wa blogu na waandishi wa habari wakifungwa,
02:28
charged and intimidated
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wakishtakiwa na kutishwa
02:30
by their own governments,
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na serikali zao wenyewe,
02:31
many of which are allies with the West in the war on terror.
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wengi ambao wanashirikiana na nchi za Magharibi katika vita vya ugaidi
02:35
Just three examples.
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Nitatoa mifano mitatu.
02:37
A friend and former colleague of mine,
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Rafiki yangu na mshirika wangu zamani,
02:39
Hisham Almiraat,
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Hisham Almiraat,
02:40
has been charged with threatening state security,
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ameshtakiwa kwa kutishia usalama wa taifa,
02:43
along with six other activists in Morocco.
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pamoja na wanaharakati wengine sita nchini Morocco.
Mwanablogu wa Saudi Raif Badawi amefungwa na kuchapwa viboko
02:47
The Saudi blogger Raif Badawi has been jailed and flogged
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02:51
for insulting Islam and criticizing the Saudi regime on his blog.
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kwa kuutusi Uislamu na kukosoa utawala wa Saudi kwenye blogu yake.
02:57
More recently, the Turkish representative for Reporters Without Borders,
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Hivi karibuni ,mwakilishi wa Uturuki kwa Waandishi wa habari Wasio na Mipaka,
03:02
Erol Önderoglu,
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Erol Onderoglu,
03:04
has been detained and charged with spreading terrorist propaganda,
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amewekwa kizuizini na kushtakiwa kwa kueneza propaganda za kigaidi,
03:09
because he and some other activists have been supporting Kurdish media.
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kwakuwa yeye na wanaharakati wengine wanaunga mkono vyombo vya habari Kurdi.
Hatua za kupinga ugaidi haraka zinageuka kandamizi kwa taifa
03:15
Anti-terror measures quickly turn into state repression
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03:18
without strong protection for minority communities
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bila ulinzi madhubuti kwa jamii ya walio wachache
03:22
and for peaceful debate;
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na kwa mdahalo wa amani;
03:24
this needs to be supported by a robust, independent local media.
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hii inahitaji kuungwa mkono na chombo huru cha habari
03:29
But while that's not really happening,
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Lakini kwa kuwa hiyo haitokei,
Washington inaungana na Silicon Valley pamoja na Hollywood
03:32
Washington is teaming up with Silicon Valley and with Hollywood
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03:36
to pour millions -- hundreds of millions of dollars --
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kuweka mamilioni-- mamia ya mamilioni ya dola
katika kinachoitwa "kupinga - ujumbe"
03:41
into what's called "counter-messaging,"
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03:43
a fancy word for propaganda.
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neno la kistaarabu kwa propaganda.
Kupinga kwa propaganda za kigaidi kuenea kwenye mitandao yote ya intaneti
03:46
To counter the terrorist propaganda spreading all over the internet,
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03:52
in Europe, Internet Referral Units are being set up,
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barani Ulaya, Vitengo vya rufaa ya intaneti vinaanzishwa,
03:56
so that people can report on extremist content that they find
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ili kwamba watu waweze kutoa taarifa kuhusu habari za siasa kali watakazoona
04:00
and get it censored.
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na kufanya zidhibitiwe
04:02
The problem is,
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Tatizo ni,
04:03
that all of this propaganda, monitoring and censorship
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kwamba propaganda zote hizi ufuatiliaji na udhibiti
04:08
completely fails to make up for the fact
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umeshindwa kabisa kuona kwamba
04:13
that the people who are the most credible voices,
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wale watu ambao wana sauti zinazoaminika,
04:18
who can present credible ideas and alternative solutions
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wanaoweza kuwakilisha mawazo yanayoaminika na njia mbadala
04:22
to real economic, social and political problems in their community
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kwa matatizo ya kweli kiuchumi kijamii na kisiasa kwenye jumuiya zao
04:26
that are causing people to turn to extremism in the first place,
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ambao wanaosababisha watu wageukie kwenye siasa kali mwanzoni
04:30
are being silenced by their own governments.
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wananyamazishwa na serikali zao wenyewe.
04:34
This is all adding up to a decrease in freedom across the world.
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Hii inaongezea kushuka kwa uhuru pande zote duniani.
04:39
Freedom House,
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Nyumba ya Uhuru
shirika la haki za binadamu,
04:41
the human rights organization,
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limetoa tarrifa kwamba mwaka 2015 ni kilele cha mwaka wa 10 mfululizo
04:43
reports that 2015 marks the 10th straight year in a row
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04:47
of decline in freedom worldwide.
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wa kushuka kwa uhuru duniani.
04:50
And this is not just because of the actions
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Na hii sio tu kwasababu ya matendo
04:52
of authoritarian governments.
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ya serikali za kimabavu.
04:54
It's also because democratic governments
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Ni kwasababu pia serikali za kidemokrasia
04:57
are increasingly cracking down on dissenters,
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zinazongeza kuwasaka wapinzani,
05:01
whistle-blowers
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watoa taarifa
na waandishi wa habari za uchunguzi.
05:03
and investigative journalists.
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05:04
UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon has warned
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Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa Ban Ki- Moon alionya
05:07
that "preventing extremism and promoting human rights go hand-in-hand."
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kwamba "kuzuia siasa kali na kukuza haki za binadamu vinaenda sambamba."
05:11
It's not to say that governments shouldn't keep us safe --
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Sio kusema kwamba serikali zisituweke salama--
05:14
of course they should --
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inabidi wafanye hivyo--
05:15
but we need public oversight, transparency
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ila tunahitaji ungalizi wa uwazi kwa umma
05:18
and accountability to the rule of law.
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na uwajibikaji kwenye utawala wa sheria.
05:20
Meanwhile,
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Wakati huo huo,
05:21
extremists are literally killing off civil society in some countries.
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wenye siasa kali huwa wanaua jamii ya raia katika baadhi ya nchi.
05:26
Since 2013 in Bangladesh,
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Tangu mwaka 2013 nchini Bangladesh,
05:28
over a dozen secular bloggers and community activists
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zaidi ya mabloga kwa idadi kubwa na wanaharakati wa jamii
05:33
have been literally slaughtered by extremists
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wamechinjwa kabisa na wafuasi wa siasa kali
05:36
while the government has done very little.
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huku serikali ikichukua hatua kidogo sana.
Kutoka mji wa Raqqa Syria,
05:39
From the city of Raqqa in Syria,
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05:41
people like Ruqia Hassan and Naji Jerf have been assassinated
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watu kama Ruqia Hassan na Naji Jerf wameuwawa
05:46
for their reporting out of ISIS-controlled territory.
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kwa kutoa kwao taarifa nje ya himaya zinazodhibitiwa na ISIS.
05:50
The citizen media group called Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently
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Kundi la wanahabari wanaoitwa Raqqa Inauwawa Kimya Kimya
05:55
relies on strong encryption to send out their reports
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linategemea taarifa zilizodhibitiwa usiri kutuma ripoti zao
na kujikinga wenyewe mbali na vizuizi na kupelelezwa.
06:00
and shield themselves from interception and surveillance.
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Bado mamlaka katika nchi kama Marekani,
06:04
Yet authorities in countries like the United States,
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06:06
the United Kingdom and many other democracies
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Uingereza na nyingine nyingi za demokrasia
06:09
are seeking to use the law
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zinatafuta kutumia sheria
06:11
to either weaken or outright ban strong encryption,
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ya aidha kudhoofisha au kuzuia kabisa udhibiti mkubwa wa usiri kwenye taarifa
06:15
because the bad guys are using it, too.
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kwasababu watu wabaya wanautumia pia
06:18
We have got to fight for the right of citizens to use strong encryption.
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Tunatakiwa tupiganie haki ya wananchi kutumia udhibiti mkubwa wa usiri.
06:22
Otherwise, dissent and investigative journalism
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ama sivyo, upinzani na uandishi wa habari za uchunguzi
06:26
are going to become even more difficult
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utapelekea kuwa na ugumu zaidi
06:28
in even more places.
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katika sehemu nyingi zaidi.
06:30
And the bad guys -- the criminals and terrorists --
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na watu wabaya--wahalifu na magaidi--
bado wataendelea kutafuta njia za kuwasiliana
06:33
are still going to find ways to communicate.
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06:35
Kudos to the companies that are standing up
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Pongezi kwa makampuni ambayo yanasimamia
haki ya watumiaji wake kutumia usiri
06:38
for their users' right to use encryption.
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06:41
But when it comes to censorship,
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Lakini inapokuja kwenye udhibiti,
06:43
the picture is much more troubling.
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haileti picha nzuri.
06:46
Yes, there's a real problem
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Ndio, kunatatizo kubwa
06:48
of extremist content spreading all over the internet.
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la taarifa za siasa kali kuenea kote kwenye mitandao ya intaneti
06:51
And Facebook, YouTube and Twitter are among the many companies
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Na Facebook, YouTube na Twitter ni kati ya makampuni mengi
06:55
who report having taken down hundreds of thousands of pieces of content
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ambayo wameripoti kushusha mamia ya maelfu ya vipande vya taarifa
06:59
and deactivating accounts
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na kuzima akaunti
07:01
that are connected to the extremist's speech.
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ambazo zinahusianishwa na maneno ya siasa kali
07:03
The problem is their enforcement mechanisms are a complete black box,
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Tatizo ni utaratibu wao wa kutekeleza sheria haueleweki kabisa
07:08
and there is collateral damage.
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na kuna uharibifu mkubwa.
07:10
Take, for example, Iyad el-Baghdadi,
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Kwa mfano, lyad el- Baghdadi,
07:13
an activist who makes fun of ISIS on Twitter.
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mwanaharakati anayekejeli ISIS kupitia Twitter.
akaunti yake ilizimwa,
07:16
He had his account deactivated,
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kwasababu jina la ubini wake linafanana na kiongozi mkubwa wa ISIS.
07:18
because he shares a surname with a prominent ISIS leader.
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07:22
Last December,
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Disemba iliyopita,
07:23
a number of women named Isis,
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wanawake wenye majina ya Isis,
ambalo pia ni jina la Mungu wa kike Misri
07:25
which also happens to be the name of an Egyptian goddess,
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07:28
had their accounts deactivated.
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akaunti zao zilizimwa
07:30
And this woman,
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Na huyu mwanamke,
07:32
who lives in the United States and is a computer programmer,
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anayeishi nchini Marekani na ni Programa wa Kompyuta
07:35
reported on Twitter about her deactivation on Facebook,
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aliripoti juu mtandao wa Twitter kuhusu kuzimiwa kwenye Facebook
07:39
managed to get enough media attention to have her account reinstated.
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aliweza kuonwa na vyombo vya habari na kufanya wamrudishie akaunti yake.
07:42
But that's the thing -- she had to get media attention.
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Ila hicho ndio alichofanya-- kuonwa na vyombo vya habari
Na waandishi wa habari hawaponi
07:46
And journalists aren't immune.
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07:47
David Thomson,
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David Thomson,
07:48
an expert on terrorism and reporter for Radio France International,
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mtaalamu wa ugaidi na mtangazaji wa Radio ya Kimataifa ya Ufaransa,
ripoti zake zilifutwa kwenye akaunti yake Facebook
07:52
had reports deleted from his Facebook account
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07:55
and had his account deactivated for several days,
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na akaunti yake ikazimwa kwa siku chache,
07:58
because they contained pictures of ISIS flags,
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kwasababu zilikuwa na picha zenye bendera za ISIS,
08:02
even though he was just reporting on ISIS,
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ingawa alikuwa anaripoti kuhusu ISIS
08:04
not promoting it.
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sio kuhamasisha.
08:06
And then we have stories from people like this Egyptian man,
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Na pia tuna hadithi kutoka kwa watu kama mtu wa Misri,
08:09
Ahmed Abdellahy,
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Ahmed Abdellahy,
08:10
who reported recently in an event in Washington DC
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aliyeripoti hivi karibuni tukio la Washington DC
kuwa majadiliano yake na wenye siasa kali--
08:16
that some of his arguments with extremists --
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08:18
he now spends his time on social media arguing with ISIS followers,
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hutumia muda wake kwenye mitandao ya jamii kujadiliana na wafuasi wa ISIS
08:24
trying to get them to turn away --
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kujaribu kuwabadili mawazo--
baadhi ya majadiliano yake na wenye siasa kali hufutwa,
08:27
some of his arguments with these extremists get deleted,
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ambapo anaamini kuna athari katika kuyakinga
08:32
which he believes has the effect of shielding them
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08:35
from alternative points of view.
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kutoka kwenye mtazamo mwingine.
08:38
It's unclear whether Facebook even knows the extent
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Haiko wazi ikiwa mtandao wa Facebook kama unaelewa kiasi
08:42
of the collateral damage,
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cha uharibifu mkubwa,
au makampuni mengine pia.
08:44
or the other companies as well.
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08:46
But we do know that journalism, activism and public debate
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Lakini tunajua kwamba uandishi wa habari uanaharakati na mijadala ya umma
08:50
are being silenced in the effort to stamp out extremist speech.
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inanyamazishwa katika juhudi za kuweka muhuri maneno ya siasa kali.
08:55
So with these companies having so much power over the public discourse,
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Hivyo kwa makampuni haya kuwa na nguvu sana kuhusu mihadhara ya umma,
08:59
they need to be held accountable.
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yanahitaji kuwajibishwa.
09:01
They need to carry out impact assessment
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Yanahitaji kufanya tathmini yakinifu
09:04
to identify and fix the problems that we're clearly seeing.
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na kuainisha na kutatua matatizo ambayo tunayaona wazi.
09:08
They need to be more transparent about their enforcement mechanisms,
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Yanahitaji kuwa wazi zaidi kuhusu njia zao za utekelezaji sheria,
09:12
and they need to have clear appeal and grievance mechanisms,
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na wanahitaji kuwa wazi kwa mbinu za ukataji rufaa na kutoa malalamiko,
09:15
so people can get their content reinstated.
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ili watu waweze kurudishiwa vitu walivyoandika.
09:18
Now, I've been talking for the last 10 minutes
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Sasa, nimekuwa nikiongea kwa dakika kumi zilizopita
09:21
about how governments and companies are making it more difficult
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kuhusu jinsi serikali na makampuni wanavyoleta ugumu zaidi
09:25
for people like these.
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kwa watu kama hawa.
09:27
This is a picture of members of the citizen media network,
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Hii ni picha ya wanachama wa mtandao wa vyombo vya habari vya raia,
09:30
Global Voices,
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Sauti za Dunia,
niliyosaidia kuanzisha miaka 10 iliyopita
09:32
that I helped to cofound over 10 years ago
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na rafiki yangu Ethan Zuckerman.
09:34
with my friend, Ethan Zuckerman.
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Inafurahisha, karibia miaka 5 iliyopita mara baada ya Mapinduzi ya Uarabuni,
09:36
Interestingly, about 5 years ago, right after the Arab Spring,
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09:40
the data scientist Gilad Lotan
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mwanasayansi wa data Gilad Lotan
09:43
created a network map of the people in Global Voices
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aliunda ramani ya mtandao wa watu katika Sauti za Dunia
09:48
who were heavy users of Twitter during the Arab Spring.
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waliokuwa wakitumia Twitter wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Uarabuni.
09:51
And he found that many of these people served as key information nodes
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Na aligundua kwamba wengi wa hawa watu walitumika kama kiungo cha mawasiliano
09:56
between activists and journalists
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kati ya wanaharakati na waandishi
09:58
throughout the Tunisian and Egyptian revolution.
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kipindi chote cha mapinduzi ya Tunisia na Misri.
10:01
We've got to make sure that these people not only survive,
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Tunatakiwa tuhakikishe kwamba watu hawa hawaendelei kuishi tu,
10:06
but are able to continue to thrive.
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bali wanaweza kuendelea kufanikiwa.
10:09
Many of them are still active,
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Wengi wao bado wanafanya kazi,
10:10
other than the ones who have gone to jail
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zaidi ya wale waliokwenda jela
10:12
or have been driven into hiding or exile.
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au wako mafichoni au vizuizini.
10:16
All around the world,
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Duniani kote,
10:18
people who are sick and tired of fear and oppression
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watu ambao wamechoshwa na hofu na kuonewa
10:21
are linking up in their communities and across borders.
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wanaunganika katika jumuia zao na kuvuka mipaka.
10:25
We've got to do everything we can to push our governments and companies
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Tunatakiwa tufanye kila tunachoweza kusukuma serikali zetu na makampuni
10:29
to do a better job of protecting their rights.
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kufanya kazi bora zaidi katika kulinda haki zao.
10:32
We've also got to be more mindful
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Tunatakiwa pia tuwe wafikirivu zaidi
10:34
about how our own personal, political, consumer and business choices
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kuhusu jinsi sisi wenyewe, kisiasa, wateja na chaguzi za biashara
10:39
affect people like these around the world.
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zinavyoathiri watu kama hawa duniani kote.
Pia, ikiwa unafuatilia taarifa za habari
10:43
Also, if you follow the news,
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10:45
it's pretty clear that that alone isn't going to be enough.
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inaonyesha wazi kwamba hiyo pekee haitoshi.
10:49
We've got to take personal responsibility by joining --
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Tunatakiwa tuchukue wajibu binafsi kwa kujiunga--
10:53
or at very least, actively supporting --
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au hata kidogo kuunga mkono--
10:56
the growing ecosystem of individuals and groups
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mazingira ya ukuaji wa makundi binafsi
11:00
who are fighting for social justice,
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ambayo yanapigania hakijamii,
11:02
environmental sustainability,
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mazingira endelevu,
11:04
government accountability,
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uwajibikaji wa serikali
11:06
human rights, freedom of the press
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haki za binadamu, uhuru wa habari
na intaneti huru na wazi,
11:08
and a free and open internet,
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11:09
all around the world.
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duniani kote
11:11
I believe that, ultimately, we can overcome
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Nina amini kwamba, hatimaye tunaweza kuishinda
11:16
the digitally empowered networks of extremism, demagoguery and hate.
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mitandao ya kidigitali iliyowezeshwa ya siasa kali, siasa za fujo na chuki.
11:23
But ...
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Lakini...
tunatakiwa tufanye hivi kwa kuongeza mitandao ya dunia
11:25
we've got to do this by really beefing up the global networks
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11:31
of citizens around the world,
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ya raia duniani kote,
11:33
powered by people who are working hard every day,
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ikiwezeshwa na watu ambao hufanya kazi kwa bidii kila siku,
11:37
and taking personal risk
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na kuchukua hatua hatarishi
11:39
for a future world that is more peaceful, just, open and free.
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kwa dunia ya kesho ambayo ni ya amani zaidi, yenye haki, wazi na huru.
11:45
Thanks very much for listening.
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Asanteni sana kwa kusikiliza.
(Makofi)
11:47
(Applause)
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