We can fight terror without sacrificing our rights | Rebecca MacKinnon

譯者: Xiangyi Chen 審譯者: Conway Ye

There's a big question at the center of life

有一個很嚴峻的問題 存在於生活的中心，

in our democracies today:

我們今天的民主當中：

How do we fight terror without destroying democracies,

我們如何打擊恐怖主義， 在不破壞民主、

without trampling human rights?

不踐踏人權的情況下？

I've spent much of my career working with journalists,

我工作的大部分時間是與一些記者、

with bloggers,

博客作者、

with activists,

積極份子，

with human rights researchers all around the world,

還有來自世界各地的 人權研究者一起共事，

and I've come to the conclusion

我也由此得出一個結論，

that if our democratic societies do not double down

就是如果我們的民主社會

不加倍地保護和捍衛人權、

on protecting and defending human rights,

freedom of the press

新聞自由

and a free and open internet,

還有自由和開放的網際網路，

radical extremist ideologies are much more likely to persist.

極端激進的意識形態 很有可能會一直存留著。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

OK, all done. Thank you very much.

好了，我說完了。感謝你們。

No, just joking.

不，只是玩笑。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

I actually want to drill down on this a little bit.

我其實想要再 深入探討一下這個話題。

So, one of the countries that has been on the frontlines of this issue

有一個國家一直位於 這個話題的前線：

is Tunisia,

突尼斯，

which was the only country to come out of the Arab Spring

透過一場成功的民主革命， 唯一一個走出阿拉伯之春的國家，

with a successful democratic revolution.

Five years later,

五年後，

they're struggling with serious terror attacks

他們卻掙扎於嚴重的恐怖襲擊，

and rampant ISIS recruitment.

還有猖獗的 ISIS 徵募。

And many Tunisians are calling on their government

很多突尼斯民眾呼籲他們的政府

to do whatever it takes to keep them safe.

採取一切手段 來保護他們的人身安全。

Tunisian cartoonist Nadia Khiari

突尼斯漫畫家 Nadia Khiari

has summed up the situation with this character who says,

通過一個漫畫角色概括了國內的情形：

"I don't give a damn about human rights.

「我一點都不在乎人權。

I don't give a damn about the revolution.

我一點都不在乎革命。

I don't give a damn about democracy and liberty.

我一點都不在乎民主和自由。

I just want to be safe."

我只想要安全。」

"Satisfied?" asked his jailer.

「滿意了嗎？」 獄卒問他，

"You're safe now."

「你現在安全了。」

If the Tunisian people can figure out

假如突尼斯人民能夠想到

how to deal with their terrorism problem

怎麼去處理恐怖主義問題，

without ending up in this place,

而又不必終其一生在監獄中度過，

they will be a model not only for their region,

他們將不僅僅成為他們當地的榜樣，

but for all of us.

更將成為我們所有人的榜樣。

The reality is that civil society, journalists and activists

事實是公民社會、記者和積極份子們

are coming under attack from extremist groups on the one hand,

在一方面正經受著 來自極端團體的攻擊，

and, in many countries,

並且，在很多國家，

also from their own governments.

還經受著來自他們自己政府的攻擊。

We're seeing bloggers and journalists being jailed,

我們看到很多博客作者 和記者被關押、

charged and intimidated

控告和威脅著──

by their own governments,

被他們自己的政府。

many of which are allies with the West in the war on terror.

當中的許多國家是西方國家 在反恐戰爭中的盟友。

Just three examples.

就舉三個例子。

A friend and former colleague of mine,

我的一位朋友兼前同事，

Hisham Almiraat,

Hisham Almiraat,

has been charged with threatening state security,

他被控告威脅國家安全，

along with six other activists in Morocco.

與其他六位在摩洛哥的 積極份子們一道。

The Saudi blogger Raif Badawi has been jailed and flogged

沙特博客作者 Raif Badawi 被關押和鞭打，

for insulting Islam and criticizing the Saudi regime on his blog.

因他在博客裡侮辱伊斯蘭 和批判沙特政權。

More recently, the Turkish representative for Reporters Without Borders,

最近的是，無國界記者土耳其代表，

Erol Önderoglu,

Erol Önderoglu，

has been detained and charged with spreading terrorist propaganda,

被拘留和控告宣揚恐怖主義，

because he and some other activists have been supporting Kurdish media.

因為他和一些其他積極份子 一直是庫德族媒體的支持者。

Anti-terror measures quickly turn into state repression

反恐措施很快轉變 成為了國家的一種鎮壓，

without strong protection for minority communities

沒有對少數群體提供有力的保護，

and for peaceful debate;

也沒有和平的辯論；

this needs to be supported by a robust, independent local media.

這需要由一個強大而獨立的 當地媒體來支撐。

But while that's not really happening,

然而實際上卻恰好相反，

Washington is teaming up with Silicon Valley and with Hollywood

華盛頓正與矽谷還有好萊塢合作，

to pour millions -- hundreds of millions of dollars --

投入數百萬──數億美元──

into what's called "counter-messaging,"

到所謂的「反信息活動」中，

a fancy word for propaganda.

其實就是宣傳的一種花俏的說法。

To counter the terrorist propaganda spreading all over the internet,

為了對抗在網路上 廣泛宣傳的恐怖主義，

in Europe, Internet Referral Units are being set up,

歐洲設置了網路轉介單位，

so that people can report on extremist content that they find

人們可以通過它們 告發他們所看到的極端內容，

and get it censored.

使這些內容得以審查。

The problem is,

問題是，

that all of this propaganda, monitoring and censorship

這些宣傳、監控和審查

completely fails to make up for the fact

完全無法彌補一個事實，

that the people who are the most credible voices,

就是有那麼一群人， 他們擁有最具公信力的聲音，

who can present credible ideas and alternative solutions

他們能呈現可靠的想法和 可替代的解決方案

to real economic, social and political problems in their community

去解決他們所在地方的 真實的經濟、社會和政治問題，

that are causing people to turn to extremism in the first place,

這些問題促使人們投身於極端主義，

are being silenced by their own governments.

然而這群人卻被他們的政府所禁言。

This is all adding up to a decrease in freedom across the world.

這在全世界範圍內 進一步削減了人們的自由。

Freedom House,

自由之家，

the human rights organization,

一個人權組織，

reports that 2015 marks the 10th straight year in a row

在報告中稱道，2015 年

標誌著全世界自由度 持續下降的第 10 個年頭。

of decline in freedom worldwide.

And this is not just because of the actions

造成這結果的不僅僅是

of authoritarian governments.

獨裁政府的所作所為。

It's also because democratic governments

還因為民主政府

are increasingly cracking down on dissenters,

越來越多鎮壓異見者、

whistle-blowers

揭發者、

and investigative journalists.

和調查記者。

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon has warned

聯合國秘書長潘基文曾警告道：

that "preventing extremism and promoting human rights go hand-in-hand."

「防止極端主義和 促進人權是息息相關的。」

It's not to say that governments shouldn't keep us safe --

這並不是說政府 不應該保護我們的安全──

of course they should --

它們當然應該這麼做──

but we need public oversight, transparency

但是我需要公眾監督、透明度

and accountability to the rule of law.

和問責制來實行法治。

Meanwhile,

同時，

extremists are literally killing off civil society in some countries.

在某些國家極端主義者 正逐漸消滅公民社會。

Since 2013 in Bangladesh,

自 2013 年，在孟加拉國

over a dozen secular bloggers and community activists

已經有超過十二位 非宗教博客作者和社會活動家

have been literally slaughtered by extremists

被極端主義者所屠殺，

while the government has done very little.

然而政府卻對此無甚作為。

From the city of Raqqa in Syria,

在敘利亞的拉卡市，

people like Ruqia Hassan and Naji Jerf have been assassinated

像 Rudi Hassan 和 Naji Jerf 這樣的人們被刺殺了，

for their reporting out of ISIS-controlled territory.

理由是他們在 ISIS 掌控的 領域範圍外進行報導。

The citizen media group called Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently

公民媒體團體「拉卡正遭無聲屠殺」

relies on strong encryption to send out their reports

依靠強加密把他們的報導發送出去，

and shield themselves from interception and surveillance.

並使他們自己免遭攔截和監視。

Yet authorities in countries like the United States,

然而一些官方機構如美國、

the United Kingdom and many other democracies

英國和很多其他的民主國家，

are seeking to use the law

他們正尋求著運用法律

to either weaken or outright ban strong encryption,

去削弱或者完全禁止強加密技術，

because the bad guys are using it, too.

原因是壞傢伙們也在利用著它。

We have got to fight for the right of citizens to use strong encryption.

我們需要去爭取公民使用 數據強加密技術的權利。

Otherwise, dissent and investigative journalism

否則，異見和調查報導

are going to become even more difficult

在更多的地方會變得更為困難。

in even more places.

And the bad guys -- the criminals and terrorists --

而壞傢伙們── 罪犯和恐怖主義者──

are still going to find ways to communicate.

仍然會尋找其它傳播方式。

Kudos to the companies that are standing up

致敬那些站起來維護

for their users' right to use encryption.

用戶使用加密技術權利的公司。

But when it comes to censorship,

然而提到審查的話，

the picture is much more troubling.

它的情況更加的令人擔憂。

Yes, there's a real problem

是的，現在有一個真實的問題，

of extremist content spreading all over the internet.

就是極端主義內容 正在網路當中廣泛傳播著。

And Facebook, YouTube and Twitter are among the many companies

而臉書、Youtube、推特 還有眾多的公司

who report having taken down hundreds of thousands of pieces of content

聲稱他們已清除了無數內容片段，

and deactivating accounts

並註銷了

that are connected to the extremist's speech.

與極端主義演說相關的用戶帳號。

The problem is their enforcement mechanisms are a complete black box,

問題是這些公司的執行機制 是一個複雜的黑匣子，

and there is collateral damage.

並且會引起「附帶損害」。

Take, for example, Iyad el-Baghdadi,

把 Iyad el-Baghdadi 作為一個例子，

an activist who makes fun of ISIS on Twitter.

他是一位經常在推特上 開 ISIS 玩笑的積極份子。

He had his account deactivated,

他的帳號被註銷了，

because he shares a surname with a prominent ISIS leader.

因為他和一位著名的 ISIS 領導者擁有一樣的姓氏。

Last December,

去年十二月，

a number of women named Isis,

有許多名字叫 "Isis" 的女生，

which also happens to be the name of an Egyptian goddess,

她們的名字恰好來源自 一位埃及女神的名字，

had their accounts deactivated.

這些女生的帳號卻被註銷了。

And this woman,

而當中有一位女生，

who lives in the United States and is a computer programmer,

一位住在美國的程式設計師，

reported on Twitter about her deactivation on Facebook,

在推特上敘述了她 臉書帳號被註銷的事情，

managed to get enough media attention to have her account reinstated.

設法通過獲得媒體的 注意力來恢復她的帳號。

But that's the thing -- she had to get media attention.

然而這就是問題的所在之處── 她需要獲得媒體的注意力。

And journalists aren't immune.

但是記者並不是免疫的。

David Thomson,

大衛．湯姆森，

an expert on terrorism and reporter for Radio France International,

一位恐怖主義方面的專家 兼法國國際廣播電台記者，

had reports deleted from his Facebook account

他在臉書帳號上的報導被刪除了，

and had his account deactivated for several days,

他的帳號也被註銷了幾天，

because they contained pictures of ISIS flags,

原因是報導中包含了 ISIS 旗幟，

even though he was just reporting on ISIS,

儘管他僅僅在作 ISIS 相關的報導，

not promoting it.

而不是在推廣它。

And then we have stories from people like this Egyptian man,

接下來我們有來自類似於 這位埃及男人的故事，

Ahmed Abdellahy,

Ahmed Abdellahy

who reported recently in an event in Washington DC

最近在華盛頓的一個活動中報告，

that some of his arguments with extremists --

他與極端主義者的一些爭論──

he now spends his time on social media arguing with ISIS followers,

他現在花時間在社群媒體上 與 ISIS 追隨者爭論，

trying to get them to turn away --

嘗試去讓他們遠離 ISIS ──

some of his arguments with these extremists get deleted,

他和這些極端主義者的 一些爭論內容被刪除了，

which he believes has the effect of shielding them

然而他相信這些爭論內容 能夠有效地庇護他們，

from alternative points of view.

使他們免遭其它觀點影響。

It's unclear whether Facebook even knows the extent

我們不知道臉書是否了解到

of the collateral damage,

附帶損害的程度，

or the other companies as well.

我們也不知道 其它公司是否有所了解。

But we do know that journalism, activism and public debate

然而我們知道的是 新聞、行動主義還有公開辯論，

are being silenced in the effort to stamp out extremist speech.

都在這些公司致力於 撲滅極端言論的過程中被壓制了。

So with these companies having so much power over the public discourse,

對於那些能夠 控制公共話語的企業們，

they need to be held accountable.

它們需要負起相對的責任。

They need to carry out impact assessment

他們需要實行影響評估，

to identify and fix the problems that we're clearly seeing.

從而去辨認和解決 我們能夠清楚看到的問題。

They need to be more transparent about their enforcement mechanisms,

它們需要使它們的 執行機制更加透明化，

and they need to have clear appeal and grievance mechanisms,

它們還需要具備明確的 上訴和申訴機制，

so people can get their content reinstated.

讓人們能夠使他們的內容得到恢復。

Now, I've been talking for the last 10 minutes

至此，我已花了 10 分鐘

about how governments and companies are making it more difficult

講述了政府和企業是如何 帶來更多的困難

for people like these.

給這些人們。

This is a picture of members of the citizen media network,

這是公民媒體網路

Global Voices,

「全球之聲」成員的相片，

that I helped to cofound over 10 years ago

我在 10 多年前與我的朋友 Ethan Zuckerman 共同創立的。

with my friend, Ethan Zuckerman.

Interestingly, about 5 years ago, right after the Arab Spring,

有趣的是，大約 5 年前， 就在阿拉伯之春發生之後，

the data scientist Gilad Lotan

數據科學家 Gilad Lotan

created a network map of the people in Global Voices

製作了一個全球之聲 某些成員的網絡圖，

who were heavy users of Twitter during the Arab Spring.

這些成員是阿拉伯之春期間 推特的高度使用者。

And he found that many of these people served as key information nodes

他發現這些人

在積極份子和記者之間 充當了關鍵信息節點這個角色，

between activists and journalists

throughout the Tunisian and Egyptian revolution.

存在於突尼斯革命 和埃及革命整個過程中。

We've got to make sure that these people not only survive,

我們必須確保 這些人不僅僅能夠活著，

but are able to continue to thrive.

還要確保他們能夠茁壯成長起來。

Many of them are still active,

他們當中有很多人仍然活躍著，

other than the ones who have gone to jail

除了那些已經入獄的，

or have been driven into hiding or exile.

或者那些被迫躲藏或流放的。

All around the world,

在世界各地，

people who are sick and tired of fear and oppression

那些對恐懼和壓抑 感到厭惡和厭倦的人們，

are linking up in their communities and across borders.

正在他們的社區裡面 或跨國境聯合起來。

We've got to do everything we can to push our governments and companies

我們必須盡我們所能 去促使我們的政府和企業

to do a better job of protecting their rights.

能更保護這些人的權利。

We've also got to be more mindful

我們還必須更多地留意

about how our own personal, political, consumer and business choices

我們個人、政治、 消費者和企業的選擇

affect people like these around the world.

是如何影響著世界上的這些人。

Also, if you follow the news,

還有，如果你們關注新聞，

it's pretty clear that that alone isn't going to be enough.

你們會清楚知道 單單如此是並不足夠的。

We've got to take personal responsibility by joining --

我們還必須承擔起 我們的責任去參與──

or at very least, actively supporting --

或者至少，踴躍支持──

the growing ecosystem of individuals and groups

這個由個體和群體所組成、 持續增長的生態系統，

who are fighting for social justice,

他們正爭取著社會正義，

environmental sustainability,

環境可持續性，

government accountability,

政府問責，

human rights, freedom of the press

人權，出版自由

and a free and open internet,

還有一個自由開放的網路，

all around the world.

在全世界內。

I believe that, ultimately, we can overcome

我相信，最終，我們能夠克服

the digitally empowered networks of extremism, demagoguery and hate.

藉由數位而成長的極端主義、 煽動行為以及仇恨網絡。

But ...

但是──

we've got to do this by really beefing up the global networks

要想達到這個目標， 我們必須增強全球公民的網絡。

of citizens around the world,

powered by people who are working hard every day,

他們每天都在拼搏努力，

and taking personal risk

冒著個人風險

for a future world that is more peaceful, just, open and free.

為了建造一個更加和平、公正、 開放和自由的未來世界。

Thanks very much for listening.

非常感謝你們的聆聽。

(Applause)

（掌聲）