We can fight terror without sacrificing our rights | Rebecca MacKinnon

63,181 views ใƒป 2016-10-14

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
There's a big question at the center of life
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ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•:
00:15
in our democracies today:
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00:16
How do we fight terror without destroying democracies,
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ืื™ืš ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
00:20
without trampling human rights?
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืจืžื•ืก ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื?
00:23
I've spent much of my career working with journalists,
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ื”ืงื“ืฉืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื,
00:28
with bloggers,
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ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื,
00:29
with activists,
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ืคืขื™ืœื™ื
00:30
with human rights researchers all around the world,
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ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
00:33
and I've come to the conclusion
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ื•ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืกืงื ื”
00:35
that if our democratic societies do not double down
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ืฉืื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ืคื™ืœื• ืืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื”ืŸ
00:40
on protecting and defending human rights,
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ืœื”ื’ืŸ ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื,
00:43
freedom of the press
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ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช
00:44
and a free and open internet,
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ื•ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
00:47
radical extremist ideologies are much more likely to persist.
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ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื ืื™ื•ืช.
00:54
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ื˜ื•ื‘, ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
00:57
OK, all done. Thank you very much.
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00:58
No, just joking.
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ืกืชื. ืฆื—ืงืชื™. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:59
(Laughter)
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01:01
I actually want to drill down on this a little bit.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืขืžืง ื‘ื–ื” ืงืฆืช.
01:04
So, one of the countries that has been on the frontlines of this issue
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ืื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืคืขืœื• ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื ื™ืก,
01:10
is Tunisia,
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01:12
which was the only country to come out of the Arab Spring
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ืคื™ืงื” ืž"ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™" ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช.
01:15
with a successful democratic revolution.
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01:18
Five years later,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
01:20
they're struggling with serious terror attacks
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ื”ื™ื ื ืื‘ืงืช ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื
01:23
and rampant ISIS recruitment.
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ื•ื‘ืžื’ืคืช ื’ื™ื•ืกื™ื ืœื“ืืข"ืฉ.
01:25
And many Tunisians are calling on their government
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ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืกืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืžืžืฉืœืชื
01:28
to do whatever it takes to keep them safe.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื.
01:32
Tunisian cartoonist Nadia Khiari
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ื”ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื ื™ืกืื™ืช ื ื“ื™ื” ืงื”ื™ืจื™
01:35
has summed up the situation with this character who says,
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ืžื™ืฆืชื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช, ืฉืื•ืžืจืช:
"ืœื ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื™ ืžื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜,
01:40
"I don't give a damn about human rights.
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01:42
I don't give a damn about the revolution.
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"ืœื ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื™ ืžื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”,
01:45
I don't give a damn about democracy and liberty.
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"ืœื ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื™ ืžื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
01:49
I just want to be safe."
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"ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—."
01:53
"Satisfied?" asked his jailer.
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"ืžืจื•ืฆื”?" ืฉื•ืืœ ื”ืกื•ื”ืจ.
01:56
"You're safe now."
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"ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—."
01:58
If the Tunisian people can figure out
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ืื ื”ืขื ื”ื˜ื•ื ื™ืกืื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืืฆืœื•
02:01
how to deal with their terrorism problem
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02:03
without ending up in this place,
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืš,
02:06
they will be a model not only for their region,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื•ืคืช ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื,
02:09
but for all of us.
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ืืœื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•.
02:12
The reality is that civil society, journalists and activists
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ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื
02:16
are coming under attack from extremist groups on the one hand,
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ืžื•ืชืงืคื™ื ืข"ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“,
02:21
and, in many countries,
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ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
02:23
also from their own governments.
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ื’ื ืข"ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืชื™ื”ื.
02:25
We're seeing bloggers and journalists being jailed,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืฉื ืืกืจื™ื,
02:28
charged and intimidated
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ืžื•ืืฉืžื™ื ื•ืžืื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื
02:30
by their own governments,
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ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
02:31
many of which are allies with the West in the war on terror.
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ืฉืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืช-ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ.
02:35
Just three examples.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“:
02:37
A friend and former colleague of mine,
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™-ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื”ื™ืฉืื ืืœืžื™ืจืืช,
02:39
Hisham Almiraat,
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02:40
has been charged with threatening state security,
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ื”ื•ืืฉื ื‘ืื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
02:43
along with six other activists in Morocco.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืจื•ืงื•.
02:47
The Saudi blogger Raif Badawi has been jailed and flogged
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ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ ืจืื™ืฃ ื‘ื“ืื•ื•ื™ ื ืืกืจ ื•ื”ื•ืœืงื” ื‘ืฉื•ื˜
02:51
for insulting Islam and criticizing the Saudi regime on his blog.
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ื‘ืฉืœ ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืื™ืกืœื ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™, ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœื•.
02:57
More recently, the Turkish representative for Reporters Without Borders,
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ืœื ืžื›ื‘ืจ, ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ ืฉืœ "ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช",
03:02
Erol ร–nderoglu,
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ืืจื•ืœ ืื•ื ื“ืจื•ื’ืœื•,
03:04
has been detained and charged with spreading terrorist propaganda,
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ื ืขืฆืจ ื•ื”ื•ืืฉื ื‘ื”ืคืฆืช ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
03:09
because he and some other activists have been supporting Kurdish media.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื•ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื™ื.
03:15
Anti-terror measures quickly turn into state repression
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ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืืžืฆืขื™ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
03:18
without strong protection for minority communities
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ืœืœื ื”ื’ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™-ืฉืœื•ื;
03:22
and for peaceful debate;
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03:24
this needs to be supported by a robust, independent local media.
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืื™ืชื ื” ื•ืขืฆืžืื™ืช.
03:29
But while that's not really happening,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืงื•ืจื”,
ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ื™ื“ ืื—ืช ืขื ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“
03:32
Washington is teaming up with Silicon Valley and with Hollywood
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03:36
to pour millions -- hundreds of millions of dollars --
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ื•ืฉื•ืคื›ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
03:41
into what's called "counter-messaging,"
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืœื•ื—ืžืช ืžืกืจื•ื ื™ื",
03:43
a fancy word for propaganda.
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"ืชืขืžื•ืœื”", ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ืงื™ื”.
03:46
To counter the terrorist propaganda spreading all over the internet,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ืคืฆืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
03:52
in Europe, Internet Referral Units are being set up,
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ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืžื•ืงืžื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—,
03:56
so that people can report on extremist content that they find
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื
04:00
and get it censored.
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฆื ื–ื•ืจื•.
04:02
The problem is,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื,
04:03
that all of this propaganda, monitoring and censorship
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœื”, ื”ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ื”ืืœื”
04:08
completely fails to make up for the fact
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ืžื—ื˜ื™ืื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
04:13
that the people who are the most credible voices,
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ืฉื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืืžื™ื ื™ื,
04:18
who can present credible ideas and alternative solutions
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื
04:22
to real economic, social and political problems in their community
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ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
04:26
that are causing people to turn to extremism in the first place,
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ืฉืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื“ื•ื—ืคื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
04:30
are being silenced by their own governments.
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ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉืžื•ืฉืชืงื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
04:34
This is all adding up to a decrease in freedom across the world.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืกืชื›ื ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
04:39
Freedom House,
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"ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช", ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื,
04:41
the human rights organization,
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04:43
reports that 2015 marks the 10th straight year in a row
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ืžื“ื•ื•ื— ืฉ-2015 ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช
04:47
of decline in freedom worldwide.
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ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
04:50
And this is not just because of the actions
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื ื•ื‘ืข ืจืง ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื™ื ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื™ื,
04:52
of authoritarian governments.
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04:54
It's also because democratic governments
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ืืœื ื’ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช
04:57
are increasingly cracking down on dissenters,
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ืžืชื ืคืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื,
05:01
whistle-blowers
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ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ื™ื•ืช
ื•ืขืœ ืชื—ืงื™ืจื ื™ื.
05:03
and investigative journalists.
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05:04
UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon has warned
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ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ื‘ืืŸ ืงื™-ืžื•ืŸ, ื”ืชืจื™ืข
05:07
that "preventing extremism and promoting human rights go hand-in-hand."
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ืฉ"ืžื ื™ืขืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉื–ื•ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•."
05:11
It's not to say that governments shouldn't keep us safe --
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ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื ื• --
05:14
of course they should --
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ื–ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ืชืŸ --
05:15
but we need public oversight, transparency
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ืœืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช
05:18
and accountability to the rule of law.
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ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ-ื—ื•ืง ืื—ืจืื™.
05:20
Meanwhile,
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ืืš ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื
05:21
extremists are literally killing off civil society in some countries.
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ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
05:26
Since 2013 in Bangladesh,
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ืžืื– 2013, ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ,
05:28
over a dozen secular bloggers and community activists
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืจื™ืกืจ ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื™ื ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื
05:33
have been literally slaughtered by extremists
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ื ืฉื—ื˜ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“.
05:36
while the government has done very little.
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ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ืจืืงื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”,
05:39
From the city of Raqqa in Syria,
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05:41
people like Ruqia Hassan and Naji Jerf have been assassinated
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืจื•ืงื™ื” ื—ืกืืŸ ื•ื ืื’'ื™ ื’'ืจืฃ ื ืจืฆื—ื•
05:46
for their reporting out of ISIS-controlled territory.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื“ืืข"ืฉ.
05:50
The citizen media group called Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently
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ืื ืฉื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช, "ืจืืงื”", ื ื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉืงื˜.
05:55
relies on strong encryption to send out their reports
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ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆืคื ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื”ื
06:00
and shield themselves from interception and surveillance.
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืžืคื ื™ ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื•ืžืขืงื‘,
06:04
Yet authorities in countries like the United States,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืจื”"ื‘, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช
06:06
the United Kingdom and many other democracies
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06:09
are seeking to use the law
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ืฉื•ืืคื•ืช ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง
06:11
to either weaken or outright ban strong encryption,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื” ื”ื—ื–ืงื”,
06:15
because the bad guys are using it, too.
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ื›ื™ ื’ื ื”ืจืขื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”.
06:18
We have got to fight for the right of citizens to use strong encryption.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืฆืคื ื” ื—ื–ืงื”.
06:22
Otherwise, dissent and investigative journalism
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ืื—ืจืช, ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื“ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงืจืช
06:26
are going to become even more difficult
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ืชืœืš ื•ืชื™ืขืฉื” ืงืฉื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:28
in even more places.
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06:30
And the bad guys -- the criminals and terrorists --
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื โ€“ ื”ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื โ€“ ื™ืžืฆืื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
06:33
are still going to find ways to communicate.
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06:35
Kudos to the companies that are standing up
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ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื”ืŸ ืœื”ืฆืคื ื”.
06:38
for their users' right to use encryption.
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06:41
But when it comes to censorship,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ืจื™ื“.
06:43
the picture is much more troubling.
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06:46
Yes, there's a real problem
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช
06:48
of extremist content spreading all over the internet.
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ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืคืฅ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
06:51
And Facebook, YouTube and Twitter are among the many companies
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ื•"ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง", "ื™ื•-ื˜ื™ื•ื‘" ื•"ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ" ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช
06:55
who report having taken down hundreds of thousands of pieces of content
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ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืจืช ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืชื›ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช
06:59
and deactivating accounts
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07:01
that are connected to the extremist's speech.
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ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
07:03
The problem is their enforcement mechanisms are a complete black box,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช,
ื•ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื™ื”ืŸ ื ื–ืง ื ืœื•ื•ื”.
07:08
and there is collateral damage.
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07:10
Take, for example, Iyad el-Baghdadi,
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ืงื—ื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืืช ืขื™ืื“ ืืœ-ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ื™, ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืขื’ ืœื“ืืข"ืฉ ื‘"ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ".
07:13
an activist who makes fun of ISIS on Twitter.
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07:16
He had his account deactivated,
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ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ,
ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื–ื”ื” ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ืืข"ืฉ.
07:18
because he shares a surname with a prominent ISIS leader.
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07:22
Last December,
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ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
07:23
a number of women named Isis,
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ืœืžืกืคืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉืžืŸ ืื™ื–ื™ืก (ื“ืืข"ืฉ),
ื›ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช,
07:25
which also happens to be the name of an Egyptian goddess,
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07:28
had their accounts deactivated.
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ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
07:30
And this woman,
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ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช,
07:32
who lives in the United States and is a computer programmer,
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ืฉืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื›ืžืชื›ื ืชืช,
07:35
reported on Twitter about her deactivation on Facebook,
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ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื” ื‘"ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ" ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”"ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง" ืฉืœื” ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ,
07:39
managed to get enough media attention to have her account reinstated.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช-ืœื‘ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืคืชื— ืžื—ื“ืฉ -
07:42
But that's the thing -- she had to get media attention.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื›ื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช-ืœื‘ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
07:46
And journalists aren't immune.
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ื’ื ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื.
07:47
David Thomson,
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ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืชื•ืžืกื•ืŸ,
07:48
an expert on terrorism and reporter for Radio France International,
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ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœ "ืจื“ื™ื• ืฆืจืคืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™",
07:52
had reports deleted from his Facebook account
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ื ืžื—ืงื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”"ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง" ืฉืœื•
07:55
and had his account deactivated for several days,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื• ื”ื•ืฉืขื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื,
07:58
because they contained pictures of ISIS flags,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื’ืœื™ ื“ืืข"ืฉ,
08:02
even though he was just reporting on ISIS,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื•,
08:04
not promoting it.
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ื•ืœื ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
08:06
And then we have stories from people like this Egyptian man,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื”ื–ื”,
08:09
Ahmed Abdellahy,
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ืื—ืžื“ ืขื‘ื“ืืœืœื”ื™,
08:10
who reported recently in an event in Washington DC
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ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”
ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืขื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื โ€“
08:16
that some of his arguments with extremists --
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08:18
he now spends his time on social media arguing with ISIS followers,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืขื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื“ืืข"ืฉ
08:24
trying to get them to turn away --
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืขืชื โ€“
08:27
some of his arguments with these extremists get deleted,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืขื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืžื—ืงื™ื,
ื•ืœื“ืขืชื• ื–ื” ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื.
08:32
which he believes has the effect of shielding them
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08:35
from alternative points of view.
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08:38
It's unclear whether Facebook even knows the extent
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ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื "ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง" ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ
08:42
of the collateral damage,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื ื–ืง ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื”,
08:44
or the other companies as well.
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ืื• ื’ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช.
08:46
But we do know that journalism, activism and public debate
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืชืงื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื•ืช, ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ื•ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™
08:50
are being silenced in the effort to stamp out extremist speech.
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืžื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
08:55
So with these companies having so much power over the public discourse,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ื›ื— ื›ื” ืจื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™,
08:59
they need to be held accountable.
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ื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš.
09:01
They need to carry out impact assessment
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ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืชืŸ
09:04
to identify and fix the problems that we're clearly seeing.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
09:08
They need to be more transparent about their enforcement mechanisms,
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ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
09:12
and they need to have clear appeal and grievance mechanisms,
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ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช,
09:15
so people can get their content reinstated.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ืฉื ืžื—ืงื•.
09:18
Now, I've been talking for the last 10 minutes
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ืชื™ืืจืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
09:21
about how governments and companies are making it more difficult
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืงืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:25
for people like these.
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ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
09:27
This is a picture of members of the citizen media network,
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ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช,
09:30
Global Voices,
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"ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื",
ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคืชื™ ื‘ื”ืงืžืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื
09:32
that I helped to cofound over 10 years ago
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09:34
with my friend, Ethan Zuckerman.
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ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™, ืื™ืชืŸ ืฆื•ืงืจืžืŸ.
09:36
Interestingly, about 5 years ago, right after the Arab Spring,
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™,
09:40
the data scientist Gilad Lotan
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ืžื ืชื— ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื’ืœืขื“ ืœื•ื˜ืŸ
09:43
created a network map of the people in Global Voices
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ื™ืฆืจ ืžืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ "ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื"
09:48
who were heavy users of Twitter during the Arab Spring.
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ืฉื”ืจื‘ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘"ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ" ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™.
09:51
And he found that many of these people served as key information nodes
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื• ืฆืžืชื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื
09:56
between activists and journalists
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื
09:58
throughout the Tunisian and Egyptian revolution.
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ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื™ืก ื•ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื.
10:01
We've got to make sure that these people not only survive,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ืœื ืจืง ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื,
10:06
but are able to continue to thrive.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืคืชื—.
10:09
Many of them are still active,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื,
10:10
other than the ones who have gone to jail
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ืคืจื˜ ืœืืœื” ืฉื ื›ืœืื•
10:12
or have been driven into hiding or exile.
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ืื• ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ ืื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžืืจืฆื.
10:16
All around the world,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
10:18
people who are sick and tired of fear and oppression
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืืกื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืคื—ื“ ื•ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™
10:21
are linking up in their communities and across borders.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื’ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ.
10:25
We've got to do everything we can to push our governments and companies
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืœืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
10:29
to do a better job of protecting their rights.
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ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
10:32
We've also got to be more mindful
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ื’ื ืœื“ืขืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:34
about how our own personal, political, consumer and business choices
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ืื™ืš ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
10:39
affect people like these around the world.
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ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
10:43
Also, if you follow the news,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืื ืืชื ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
10:45
it's pretty clear that that alone isn't going to be enough.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื™ืกืคื™ืง.
10:49
We've got to take personal responsibility by joining --
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืฃ โ€“
10:53
or at very least, actively supporting --
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ืื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืขื™ืœื”
10:56
the growing ecosystem of individuals and groups
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช
11:00
who are fighting for social justice,
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ืฉื ืœื—ืžื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ืฆื“ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
11:02
environmental sustainability,
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ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช,
11:04
government accountability,
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ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช,
11:06
human rights, freedom of the press
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ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜, ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช
11:08
and a free and open internet,
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ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
11:09
all around the world.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.
11:11
I believe that, ultimately, we can overcome
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจ
11:16
the digitally empowered networks of extremism, demagoguery and hate.
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ืขืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื“ืžื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉื ืื” ื”ืžื•ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช.
11:23
But ...
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ืื‘ืœ...
11:25
we've got to do this by really beefing up the global networks
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืข"ื™ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช
11:31
of citizens around the world,
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ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
11:33
powered by people who are working hard every day,
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ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœื•ืช ืข"ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืงืฉื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื•
11:37
and taking personal risk
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ืชื•ืš ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™
11:39
for a future world that is more peaceful, just, open and free.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ืขื•ืœื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื•ื, ืฆื“ืง, ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ.
11:45
Thanks very much for listening.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื›ื.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:47
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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